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| ==Tapilula (0) to Paleo-Pabappa (1900)==
| | ''This page has been scrubbed in preparation for the introduction of a new set of languages descended from proto-Dreamlandic.'' |
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| The consonant inventory of Tapilula was
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| Rounded bilabials: hʷ w
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| Spread bilabials: p m b f (Ø)
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| Alveolars: t n d l
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| Rounded alveolars: tʷ nʷ dʷ
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| Velars: k ḳ ŋ ġ h g
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| #The aspirated velar stop ''k'' became '''č''' before the vowel /i/. If another vowel followed, the /i/ disappeared. This happened even if the /i/ was accented.
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| #When a "velaroid" consonant (/''k ḳ ŋ h g l''/) followed an accented high tone vowel, the vowel metathesized, leaving a closed syllable. Thus, for example, /àli/ > /ail/. These closed syllables were all high-toned, and are thus written without tone marks. Thus, for example, ''aa'' implies ''àa''. Later, daughter languages introduced tone contrasts and independent sequences.
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| #A schwa before another vowel in any syllable disappeared. Thus ''əa əe əi əo əu əə'' shifted to '''a e i o u ə'''. This happened in both open and closed syllables.
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| #The sequences ''iu'' and ''ui'' shifted to '''ə̄'''.
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| #The double-vowel sequences ''aa ee ii oo uu əə'' shifted to the single vowels '''a e i o u ə''' in closed syllables only.
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| #The sequences ''ii uu əə'' (which now occurred only in open syllables) shifted to '''əi əu ə'''.
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| #The remaining double-vowel sequences ''aa ee oo'', which occurred only in open syllables, shifted to the long vowels '''ā ē ō'''.
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| #The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ei'''; the sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ou'''.
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| #:''NOTE ON POLITICS: this is the date of the break with all other languages.''
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| #All consonants adjacent to an /u/ in either direction became labialized.
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| #In absolute initial position, ''t tʷ '' >'''s sʷ'''.
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| #Velar consonants moved up: ''k ŋ h g'' > '''č ň š ž''', probably unconditionally.
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| #''q''>'''k'''.
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| #The palataloid ''ž'' shifted to '''r'''.
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| #In absolute final position, ''š ň'' > '''s n'''.
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| #In absolute final position, ''hʷ č''> '''p t'''.
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| #The labial fricative ''f'' became '''p''' word-initially, and ''v'' became '''b''' everywhere. (/v/ was rare; it is not /w/)
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| #Frics became stops after a high tone.
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| #The schwas ''ə ə̄'' changed to '''u ū''' unconditionally.
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| #All labialized consonants change to plain bilabials.
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| #Voicing distinction disappears entirely. This was actually triggered by a new voicing of stops after low tones, but because this change removed the last remaining environment that could host a minimal pair, there was no longer any phonemic contast.
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| Thus the consonant inventory was
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| Bilabials: p m f
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| Alveolars: t n s l r
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| Palataloids: č ň š
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| Velars: k
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| and the vowel inventory was /a e i o u/, with a contrast between long and short vowels and high vs low tone.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Noun classes===
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| Paleo-Pabappa did not have an established syllable order such as that used by Late Andanese.
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| Paleo-Pabappa retains the single-consonant forms of the CV classifiers, which appear only before stems beginning in vowels. In Proto-[[Kava]] and proto-Eastern Subumpamese, these were replaced with reduplicated CVC forms, and in the [[Gold language]], they were replaced with the ordinary CV classifiers but later disappeared entirely.
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| ====Animate Group I====
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| #'''pu''': Pregnant women and epicenes; verbs of emotion.
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| #:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems.
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| #'''pi''': Adult females; worms.
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| #:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems and takes epicene verb agreement.
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| #'''tə''': Adult males; rabbits and hares.
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| #:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems and takes epicene verb agreement.
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| Note that the feminine prefix ''pi-'' is historically cognate to the ''m-'' group below, which by the time of paleo-Pabappa had come to be a category for children rather than women. In fact, the prefix was originally identical with ''mi-'' "milk; breast", but underwent a sound change due to being always used as a prefix whereas ''mi-'' could also appear in standalone form.
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| In addition to losing their vowels before vowel stems, these three stems disappear entirely before ''p-''stems on the conditions that:
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| #The ''p-''stem is not another noun. (For example, one must say '''pipèpu''' "her crab", not ''*pèpu''.)
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| ====Animate Group II====
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| #'''ni''': Maidens, young girls; certain female body parts; ducklike birds.
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| #:Becomes '''m-''' before stems beginning in ''u-'' and '''ń-''' before other vowel-initial stems.
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| #'''mu''': Young children; most other birds.
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| #:Becomes '''m-''' before vowel-initial stems.; appears as ''mə-'' in a few words.
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| #'''pe''': Crustaceans; sea life.
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| #:Becomes '''m-''' before vowel-initial stems.
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| ====Animate Group III====
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| Nouns in this group must be padded with one of the human identifier prefixes in order to form disyllabic prefixes.
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| #'''pa''': Sheep and goats.
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| #'''ńe''': Snakes.
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| #'''hə''': Frogs, amphibians.
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| #:Becomes '''f-''' before vowel-initial stems.
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| #'''li''': Turtles.
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| #'''la''': Mice and rodents.
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| #'''ča''': Flying insects.
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| #'''ke''': Cats.
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| #'''po''': Ants, crawling insects.
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| #:Becomes '''p-''' before vowel-initial stems and takes epicene verb agreement.
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| "Po-" is historically identical to the prefix for pregnant women and epicenes, but was never of the same level on the animacy hierarchy. <---POSSIBLY JUST DELETE THIS ENTIRELY FROM ALL LANGUAGES
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| These prefixes can also be used to denote the habitats of the animals. e.g. ča = sky, hə = swamp, ke = forest, la & ńe = underground
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| ====Inanimate Group I====
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| Most words in this group are words for plants or objects made from plants.
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| #'''ši''': Some types of trees.
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| #'''hə''': Corals.
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| #'''ti''': Flower blossoms.
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| #:Contracts to ''t-'' before a vowel.
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| #'''ma''': Very tall grasses.
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| #'''pe''': Money; some grasses.
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| #'''mu''': Fruit; buildings.
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| #'''me''': Alcohol, soap, and mixed formulas.
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| #'''fo''': Some types of grass.
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| #'''pu''': Succulent fruit; grass, clover, small plants; round objects; some trees;
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| #'''nə''': Claws, sharp objects; certain fruits.
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| #'''fu''': Wind and air; claws and other hard body parts.
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| ====Inanimate Group II====
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| This group contains body parts and certain things typically held close to one's person.
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| #'''ti''': Teeth.
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| #:Contracts to ''t-'' before a vowel.
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| #'''ko''': Bones.
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| #'''ni''': Feminine hygiene products.
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| #'''i''': Edible body parts.
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| #'''to''': Blood and bodily humors.
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| #'''pa''': Clothes.
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| #'''fo''': Some words for clothes.
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| #'''mi''': Milk, inedible body parts.
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| The prefix ''mi-'' is historically identical with the feminine prefix ''pi-''. The "teeth" prefix ''ti-'' is historically homophonous with, but not related to, the "flower blossom" prefix.
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| ====Inanimate Group III====
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| This group contains landforms and other objects most usually found in the locative rather than as the agent or patient of a verb.
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| #'''ə''': Open places.
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| #'''o''': Furniture and land formations.
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| #'''po''': Oceanographic formations.
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| #'''mu''': Fruit; buildings.
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| #'''pe''': Ocean and sea.
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| #'''ča''': Tall trees; the sky.
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| #'''pi''': Water, weather.
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| #'''me''': Kingdoms and empires.
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| #'''pu''': Celestial objects.
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| The prefix ''ča-'' "trees; sky" is in fact a single morpheme even going back to the days of Mumba, and not a merger of a velar with a palatal.
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| ====Inanimate Group IV====
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| This group contains handheld objects and alienable possessions.
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| #'''yo''': Handheld objects; coins.
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| #'''ši''': Certain other handheld objects.
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| #'''ri''': Some other handheld objects.
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| #'''hə''': Corals; still other handheld objects.
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| #'''ke''': Wheels.
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| #'''pu''': Round objects; arrows, weapons, and handheld tools.
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| #'''a''': Whips.
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| The prefix ''ke-'' can be used for large circular objects; ''yo-'' for small ones, and ''pu-'' for spheres.<ref>If coins are round, that is.</ref>
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| ====Uses of noun classes====
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| Note that some noun classes had little use as nouns; for example '''li-''' "turtle" was only used in a few words for turtles. Instead, they were productive primarily as verbs, such as "to walk slowly", "to be hard", etc.
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| ===Later history of Paleo-Pabappa===
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| Paleo-Pabappa did not evolve into [[Pabappa]]. Instead, Paba's people shifted to speaking the [[Gold language]] as it was introduced from [[AlphaLeap]], and quickly developed a distinctive dialect of it that ultimately came to be called Pabappa. However, Paleo-Pabappa still survived inside [[Subumpam]], since the two nations of northeastern Subumpam had joined the Subumpamese Union after seceding from Paba. The other Subumpamese people considered Paleo-Pabappa to be just another of the many Subumpamese languages, as it shared similarities with neighboring languages such as [[Gala language|Galà]] and proto-Eastern Subumpamese.
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| Paleo-Pabappa split into three languages: one for each of the two Pabap nations in Subumpam, and one for people in Paba who had not yet shifted to speaking [[Gold language|Gold]]. However, Subumpam was soon wiped out in [[Vegetable War|a catastrophic war]], and Paba's strong national government drove the remnant speakers of Paleo-Pabappa into learning what was to eventually become [[Pabappa]].
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