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Garonnian/Verbs: Difference between revisions

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== Overview ==
== Overview ==
* First conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-er'', the prototypical verb is ''parler'' "to speak". It is the most common conjugation group.
* First conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-er'', the prototypical verb is ''parler'' "to speak". It is the most common conjugation group.
* Second conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-ir'', the prototypical verb is ''partir'' "to divide".
* Second conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-ier'', sometimes ''-er'' and regularly trigger palatalization, the prototypical verb is ''g​̧ager'' "to play".
* Third conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-r'', but always subject to metathesis if the final consonant cluster deemed unpleasant (''*hezr'' → ''he'''r'''z'' "to do", ''*pierdr'' → ''p'''r'''ierd'' "to lose").<ref>Although faithful, the verb is not expected to become ''*pierrd'' because etymologically the cluster ''-rr-'' was stood as {{IPA|/rdʒ/}}.</ref>
* Third conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-r'', but always subject to metathesis if the final consonant cluster deemed unpleasant (''*hegr'' → '''''r'''eg'' "to do", ''*pierdr'' → ''p'''r'''ierd'' "to lose").<ref>Although the following form is faithful, the verb is not expected to become ''*pierrd'' because etymologically the cluster ''-rr-'' was stood as {{IPA|/rdʒ/}}.</ref>
* Fourth conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-ir'', the prototypical verb is ''partir'' "to divide".


=== Principal parts ===
=== Principal parts ===
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! colspan="2" | Present
! colspan="2" | Present
! colspan="2" | Imperfect
! colspan="2" | Imperfect
! rowspan="2" | Preterite
! rowspan="2" | Past participle
|-
|-
! Singular
! Singular
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| style="background:yellow" colspan="2" | ''estm-''
| style="background:yellow" colspan="2" | ''estm-''
| style="background:lime" | ''estem-''
| style="background:lime" | ''estem-''
| style="background:cyan" | ''este-''
| style="background:violet" | ''ested''
|-
|-
! II
! II
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| style="background:yellow" colspan="2" | ''part-''
| style="background:yellow" colspan="2" | ''part-''
| style="background:lime" | ''part-''
| style="background:lime" | ''part-''
| style="background:cyan" | ''part-''
| style="background:violet" | ''partid''
|}
|}


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! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Declarative
! Declarative
| ''-∅''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-∅''<sup>3</sup>
| ''-s''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-s''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-d''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-d''<sup>2</sup>
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! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! Declarative
! Declarative
| ''-∅''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-∅''<sup>3</sup>
| ''-s''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-s''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-d''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-d''<sup>2</sup>
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! rowspan="2" | 3rd
! rowspan="2" | 3rd
! Declarative
! Declarative
| ''-∅''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-∅''<sup>3</sup>
| ''-s''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-s''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-d''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-d''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-ms''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-ms''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-ds''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-ds''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-n''<sup>2</sup>
| ''-n''<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
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| ''-dis''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-dis''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-inn''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-inn''<sup>1</sup>
|}
First person singular of 2nd conjugation caused palatalization: ''t'' → ''z'' (''partir'' → ''por'''z''''' "I divide"), ''∅''<ref>From a lost consonant ''-n-''</ref> → ''nn'' (''heir'' → ''hinn'' "I finish"), ''v'' → ''g'' (''servir'' → ''siurg​̧'' "I serve").
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Imperfect tense
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! Declarative
| ''-aa''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-aas''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-aad''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-oms''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-eds''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-aan''<sup>1</sup>
|-
! Interrogative
| ''-enn''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-es''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-en''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-amus''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-adis''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-enn''<sup>4</sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd<br>3rd
! Declarative
| ''-ia''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-ias''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-iad''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-oms''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-eds''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-ian''<sup>1</sup>
|-
! Interrogative
| ''-enn''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-es''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-en''<sup>4</sup>
| ''-imus''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-idis''<sup>1</sup>
| ''-enn''<sup>4</sup>
|}
|}


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
<references/>
<references/>

Latest revision as of 00:26, 27 January 2022

Verbs in Garonnian is a extremely complex subject, with being conjugated for 4 moods (indicative, conditional, subjunctive, and imperative), 6 tenses (present, imperfect, future, preterite, pluperfect, future perfect), 3 persons (first, second, third), numbers (singular, plural), and also polarity and interrogative conjugations. This page only discusses regular verbs, for irregular verbs (such as errs "to be", air "to have", and herz "to do"), see Garonnian/Irregular verbs.

Overview

  • First conjugation: Verbs ending in -er, the prototypical verb is parler "to speak". It is the most common conjugation group.
  • Second conjugation: Verbs ending in -ier, sometimes -er and regularly trigger palatalization, the prototypical verb is g​̧ager "to play".
  • Third conjugation: Verbs ending in -r, but always subject to metathesis if the final consonant cluster deemed unpleasant (*hegr → reg "to do", *pierdr → prierd "to lose").[1]
  • Fourth conjugation: Verbs ending in -ir, the prototypical verb is partir "to divide".

Principal parts

To conjugate a verb, one needs 5 principal parts to complete them. It may differ according to conjugation groups.

Conjugation Present Imperfect
Singular Plural Singular Plural
I gemst- estm- estem-
II pert- part- part-

Indicative mood

Present tense
Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
1st Declarative -∅3 -s2 -d2 -oms1 -eds1 -n2
Interrogative -ue1 -es1 -en1 -mus1 -dis1 -enn1
2nd Declarative -∅3 -s2 -d2 -ims1 -ids1 -n2
Interrogative -ue1 -is1 -in1 -mus1 -dis1 -inn1
3rd Declarative -∅3 -s2 -d2 -ms2 -ds2 -n2
Interrogative -ue1 -is1 -in1 -mus1 -dis1 -inn1

First person singular of 2nd conjugation caused palatalization: t → z (partir → porz "I divide"), ∅[2] → nn (heir → hinn "I finish"), v → g (servir → siurg​̧ "I serve").

Imperfect tense
Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
1st Declarative -aa1 -aas1 -aad1 -oms4 -eds4 -aan1
Interrogative -enn4 -es4 -en4 -amus1 -adis1 -enn4
2nd
3rd 		Declarative -ia1 -ias1 -iad1 -oms4 -eds4 -ian1
Interrogative -enn4 -es4 -en4 -imus1 -idis1 -enn4

Notes

  1. ↑ Although the following form is faithful, the verb is not expected to become *pierrd because etymologically the cluster -rr- was stood as /rdʒ/.
  2. ↑ From a lost consonant -n-
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