Veslovian/Phonology: Difference between revisions
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== Phonetic developments == | == Phonetic developments == | ||
=== Middle Proto-Germanic to Proto-South Germanic === | === Middle Proto-Germanic to Proto-South Germanic === | ||
* Reversal of certain fricatives developed by [[wikipedia:Grimm's law|Grimm's law]]. The phonemes ''*h'' including Grimm devoiced ones are still preserved (''*h'' and ''*x'' only differ in notation as it mimics the Proto-Slavic one). Consonant clusters are similarly affected, but in complex ways. | * Reversal of certain fricatives developed by [[wikipedia:Grimm's law|Grimm's law]]. The phonemes ''*h'' including Grimm devoiced ones are still preserved (''*h'' and ''*x'' only differ in notation as it mimics the Proto-Slavic one). Consonant clusters are similarly affected, but often in complex ways. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Proto-Germanic | ! Proto-Germanic | ||
| Line 194: | Line 194: | ||
| ''*s'' (< ''*ps'') | | ''*s'' (< ''*ps'') | ||
| ''*t'' (< ''*pt'') | | ''*t'' (< ''*pt'') | ||
| ''* | | ''*š'' (< ''*ks'') | ||
| ''*ť'' (< ''*kt'') | | ''*ť'' (< ''*kt'') | ||
| ''*s'' (< ''*ss'') | | ''*s'' (< ''*ss'') | ||
|} | |} | ||
* Irregular late Proto-South Germanic form of second person singular ending ''*-ešь'' was formed by analogy with the corresponding Proto-Slavic counterpart ''*-eši''. | |||
* [[wikipedia:Slavic first palatalization|First palatalization]]: palatalizations of velars before ''*-i-'', ''*-ī-'', ''*-e-'' and ''*-ē-''. | * [[wikipedia:Slavic first palatalization|First palatalization]]: palatalizations of velars before ''*-i-'', ''*-ī-'', ''*-e-'' and ''*-ē-''. | ||
* [[wikipedia:Slavic second palatalization|Second palatalization]]: palatalizations of velars before ''*-ai-''. | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Unpalatalized | |||
| ''-k-'' | |||
| ''-g-'' | |||
| ''-x-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Palatalized | |||
| ''-č-'' | |||
| ''-ž-'' | |||
| ''-š-'' | |||
|} | |||
* [[wikipedia:Slavic second palatalization|Second palatalization]]: palatalizations of velars before ''*-ai-''. However, the outcomes are not uniform. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | Unpalatalized | |||
| ''-k-'' | |||
| ''-g-'' | |||
| ''-x-'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Palatalized | |||
! Northern | |||
| ''-c-'' | |||
| ''-dz-'' | |||
| ''-š-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Western | |||
| ''-c-'' | |||
| ''-dz-'' | |||
| ''-š-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Southern | |||
| ''-c-'' | |||
| ''-z-'' | |||
| ''-s-'' | |||
|} | |||
Latest revision as of 02:20, 3 January 2022
Northern dialect
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ |
/n/ ⟨n⟩ |
/ɲ/ ⟨ň⟩ |
|||
| Plosive | Voiceless | /p/ ⟨p⟩ |
/t/ ⟨t⟩ |
/c/ ⟨ť⟩ |
/k/ ⟨k⟩ |
|
| Voiced | /b/ ⟨b⟩ |
/d/ ⟨d⟩ |
/ɟ/ ⟨ď⟩ |
/ɡ/ ⟨g⟩ |
||
| Affricate | Voiceless | /ts/ ⟨c⟩ |
/tʃ/ ⟨č⟩ |
|||
| Voiced | /dz/ ⟨dz⟩ |
/dʒ/ ⟨dž⟩ |
||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | /f/ ⟨f⟩ |
/s/ ⟨s⟩ |
/ʃ/ ⟨š⟩ |
/x/ ⟨ch⟩ |
|
| Voiced | /v/ ⟨v⟩ |
/z/ ⟨z⟩ |
/ʒ/ ⟨ž⟩ |
/ɦ/ ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Trill | Plain | /r/ ⟨r⟩ |
||||
| Fricative | /r̝/ ⟨ř⟩ |
|||||
| Approximant | /l/ ⟨l⟩ |
/j/ | ||||
Vowels
| Back | Central | Front | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
| Close | /ɪ/ | /iː/ | /u/ | /uː/ | ||
| Mid | /ɛ/ | /ɛː/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔː/ | ||
| Open | /a/ | /aː/ | ||||
Stress
Words are stressed in the first syllable, except when a preposition precedes a noun or adjective, the preposition was stressed instead (Mrakovr → jí Mrakoverž "Marcover, in Marcover (cf. Maribor)").
Alterations
Lengthening
When followed by syllables historically containing yers (*-ь- or *-ъ-) that later deleted, the vowels except yers itself are lengthened, or become diphthongs instead.
| Northern | Southern | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Short grade | Long grade | Short grade | Long grade |
| a | á | a | á |
| e | é | e | é |
| í | ẹ́ | ||
| ě | í | é | |
| i | i | í | |
| o | ů | o | ọ́ |
| u | ou | u | ú |
Phonetic developments
Middle Proto-Germanic to Proto-South Germanic
- Reversal of certain fricatives developed by Grimm's law. The phonemes *h including Grimm devoiced ones are still preserved (*h and *x only differ in notation as it mimics the Proto-Slavic one). Consonant clusters are similarly affected, but often in complex ways.
| Proto-Germanic | *f | *h | *þ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-South Germanic | *p | *x, *š | *t | ||
| Proto-Germanic | *fs | *ft | *hs | *ht | *ss |
| Proto-South Germanic | *s (< *ps) | *t (< *pt) | *š (< *ks) | *ť (< *kt) | *s (< *ss) |
- Irregular late Proto-South Germanic form of second person singular ending *-ešь was formed by analogy with the corresponding Proto-Slavic counterpart *-eši.
- First palatalization: palatalizations of velars before *-i-, *-ī-, *-e- and *-ē-.
| Unpalatalized | -k- | -g- | -x- |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palatalized | -č- | -ž- | -š- |
- Second palatalization: palatalizations of velars before *-ai-. However, the outcomes are not uniform.
| Unpalatalized | -k- | -g- | -x- | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palatalized | Northern | -c- | -dz- | -š- |
| Western | -c- | -dz- | -š- | |
| Southern | -c- | -z- | -s- | |
