Garonnian/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
* First conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-er'', the prototypical verb is ''parler'' "to speak". It is the most common conjugation group. | * First conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-er'', the prototypical verb is ''parler'' "to speak". It is the most common conjugation group. | ||
* Second conjugation: Verbs ending in ''- | * Second conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-ier'', sometimes ''-er'' and regularly trigger palatalization, the prototypical verb is ''ģager'' "to play". | ||
* Third conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-r'', but always subject to metathesis if the final consonant cluster deemed unpleasant (''* | * Third conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-r'', but always subject to metathesis if the final consonant cluster deemed unpleasant (''*hegr'' → '''''r'''eg'' "to do", ''*pierdr'' → ''p'''r'''ierd'' "to lose").<ref>Although the following form is faithful, the verb is not expected to become ''*pierrd'' because etymologically the cluster ''-rr-'' was stood as {{IPA|/rdʒ/}}.</ref> | ||
* Fourth conjugation: Verbs ending in ''-ir'', the prototypical verb is ''partir'' "to divide". | |||
=== Principal parts === | === Principal parts === | ||
To conjugate a verb, one needs 5 principal parts to complete them. It may differ according to conjugation groups. | To conjugate a verb, one needs 5 principal parts to complete them. It may differ according to conjugation groups. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" | Conjugation | ||
! Present | ! colspan="2" | Present | ||
! colspan="2" | Imperfect | |||
! Imperfect | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Singular | ||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! I | |||
| style="background:pink" | ''gemst-'' | | style="background:pink" | ''gemst-'' | ||
| style="background: | | style="background:yellow" colspan="2" | ''estm-'' | ||
| style="background:lime" | ''estem-'' | | style="background:lime" | ''estem-'' | ||
| style="background: | |- | ||
| ' | ! II | ||
| style="background:pink" | ''pert-'' | |||
| style="background:yellow" colspan="2" | ''part-'' | |||
| style="background:lime" | ''part-'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 42: | Line 47: | ||
! rowspan="2" | 1st | ! rowspan="2" | 1st | ||
! Declarative | ! Declarative | ||
| ''-∅''<sup> | | ''-∅''<sup>3</sup> | ||
| ''-s''<sup>2</sup> | | ''-s''<sup>2</sup> | ||
| ''-d''<sup>2</sup> | | ''-d''<sup>2</sup> | ||
| Line 59: | Line 64: | ||
! rowspan="2" | 2nd | ! rowspan="2" | 2nd | ||
! Declarative | ! Declarative | ||
| ''-∅''<sup> | | ''-∅''<sup>3</sup> | ||
| ''-s''<sup>2</sup> | | ''-s''<sup>2</sup> | ||
| ''-d''<sup>2</sup> | | ''-d''<sup>2</sup> | ||
| Line 76: | Line 81: | ||
! rowspan="2" | 3rd | ! rowspan="2" | 3rd | ||
! Declarative | ! Declarative | ||
| ''-∅''<sup> | | ''-∅''<sup>3</sup> | ||
| ''-s''<sup>2</sup> | | ''-s''<sup>2</sup> | ||
| ''-d''<sup>2</sup> | | ''-d''<sup>2</sup> | ||
| ''-ms''<sup> | | ''-ms''<sup>2</sup> | ||
| ''-ds''<sup> | | ''-ds''<sup>2</sup> | ||
| ''-n''<sup>2</sup> | | ''-n''<sup>2</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 90: | Line 95: | ||
| ''-dis''<sup>1</sup> | | ''-dis''<sup>1</sup> | ||
| ''-inn''<sup>1</sup> | | ''-inn''<sup>1</sup> | ||
|} | |||
First person singular of 2nd conjugation caused palatalization: ''t'' → ''z'' (''partir'' → ''por'''z''''' "I divide"), ''∅''<ref>From a lost consonant ''-n-''</ref> → ''nn'' (''heir'' → ''hinn'' "I finish"), ''v'' → ''g'' (''servir'' → ''siurģ'' "I serve"). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Imperfect tense | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! First | |||
! Second | |||
! Third | |||
! First | |||
! Second | |||
! Third | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | 1st | |||
! Declarative | |||
| ''-aa''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-aas''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-aad''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-oms''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-eds''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-aan''<sup>1</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Interrogative | |||
| ''-enn''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-es''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-en''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-amus''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-adis''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-enn''<sup>4</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | 2nd<br>3rd | |||
! Declarative | |||
| ''-ia''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-ias''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-iad''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-oms''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-eds''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-ian''<sup>1</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Interrogative | |||
| ''-enn''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-es''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-en''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| ''-imus''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-idis''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| ''-enn''<sup>4</sup> | |||
|} | |} | ||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Latest revision as of 23:26, 26 January 2022
Verbs in Garonnian is a extremely complex subject, with being conjugated for 4 moods (indicative, conditional, subjunctive, and imperative), 6 tenses (present, imperfect, future, preterite, pluperfect, future perfect), 3 persons (first, second, third), numbers (singular, plural), and also polarity and interrogative conjugations. This page only discusses regular verbs, for irregular verbs (such as errs "to be", air "to have", and herz "to do"), see Garonnian/Irregular verbs.
Overview
- First conjugation: Verbs ending in -er, the prototypical verb is parler "to speak". It is the most common conjugation group.
- Second conjugation: Verbs ending in -ier, sometimes -er and regularly trigger palatalization, the prototypical verb is ģager "to play".
- Third conjugation: Verbs ending in -r, but always subject to metathesis if the final consonant cluster deemed unpleasant (*hegr → reg "to do", *pierdr → prierd "to lose").[1]
- Fourth conjugation: Verbs ending in -ir, the prototypical verb is partir "to divide".
Principal parts
To conjugate a verb, one needs 5 principal parts to complete them. It may differ according to conjugation groups.
| Conjugation | Present | Imperfect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| I | gemst- | estm- | estem- | |
| II | pert- | part- | part- | |
Indicative mood
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||
| 1st | Declarative | -∅3 | -s2 | -d2 | -oms1 | -eds1 | -n2 |
| Interrogative | -ue1 | -es1 | -en1 | -mus1 | -dis1 | -enn1 | |
| 2nd | Declarative | -∅3 | -s2 | -d2 | -ims1 | -ids1 | -n2 |
| Interrogative | -ue1 | -is1 | -in1 | -mus1 | -dis1 | -inn1 | |
| 3rd | Declarative | -∅3 | -s2 | -d2 | -ms2 | -ds2 | -n2 |
| Interrogative | -ue1 | -is1 | -in1 | -mus1 | -dis1 | -inn1 | |
First person singular of 2nd conjugation caused palatalization: t → z (partir → porz "I divide"), ∅[2] → nn (heir → hinn "I finish"), v → g (servir → siurģ "I serve").
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | ||
| 1st | Declarative | -aa1 | -aas1 | -aad1 | -oms4 | -eds4 | -aan1 |
| Interrogative | -enn4 | -es4 | -en4 | -amus1 | -adis1 | -enn4 | |
| 2nd 3rd |
Declarative | -ia1 | -ias1 | -iad1 | -oms4 | -eds4 | -ian1 |
| Interrogative | -enn4 | -es4 | -en4 | -imus1 | -idis1 | -enn4 | |
