Kerusha: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__


A conlang for fun by [[User:Masako|masako]] ([[User talk:Masako|talk]]) and his 8 year old daughter. It's me helping her make a language that makes sense.
A conlang for fun.


= Phonology =
= Phonology =


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|+ '''consonants'''
|+ '''consonants'''
|-
|-
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!Palatal
!Palatal
!Velar
!Velar
!Labiovelar
!Glottal
|- align="center" <!-- Stops -->
|- align="center" <!-- Stops -->
! Plosives
! Plosives
| {{IPA|p &nbsp; b}}
| {{IPA|p &nbsp; b}}
| {{IPA|t &nbsp; d}}
| {{IPA|t &nbsp; d}}
|
| {{IPA|tɕ ('''j''') &nbsp; tɕʰ ('''ch''')}}
| {{IPA|k &nbsp; g}}
| {{IPA|k &nbsp; g}}
|
|
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| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
|  
| {{IPA|ŋ}} ('''ng''')
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! Fricatives
! Fricatives
|  
|  
| {{IPA|s &nbsp; z}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}} ('''sh''')
| {{IPA|ʃ}} ('''sh''')
|
|
|
| {{IPA|h}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! Approximants
! Approximants
|
| {{IPA|w}}
|  
|  
| {{IPA|j}} ('''y''')
| {{IPA|j}} ('''y''')
|
|
| {{IPA|w}}
|
|-
|-
! Trill
! Trill
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|
|
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|}
|}


== Pronouns ==


'''Kerusha''' has three basic pronouns; '''bu''' [1sg], '''ti''' [2sg], and '''ma''' [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "'''-shi'''", and possessive with "'''a-'''".


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
* / ʷ ʲ ˈ ː  ŋ  t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ɾ  ʃ ʌ ɯ /
!
 
! singular
= Particles =
! plural
 
! possessive
* '''ba''' - negative particle [NEG]
|-align=center
 
! 1st person
= Roots =
| '''bu'''<br>I; me
 
| '''bushi'''<br>we; us
* '''am-''' - upright; vertical; erect; standing
| '''abu/shi'''<br>my; mine / our(s)
* '''j-''' - be beside; with [COM]
|-align=center
* '''jing-''' - be inside; within [INE]
! 2nd person
* '''m-''' - do (as agent); act; make; cause [CAUS]
| '''ti'''<br>you
* '''n-''' - be aware; know about
| '''tishi'''<br>you (all)
* '''r-''' - move; be in motion; shift
| '''ati/shi'''<br>your/(s)
* '''t-''' - be; exist (copular) [COP]
|-align=center
* '''y-''' - have; possess; own [GEN]
! 3rd person
* '''yem-''' - food; sustenance; eating; consume
| '''ma'''<br>he; she; him; her; it
 
| '''masho'''<br>they; them; those
= Verbal Modifiers =
| '''ama/sho'''<br>their/(s)
 
|}
* '''-(e)ru''' / '''-ek''' - infinitive [INF] (stative/active)
* '''-um''' - interrogative [Q]
 
 
== Aspect ==
 
* '''-a''' - imperfective [IPFV]
* '''-e''' - perfective [PFV]
 
== Instrumentals ==
 
=== Proximal ===
 
* '''bu-''' - back; buttock / behind; rear
* '''gwa-''' - head; mind; shoulder / near
* '''ku(n)-''' - foot; leg; stepping / below; under
* '''mi-''' - teeth; mouth; biting / edge
* '''na-''' - eye; nose; face; neck / above; upward
* '''p(y)o-''' - body; chest; heart / center
* '''shi-''' - hand; fist; arm; grasping / in front; ahead
 
=== Distal ===
 
* '''cha-''' - heat; fire; smoke / sun; light; appear
* '''do(n)-''' - cold; ice
* '''ma-''' - water; fluid; moisture
* '''m(y)o-''' - tool [general instrumental] / load; carry
* '''pwe-''' - weapon; sharp
* '''to-''' - earth; stone; rock; heavy; forcefully / moon; darkness
* '''ya(s)-''' - wind; light
 
 
== Modals ==


== Numbers ==
* '''-uk-''' / '''-ung-'''  - negative; negation; no; not [NEG] (negatives active/stative verbs)


'''Kerusha''' uses a base 10 number system. The basic numbers are as follows:
= Nominal Modifiers =


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-o''' - concrete nouns; animate [ANIM]
|+
* '''-i''' - abstract nouns; inanimate [INAN]
|-
::
! Kerusha
* '''-at-''' - augmentative [AUG]
! number
* '''-is-''' - diminutive [DIM]
! English
! Kerusha
! number
! English
! Kerusha
! number
! English
|-
| '''ozi''' || 0 || zero || '''ni''' || 6 || six || '''wekiya''' || 500 || five hundred
|-
| '''da''' || 1 || one || '''go''' || 7 || seven || '''tiya''' || 10<sup>3</sup> || (one) thousand
|-
| '''sho''' || 2 || two || '''ro''' || 8 || eight || '''metiya''' || 10<sup>4</sup> || ten thousand
|-
| '''pa''' || 3 || three || '''bi''' || 9 || nine || '''kitiya''' || 10<sup>5</sup> || (one) hundred thousand
|-
| '''ke''' || 4 || four || '''me''' || 10 || ten || ''' ''' || 10<sup>6</sup> || (one) million
|-
| '''we''' || 5 || five || '''kiya''' || 100 || (one) hundred || ''' ''' || 10<sup>9</sup> || (one) billion
|}


==== Forming Larger Numbers ====
== Case ==


* '''meda''' - eleven / 11
* '''-''' - nominative (unmarked) [NOM]
* '''shome''' - twenty / 20
* '''-da''' - accusative [ACC]
* '''dakiyago''' - one hundred seven / 107
* '''-nak''' - abessive [ABE] "without"
* '''pakiyashomeni''' (''long form'') / '''pashoni''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326
* '''-bak''' - dative/benefactive [DAT/BEN] "to; at; toward / for"
* '''nitiyashoke''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024
* '''-ku''' - causative [CAUS] "because of"
* '''-bo''' - locative [LOC] "at; on; in"
* '''-ngo''' - transitive [TRANS] "through"
* '''-te''' - ablative [ABL] "of; off of; from"
* '''-pu''' - intrative [INT] "among"


==== Other Number Forms ====
== Gender ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
* '''ye-''' - feminine [FEM]
|+
* '''ga(n)-''' - masculine [MASC]
|-
! Kerusha
! number
! English
! ordinal
! multiple
! fractional
|-
| '''da''' || 1 || one  || '''x'''<br>first || '''x'''<br>once || -
|-
| '''mesho''' || 12 || twelve || '''x'''<br>twelfth  || '''x'''<br>duodecuple || '''x'''<br>a twelfth
|-
| '''wemeke'''<br>'''(weke)''' || 54 || fifty four  || '''x'''<br>fifty fourth || '''x'''<br>54 times || '''x'''<br>a fifty fourth
|-
| '''kiyani''' || 106 || one hundred (and) six || '''x'''<br>106<sup>th</sup> || '''x'''<br>106 times || '''x'''<br>a 106<sup>th</sup>
|-
| '''gotiya''' || 7000 || seven thousand  || '''x'''<br>seven thousandth || '''x'''<br>7000 times || '''x'''<br>1/7000
|}


= Lexicon =
== Number ==


== a ==
* '''k(a)-''' - plural [PL]
* '''a-''' - possessive
* '''abi''' - live
* '''abiru''' - die
* '''awabi''' - be born
== ba ==
* '''ba''' - in order that, so that
* '''baba''' - father
* '''baba-zi''' - unusual; weird
* '''babe''' - wear (clothes)
* '''babo''' - case, instance
* '''bada''' - cashier, purser
* '''bade''' - below, downstairs, downward
* '''badi''' - Asia
* '''bage''' - berry
* '''bapa''' - cathedral
* '''bari''' - below, under
* '''bawaba''' - grandfather
* '''beba''' - Africa
* '''bebi''' - in vain
* '''begu''' - waken; be awake; wake up
* '''beguru''' - sleep
* '''bemo''' - after
* '''bewa''' - explain
* '''bi''' - nine
* '''bida''' - beyond, past
* '''bigi''' - warm, tepid
* '''bine''' - after
* '''bipo''' - bell (door)
* '''birodo''' - niece
* '''biruwa''' - nephew
* '''bita''' - as… as, like
* '''bo''' - is it the case that…? (question particle)
* '''boba''' - agree
* '''bogo''' - inferior
* '''bopu''' - bicycle
* '''boro''' - pink
* '''bosa / sabo''' - orange
* '''bota''' - red
* '''bu''' - I, me
* '''bube''' - at least
* '''buda''' - want, intend
* '''budu''' - air
* '''buga''' - beverage, drink
* '''buko''' - insect
* '''buta''' - at most
== da ==
* '''da''' - one
* '''dabe''' - Weather
* '''dabo''' - between, among
* '''dapo''' - after, afterwards
* '''dapu''' - in-law
* '''data''' - carrot
* '''debe''' - carry
* '''dedu''' - incredible
* '''deka''' - card
* '''deki''' - wash
* '''depa''' - astonished
* '''diga''' - besides
* '''dime''' - watch
* '''dini''' - ugly; gross
* '''diwa''' - why
* '''do''' - this (here)
* '''dori''' - see
== e ==
== ga ==
* '''gado''' - war
* '''gara''' - at
* '''gata''' - art
* '''gebe''' - cauliflower
* '''geda''' - at first
* '''gedi''' - Biological adjectives
* '''gepo''' - black
* '''giro''' - family
* '''gise''' - pale
* '''go''' - seven
* '''-go''' - diminutive "smaller"
* '''godo''' - alcohol
* '''gopo''' - covered
* '''goporu''' - uncover
* '''goru''' - in, into
* '''gu''' - if, whether
* '''-go''' - diminutive "smaller"
== i ==
* '''ima''' - dark
* '''iri''' - flute
* '''-iy-''' - past tense
== ka ==
* '''kaba''' - in front of
* '''kabu''' - ink
* '''kamo''' - drink
* '''kapa''' - at the latest
* '''kara''' - love
* '''ke''' - four
* '''ki-''' - abilitative "can; able"
* '''kiga''' - wallet, purse
* '''kima''' - in general
* '''kiyo''' - hundred
* '''koba''' - in the past
* '''kodo''' - high
* '''kodoru''' - low
* '''koki''' - color
* '''Kokisa''' - Colors
* '''ku''' - and
* '''kuge''' - wardrobe
* '''kuma''' - actually, indeed
* '''kuma''' - yes
* '''kura''' - smile
== ma ==


* '''ma''' - he, she, him, her
== Pronominal ==
* '''mama''' - mother
* '''mawama''' - grandmother
* '''me''' - ten
* '''-me''' - someone who does; -ist
* '''meda''' - eleven
* '''miga''' - against, opposite
* '''misha''' - healthy
* '''misharu''' - unhealthy
* '''mishi''' - empty
* '''moba''' - fall
* '''mobi''' - cousin; female
* '''mota''' - airplane
* '''muse''' - clear
* '''muwabi''' - cousin; male
* '''muzo''' - poetry; poem


== na ==
* '''wa-''' - first person singular [1s]
* '''na''' - go
** '''kwa-''' - first person plural [1pl]
* '''nagu''' - washer, washing machine
* '''ni-''' - second person singular [2s]
* '''naru''' - come
** '''ink(a)-''' - third person plural [2pl]
* '''naya''' - fall
* '''o-''' - third person singular [3s]
* '''ne''' - both… and
** '''ko-''' - third person plural [3pl]
* '''ni''' - six
* '''nobe''' - ask
* '''nobu''' - wasp
* '''noga''' - eat
* '''nogaru''' - vomit
* '''nore''' - discuss; talk about
* '''norosha''' - express feelings
* '''nusa''' - gummy
* '''nusho''' - believe; trust


== o ==
= Lexicon =
* '''obi''' - sister
* '''ozi''' - zero


== pa ==
* '''chameru''' - ''v.a/v.s'' - burn; be ablaze
* '''pa''' - three
* '''pade''' - Beverages
* '''peba''' - in the morning
* '''pebo''' - agreeable
* '''peza''' - always
* '''pida''' - bird
* '''pigi''' - belt
* '''pito''' - in the evening
* '''pizo''' - house
* '''puyu''' - smell
== ra ==
* '''raya''' - white
* '''risha''' - hear
* '''risho''' - listen
* '''rita''' - deceive; trick
* '''ro''' - eight
* '''rogo''' - ceiling
* '''rosha''' - feel (well, etc.)


== sa ==
:: '''chamo''' - ''n.'' - fire
* '''-sa''' - plural marker
* '''sama''' - yellow
* '''setu''' - exit
* '''seturu''' - enter
* '''subu''' - dessert; candy


== sha ==
* '''(gwa)nek''' - ''v.a'' - know; understand


* '''sha''' - the / a; one
* '''myorek''' - ''v.a'' - carry; transport; move s.t.
* '''sha pizo''' - The house
* '''shado''' - daughter
* '''shagodo''' - granddaughter
* '''shagowa''' - grandson
* '''shawa''' - son
* '''shayo''' - yummy
* '''-shi''' - plural pronoun
* '''sho''' - two
* '''shome''' - twenty
* '''shu''' - that (there)
* '''shuba / sato / tosa''' - green


== ta ==
:: '''myoro''' - ''n'' - vehicle; transport
* '''ta''' - with, by means of, in company of
* '''tabe''' - fear
* '''tade''' - carpet
* '''tagose''' - fair, blond
* '''tama''' - CD, record
* '''teba''' - in one week
* '''tedi''' - cattle
* '''tepa''' - water
* '''tepu''' - in the future
* '''ti''' - you (singular)
* '''tiga''' - again
* '''tiyo''' - thousand
* '''toke''' - asparagus
* '''topa''' - at night
* '''toro''' - need
* '''towabo''' - purple
* '''tozi''' - light blue, sky blue
* '''tozi-wa''' - dark blue, navy blue
* '''tuku''' - brown
== u ==
== wa ==
* '''-wa''' - augmentative "bigger"
* '''wabi''' - brother
* '''wama''' - be / stand
* '''wama''' - stand
* '''wamaru''' - sit
* '''we''' - five
* '''weshe''' - by all means
* '''wida''' - gray
* '''wira''' - have


== ya ==
* '''(na)nek''' - ''v.a'' - see; look


* '''-ya''' - object marker
* '''poyek''' - ''v.a'' - wear; don
* '''yamu''' - study
* '''ye / pa / -ru''' - no, not
* '''yoso''' - give
* '''yume''' - taste


== za ==
= Phrases =


* '''-za''' - future tense
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 1100px;"
* '''zaba''' - uncle
! phrase
* '''zama''' - aunt
! parsing
* '''zapa''' - age
! IPA
* '''zeba''' - cave
! gloss
! English
|-align=center
| '''''kwayemuke'''''
| '''k-wa-yem-uk-e'''
| /kʷajeˈmuke/
| <tt>PL-1s-eat-NEG-PFV</tt>
| ''We have not eaten.''
|-align=center
| '''''oshina'''''
| '''o-shi-n-a'''
| /oˈʃina/
| <tt>3s-HAND-be.aware-IPFV</tt>
| ''He touches it.''
|-align=center
| '''''nigwanuma'''''
| '''ni-gwa-n-um-a'''
| /nigʷaːˈnumɑ/
| <tt>2s-head.INST-be.aware-Q-IPFV</tt>
| ''Do you know?''
|-align=center
| '''''komitobo'''''
| '''k-o-mi-t-o-bo'''
| /koːmiˈtobo/
| <tt>PL-3s-mouth.INST-COP-ANIM-LOC</tt>
| ''In their mouths...''
|-align=center
| '''''kyehamunge'''''
| '''k-ye-h-am-ung-e'''
| /kʲɛhaˈmuːŋe/
| <tt>PL-FEM-INTV-stand-NEG-PFV</tt>
| ''The women were not standing.''
|}

Latest revision as of 08:01, 21 November 2021

A conlang for fun.

Phonology

consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosives p   b t   d tɕ (j)   tɕʰ (ch) k   g
Nasals m n ŋ (ng)
Fricatives s ʃ (sh) h
Approximants w j (y)
Trill r
vowels
Front Central Back
Close i~ɪ u~ʊ
Mid e~ɛ o
Open a~ə


  • / ʷ ʲ ˈ ː ŋ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ɾ ʃ ʌ ɯ /

Particles

  • ba - negative particle [NEG]

Roots

  • am- - upright; vertical; erect; standing
  • j- - be beside; with [COM]
  • jing- - be inside; within [INE]
  • m- - do (as agent); act; make; cause [CAUS]
  • n- - be aware; know about
  • r- - move; be in motion; shift
  • t- - be; exist (copular) [COP]
  • y- - have; possess; own [GEN]
  • yem- - food; sustenance; eating; consume

Verbal Modifiers

  • -(e)ru / -ek - infinitive [INF] (stative/active)
  • -um - interrogative [Q]


Aspect

  • -a - imperfective [IPFV]
  • -e - perfective [PFV]

Instrumentals

Proximal

  • bu- - back; buttock / behind; rear
  • gwa- - head; mind; shoulder / near
  • ku(n)- - foot; leg; stepping / below; under
  • mi- - teeth; mouth; biting / edge
  • na- - eye; nose; face; neck / above; upward
  • p(y)o- - body; chest; heart / center
  • shi- - hand; fist; arm; grasping / in front; ahead

Distal

  • cha- - heat; fire; smoke / sun; light; appear
  • do(n)- - cold; ice
  • ma- - water; fluid; moisture
  • m(y)o- - tool [general instrumental] / load; carry
  • pwe- - weapon; sharp
  • to- - earth; stone; rock; heavy; forcefully / moon; darkness
  • ya(s)- - wind; light


Modals

  • -uk- / -ung- - negative; negation; no; not [NEG] (negatives active/stative verbs)

Nominal Modifiers

  • -o - concrete nouns; animate [ANIM]
  • -i - abstract nouns; inanimate [INAN]
  • -at- - augmentative [AUG]
  • -is- - diminutive [DIM]

Case

  • - - nominative (unmarked) [NOM]
  • -da - accusative [ACC]
  • -nak - abessive [ABE] "without"
  • -bak - dative/benefactive [DAT/BEN] "to; at; toward / for"
  • -ku - causative [CAUS] "because of"
  • -bo - locative [LOC] "at; on; in"
  • -ngo - transitive [TRANS] "through"
  • -te - ablative [ABL] "of; off of; from"
  • -pu - intrative [INT] "among"

Gender

  • ye- - feminine [FEM]
  • ga(n)- - masculine [MASC]

Number

  • k(a)- - plural [PL]

Pronominal

  • wa- - first person singular [1s]
    • kwa- - first person plural [1pl]
  • ni- - second person singular [2s]
    • ink(a)- - third person plural [2pl]
  • o- - third person singular [3s]
    • ko- - third person plural [3pl]

Lexicon

  • chameru - v.a/v.s - burn; be ablaze
chamo - n. - fire
  • (gwa)nek - v.a - know; understand
  • myorek - v.a - carry; transport; move s.t.
myoro - n - vehicle; transport
  • (na)nek - v.a - see; look
  • poyek - v.a - wear; don

Phrases

phrase parsing IPA gloss English
kwayemuke k-wa-yem-uk-e /kʷajeˈmuke/ PL-1s-eat-NEG-PFV We have not eaten.
oshina o-shi-n-a /oˈʃina/ 3s-HAND-be.aware-IPFV He touches it.
nigwanuma ni-gwa-n-um-a /nigʷaːˈnumɑ/ 2s-head.INST-be.aware-Q-IPFV Do you know?
komitobo k-o-mi-t-o-bo /koːmiˈtobo/ PL-3s-mouth.INST-COP-ANIM-LOC In their mouths...
kyehamunge k-ye-h-am-ung-e /kʲɛhaˈmuːŋe/ PL-FEM-INTV-stand-NEG-PFV The women were not standing.
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