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| ==Pronunciation table==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
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| ! colspan="6" | <center>'''peműko'''<br>(labial)</center>
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| |
| |
| |
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| ! colspan="6" | '''riisűko'''<br>(dental)
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| |
| |
| |
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| ! colspan="6" | '''muitűko'''<br>(alveolar)
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| |
| |
| |
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| ! colspan="6-" | '''vainűko'''<br>(palatal)
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| |
| |
| |
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| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| |
| |
| |
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| ! colspan="6" | '''ṡ̨uuše̋nos'''<br>(vowels with प)
| |
| |
| |
| |
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| ! colspan="3" | '''nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos'''<br>(weak vowels)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <center>p</center>
| |
| ! b
| |
| ! f
| |
| ! v
| |
| ! m̃
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| ! m
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! t
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| ! d
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| ! þ
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| ! ð
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| ! ɫ
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| ! l
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! ṡ
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| ! ż
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| ! s
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| ! z
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| ! r
| |
| ! n
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! k
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| ! g
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| ! x
| |
| ! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
| |
| ! h
| |
| ! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! š
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| ! s̨
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! i
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| ! e
| |
| ! a
| |
| ! [[Wikipedia:O|ɔ]]
| |
| ! o
| |
| ! u
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! ĭ
| |
| ! ĕ
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| ! ŭ
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| |-
| |
| ! <center>प</center>
| |
| ! ब
| |
| ! फ
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| ! भ
| |
| ! म़
| |
| ! म
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! त
| |
| ! द
| |
| ! थ
| |
| ! ध
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| ! ल़
| |
| ! ल
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! च
| |
| ! ज
| |
| ! स
| |
| ! स़
| |
| ! र
| |
| ! न
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! क
| |
| ! ग
| |
| ! क़
| |
| ! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ग़]]
| |
| ! ह
| |
| ! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|य]]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! स्व
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| ! स्य
| |
| |
| |
| |
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| ! इ ई<br>पि पी
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| ! ए एै<br>ए पै
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| ! अ आ<br>प पा
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| ! ऒ ॵ<br>पॊ पॏ
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| ! ओ औ<br>पो पौ
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| ! उ ऊ<br>पु पू
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ! पं
| |
| ! पऺ
| |
| ! पॅ
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| |-
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /b/
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| | /ɸ/
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| | /β/
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| | /m̥/
| |
| | /m/
| |
| !
| |
| !
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| | /t/
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| | /d/
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| | /θ/
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| | /ð/
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| | /l̥/
| |
| | /l/
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| !
| |
| !
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| | /ʦ/
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| | /ʣ/
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| | /s/
| |
| | /z/
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| | /ɾ̥/
| |
| | /n/
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| | /k/
| |
| | /g/
| |
| | /ç/
| |
| | /ʝ/
| |
| | /j̊/
| |
| | /j/
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| | /sʷ/
| |
| | /sʲ/
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| | /i/
| |
| | /e/
| |
| | /ä/
| |
| | /ɒ/
| |
| | /o/
| |
| | /u/
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| | /ɪ/
| |
| | /ɛ/
| |
| | /ʊ/
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ==Glossing abbreviations==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| |1s/p = 1st person singular/plural
| |
| |ABL = [[Wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative suffix]]
| |
| |COL = [[Wikipedia:Collective noun|collective]]
| |
| |F = feminine
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| |INT = intensive prefix
| |
| |PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
| |
| |SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural
| |
| |ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
| |
| |DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
| |
| |FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
| |
| |LAT = [[Wikipedia:Lative case|lative suffix]]
| |
| |PST = past
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| |TRZ = transitivizer
| |
| |-
| |
| |3 = 3rd person
| |
| |ADV = adverb
| |
| |DIM = diminutive
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| |FUT = future
| |
| |LOC = [[Wikipedia:Locative case|locative suffix]]
| |
| |REV = [[Wikipedia:Opposite (semantics)|reversive]]
| |
| |VOC = vocative particle
| |
| |-
| |
| |A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
| |
| |AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
| |
| |ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
| |
| |IMP = imperative
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| |M = masculine
| |
| |Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
| |
| |AP = agent (active) participle
| |
| |ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]]
| |
| |INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
| |
| |OCC = occupation suffix
| |
| |QUOT = direct quotation
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
| |
| |AUG = augmentative
| |
| |EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
| |
| |IND = indicative
| |
| |PP = patient (past) participle
| |
| |RPR = recent perfective
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
| |
| |CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative|causative]]
| |
| |EQU = equative degree
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| |INS = instrument
| |
| |PRF = perfect
| |
| |SBJ = subjunctive
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ==Sentences==
| |
| '''36.''' I ceased to behave like my former self.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||nu||miűs||sóma||tı̋nu||e-de̋usa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||former-ABS||self-G.s||like||behave-SUP||PST=cease-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''37.''' Do what I ordered, you all!
| |
| :{|
| |
| !őru||ȝú||táo'||mu||e-e̋e̋va—||nom||kie̋ȝa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |all-ABS||2p-V||which-A.s-ELIS||1s-N||PST=order-IND||that-A.s||do-SBJ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''38.''' He was sleeping when I entered.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mum||e-tı̋rantum.||éȝu||e-še̋pa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-A||PST=enter-IND-AP-A.s||3-N.s||PST=sleep-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''39.''' This tree is not a tree.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !i-ha̋isi||ha̋isi||e̋sa||ne:
| |
| |-
| |
| |this=tree-N.s||tree-N.s||be-IND||not
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''40.''' It's a grass, like the bamboo.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !a̋ibi||vedirı̋'||sóma||e̋sa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |grass-N.s||bamboo-G.s-Elis||like||be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''41.''' They have green shutters.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !éȝus||ða̋lo||þungĕka̋ðon||űda:
| |
| |-
| |
| |3-N.p||green-ABS||window.cover-A.p||have-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''42a.''' I am looking at it.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||éȝom||ża̋ba:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s.N||3-A.s||look.at-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''42b.''' Would that I look at it.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !ebátu||mu||éȝom||ża̋bu||maƣe̋ȝa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |would.that||1s.N||3-A.s||look.at-SUP||be.able-SBJ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''43.''' I will lay waste the rebellious districts.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||dı̋ga||ta̋im̃an||u-z̨aası̋d̨a:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||rebellious-ABS||district-A.p||FUT=bleak-TRZ-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''44.''' Three birds are flying.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !tı̋r||m̃e̋ȝes||pe̋ta:
| |
| |-
| |
| |three||bird-N.p||fly-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''45.''' Senjecas is a simple language.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !senȝe̋k'||alke̋na||ȝe̋ka||e̋sa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |Senjecas-ELIS||PRV=difficult-ABS||language-N.s||be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''46.''' There were many beautiful trees in the garden.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !me̋e̋i||ha̋isis||paaþős||ena||e-vűűla:
| |
| |-
| |
| |many-ABS||tree-N.p||garden-G.s||in||PST=there.be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''48.''' My name is Nikhil.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||nixil||fe̋e̋ta:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||Nikhil||be.named-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''49.''' Where is the book?
| |
| :{|
| |
| !síívalı̋ȝo||xáru||vűűa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |book-N.s||where||be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''50a.''' You are coming with me.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !tu||mum||sűna:
| |
| |-
| |
| |2s-N||1s-A||accompany-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''50b.''' Are you coming with me?
| |
| :{|
| |
| !tu||mum||sűna||me:
| |
| |-
| |
| |2s-N||1s-A||accompany-IND||Q
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''51.''' What is the name of that city?
| |
| :{|
| |
| !a-rı̋ȝa||xa||fe̋e̋ta:
| |
| |-
| |
| |that=city-N.s||what-N.s||be.named-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''52.''' The Quendi are those who form words with voices.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !k̬e̋ndi—||táus||ƣamőm||móóda||sa̋m̃on||zı̋na—||nus||e̋sa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |Quendi||who-N.p||voice-G.p||with||word-A.p||form-IND||that-N.p||be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''53a.''' I am eating you.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||tum||e̋da:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||2s-A||eat-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''53b.''' I am eating (something).
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||ȝom||e̋da:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||something-A.s||eat-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''53c.''' (Something) is eating me.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !ȝo||mum||e̋da:
| |
| |-
| |
| |something-N.s||1s-A||eat-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''54a.''' I eat food.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||e̋dom||e̋da:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||food-A.s||eat-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''54b.''' I run.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||re̋e̋sa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||run-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''54c.''' I fall.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||főőla:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||fall-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''54d.''' I sleep.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||še̋pa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||sleep-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''55.''' I eat food at your home.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||tús||nóma||e̋da:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||2s-G||at.home.of||eat-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''56.''' Red is a color.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !re̋uðo||te̋e̋ro||e̋sa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |red-N.s||color-N.s||be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''57.''' We went to the beach yesterday.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !m̃us||hesaha̋s||k̨űdom||do||e-a̋ta:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1p-N||yesterday-G.s||beach-A.s||to||PST=go-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''58.''' He's dead, Jim!
| |
| :{|
| |
| !ȝaakobű||éȝu||ne̋ṡu||e̋sa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |James-N.s||3-N.s||dead-N.s||be-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''59a.''' Elaine wants to marry (a specific person who is) a Norwegian.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !ele̋na||kuða̋tĭrum||m̃e̋du||m̃e̋ṡa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |Elain-N.s||Norwegian-A.s||wed-SUP||want-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''59b.''' Elaine wants to marry a Norwegian (some Norwegian or other).
| |
| :{|
| |
| !ele̋na||tévu||kuða̋tĭrum||m̃e̋du||m̃e̋ṡa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |Elain-N.s||some-ABS||Norwegian-A.s||wed-SUP||want-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''60a.''' I saw the food (and) the water.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||e̋domk̬e||hűromk̬e||e-na̋ka:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||food-A.s=and||water-A.s=and||PST=see-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''60b.''' I saw the blue water.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||kőőxo||hűrom||e-na̋ka:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||blue-ABS||water-A.s||PST=see-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''61.''' I thought (''wrongly, on an uncontrolled and not necessarily rational level'') that I had seen Jenny.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||jenny||nĭnaku||e-na̋ma:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||Jenny||PRF~see-SUP||PST=think-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''62a.''' Robert cooked the lentils.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !robe̋rtu||le̋nton||e-dűƣa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |Robert-N.s||lentil-A.p||PST=cook-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''62b.''' Robert cooked (''performed the action of cooking'').
| |
| :{|
| |
| !robe̋rtu||e-dűƣa:
| |
| |-
| |
| |Robert-N.s||PST=cook-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''62c.''' The lentils cooked (''were being cooked'').
| |
| :{|
| |
| !le̋ntos||dűƣaþos||e-ı̋la:
| |
| |-
| |
| |lentil-N.p||cook-IND-PP-N.p||PST=become-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''62d.''' Cooked (an event of cooking took place).
| |
| :{|
| |
| !
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''63a.''' The fire burns the wood.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !a̋a̋þe||ma̋a̋tom||a̋iða:
| |
| |-
| |
| |fire-N.s||wood-A.s||burn-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''63b.''' The wood is burning.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !ma̋a̋to||a̋iða:
| |
| |-
| |
| |wood-N.s||burn-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''63c.''' The house is burning down.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !m̃e̋e̋so||órvi||a̋iða:
| |
| |-
| |
| |house-N.s||complete=ADV||burn-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''64a.''' I saw a horse from (''my place at'') the door.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||ðurportős||éha||mőrem||e-na̋ka:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1sN||door.way-G.s||from||horse-A.s||PST=see-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''64b.''' I saw a horse that was coming from the door.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||ðurpőrtom||éha||ǧe̋mante||mőrem||e-na̋ka:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1sN||door.way-N.s||from||come-AP-IND-ABS||horse-A.s||PST=see-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''66.''' John likes the baby.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !ȝóxana̋nu||ba̋a̋lum||ka̋a:
| |
| |-
| |
| |John-N.s||baby-A.s||like-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''67.''' I can't recommend this book.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !mu||i-síívalı̋ȝom||a̋ulu||fe̋e̋a:
| |
| |-
| |
| |1s-N||thisi=book-A.s||recommend-SUP||be.unable-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''68.''' The Mongols sacked Kiev.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !dőnƣĭrus||k̨e̋vam||e-vűűda:
| |
| |-
| |
| |Mongols-N.s||Kiev-A.s||PST=sack-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''69.''' Three men longed to fabricate idols in honor of two goddesses.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !tı̋r||m̃ı̋ı̋rus||d̬ő||ii-peenűm||þála||ƣám̃peene̋imon||va̋a̋nu||e-ȝa̋ta:
| |
| |-
| |
| |three||man-N.p||two||F=god-G.p||in.honor.of||idol-A.p||fabricate-SUP||PST=long-IND
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| '''70.''' She believes him to be good.
| |
| :{|
| |
| !ii-éȝu||ur-éȝum||va̋dum||vűűu||na̋ma:
| |
| |-
| |
| |F=3s-N||M-3s-A||good-A.s||be-SUP||believe-IND
| |
| |}
| |
