Nouns in Vrkhazhian

Vrkhazhian nouns are called ğanūm (singular ğanum). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, and equative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and inanimate. The assignment of gender to nouns is mostly non-arbitrary and determined by common, though not exhaustive, sets of criteria.

Nouns that are often feminine:

• female humans, spirits, and deities
• domesticated/safe animals
• seemingly animate things like rivers, oceans, and fire
• names of countries and groups of people

Nouns that are often masculine:

• male humans, spirits, and deities
• wild/dangerous animals
• tools and weapons

Nouns that are often inanimate:

• still-moving things like trees, mountains, and buildings
• abstract concepts
• etc.

Noun inflection

Imperial Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for all five cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. The six cases are thus:

• The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject or agent (doer) of a verb ("Henry runs to the store", "Henry sees Sam").
• The accusative (ACC) case indicates the object or patient (receiver/target) of a verb ("Henry sees Sam", "Henry gave Sam a pencil", "John wrote to Mary").
• The genitive (GEN) case indicates the possessor of another noun ("That is Sam's dog", "That pencil is mine").
• The equative (EQU) case indicates likeness or equivalence to the marked noun ("these knifelike nails", "they stood tall like kings")

Possessive Suffixes Feminine Masculine 1st Singular -na 2nd Singular -mu -mi -am 3rd Singular -ku -ki -ak 1st Plural -ta 2nd Plural -mun -min -ām 3rd Plural -kun -kin -āk

Verb Subject Suffixes Feminine Masculine Neuter 1st Singular -na 2nd Singular -mu -mi -am 3rd Singular -tu -ti -at 1st Plural -ta 2nd Plural -mun -min -ām 3rd Plural -tun -tin -āt

rēbim (man, husband) Singular Plural Nominative rēb-im rēb-īm Accusative rēb-is rēb-īs Genitive rēb-in rēb-īn Equative rēb-ili rēb-īli

surğum (chicken) Singular Plural Nominative surğ-um surğ-ūm Accusative surğ-us surğ-ūs Genitive surğ-un surğ-ūn Equative surğ-uli surğ-ūli

nātas (night) Singular Plural Nominative nāt-as nāt-ās Accusative Genitive nāt-aḫ nāt-āḫ Equative nāt-ali nāt-āli

ezîm (boar) Singular Plural Nominative ez-îm Accusative ez-îs Genitive ez-în Equative ez-îli

mazûm (sea, saltwater) Singular Plural Nominative maz-ûm Accusative maz-ûs Genitive maz-ûn Equative maz-ûli

kapâs (drinking water) Singular Plural Nominative kap-âs Accusative Genitive kap-âḫ Equative kap-âli

Noun states

Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "noun states". In Vrkhazhian, there are only two states: the absolute state, or status absolutus, and the construct state, or status constructus. This form of the noun is marked by the removal of the case endings and a change or removal of the gender-marking vowel. The construct state is used primarily in possessive constructions to mark the head (modified or possessed) noun rather than the dependent (modifying or possessing) noun, but this form is also used in some predicative expressions. This is also the form the noun takes when possessive suffixes are attached. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the absolute state, which is the default state of all nouns.

rēbim (man, husband) Singular Plural Nominative rēb rēb-ē Accusative Genitive rēb-ī Equative rēb-eli rēb-ēli

surğum (chicken) Singular Plural Nominative suruğ surğ-ā Accusative Genitive surğ-ū Equative surğ-ali surğ-āli

nātas (night) Singular Plural Nominative nāt nāt-ā Accusative Genitive Equative nāt-ali nāt-āli

ezîm (boar) Singular Plural Nominative ezu ez-ê Accusative Genitive ez-î Equative ez-êli

mazûm (sea, saltwater) Singular Plural Nominative mazi maz-â Accusative Genitive maz-û Equative maz-âli

kapâs (drinking water) Singular Plural Nominative kapi kap-â Accusative Genitive Equative kap-âli

Noun derivation

Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them: