Athonite grammar I: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''==
==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
! Greek
!IPA
! α
! /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
! αυ
! /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
! β
! /v/
! γ
! /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
! γγ
! /ŋ/
! γκ
! /g/
! γξ
! /ŋks/
! γχ
! /ŋç/
! δ
! /ð/
! ε
! /e/
! ει
! /i/
! ευ
! /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
! ζ
! /z/
! η
! /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
! θ
! /θ/
! ι
! /i/
! κ
! /k/
! λ
! /l/
! μ
! /m/
! μπ
! /b/
! ν
! /n/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
! ντ
! /d/
! ξ
! /ks/
! ο
! /o/
! ου
! /u/
! π
! /p/
! ρ
! /ɾ/
! ς
! /s/<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font>
! τ
! /t/
! τζ
! /ʣ/
! υ
! /i/
! φ
! /f/
! χ
! /ç/
! ψ
! /ps/
! ω
! /o/
|-
|-
! Athonite
| Greek
! α
| α
! αφ/β
| αυ
! β
| β
! γ
| γ
! γγ
| γγ
! γκ
| γκ
! γξ
| γξ
! γχ
| γχ
! δ
| δ
! ε
| ε
! ι
| ει
! εφ/β
| ευ
! ζ
| ζ
! ι
| η
! θ
| θ
! ι
| ι
! κ
| κ
! λ
| λ
! μ
| μ
! μπ
| μπ
! ν
| ν
! ντ
| ντ
! ξ
| ξ
! ο
| ο
! ου
| ου
! π
| π
! ρ
| ρ
! ς
| ς
! τ
| τ
! τζ
| τζ
! ι
| υ
! φ
| φ
! χ
| χ
! ψ
| ψ
! ο
| ω
|-
| Athonite
| α
| αφ/β
| β
| γ
| γγ
| γκ
| γξ
| γχ
| δ
| ε
| ι
| εφ/β
| ζ
| ι
| θ
| ι
| κ
| λ
| μ
| μπ
| ν
| ντ
| ξ
| ο
| ου
| π
| ρ
| ς
| τ
| τζ
| ι
| φ
| χ
| ψ
| ο
|-
|-
| Latin
| Latin
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| ps
| ps
| ō
| ō
|-
|IPA
| /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
| /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
| /v/
| /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
| /ŋ/
| /g/
| /ŋks/
| /ŋç/
| /ð/
| /e/
| /i/
| /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
| /z/
| /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
| /θ/
| /i/
| /k/
| /l/
| /m/
| /b/
| /n/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
| /d/
| /ks/
| /o/
| /u/
| /p/
| /ɾ/
| /s/<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font>
| /t/
| /ʣ/
| /i/
| /f/
| /ç/
| /ps/
| /o/
|}
|}
 
===Notes - '''Σιμιωςις'''===
===Notes - '''Σιμίοςι'''===
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> '''αφ''' before voiceless consonants, '''αβ''' before voiced consonants or vowels.
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> final <ν> before <π> and <μπ>  becomes /m/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν μπορώ''', <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν πιραζι''', <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> '''εφ''' before voiceless consonants, '''εβ''' before voiced consonants or vowels.
:final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν κοβω''', <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
*<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font> /j/ between vowels.
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants, ''e.g.'', '''ος Δεβτέρ''', <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,
*<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font> final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, ''e.g.'', '''δεν πιραζι''', /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
*<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants.




==Introduction - '''Ιςαγόγ'''==
==Introduction - '''Ιςαγώγ'''==
*Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
*Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
*It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.  
*It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.  
*Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
*Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
*A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, ''e.g.'', '''αι''' > '''ε'''; '''οι''' > '''ι'''; '''η''' > '''ι'''.  
*A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, ''e.g.'', '''αι''' > '''ε'''; '''οι''' > '''ι'''.
*Double letters have been eliminated, except for '''γγ'''.  
*Double letters have been eliminated, except for '''γγ'''.  
*'''σ''' has been replaced by '''ς'''.
*'''σ''' has been replaced by '''ς'''.
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==Grammar - '''Γραματίκ'''==
==Grammar - '''Γραματίκ'''==
===The Definite Article - '''Το Οριςτίκ Αρθ'''===
===The Definite Article - '''Το Οριςτίκ Αρθ'''===
*001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: '''ο''' for masculine nouns, '''ι''' for feminine nouns, and '''το''' for neuter nouns.  
*001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: '''ο''' for masculine nouns, '''ι''' for feminine nouns, and '''το''' ('''τ'''') for neuter nouns.  


====Uses of the definite article - '''Χριςι από το Οριςτίκ Αρθ'''====
====Uses of the definite article - '''Χριςι από το Οριςτίκ Αρθ'''====
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# Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, ''e.g.'', '''To μαλιά απ ι Mαρία ινε χανθ'''; Mary's hair is blond.  
# Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, ''e.g.'', '''To μαλιά απ ι Mαρία ινε χανθ'''; Mary's hair is blond.  
# Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, ''e.g.'', '''Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί'''; My brother John has a good job.  
# Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, ''e.g.'', '''Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί'''; My brother John has a good job.  
# Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, ''e.g.'', '''Αφτ ι κοπέλ ινε πολί oρέ'''; This girl is very beautiful.  
# Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, ''e.g.'', '''Αφτ ι κορίτς ινε πολί ωρέ'''; This girl is very beautiful.  
# Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, ''e.g.'', '''Ο <font color=blue>πoλιςι</font> ινε αφςτίρ'''; Policemen are strict.  
# Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, ''e.g.'', '''Ο <font color=blue>πoλιςι</font> ινε αφςτίρ'''; Policemen are strict.  


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===Nouns - '''Ουςιαςτικί'''===
===Nouns - '''Ουςιαςτικί'''===
*003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.  
*003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.  
*004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ο''', ''e.g.'', '''ο ανθρoπ''', the man; '''ο πατέρ''', the father.  
*004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ο''', ''e.g.'', '''ο ανθρωπ''', the man; '''ο πατέρ''', the father.  
*005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ι''', ''e.g.'', '''ι πορτ''', the door; '''ι γινέκ''', the woman.
*005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ι''', ''e.g.'', '''ι πορτ''', the door; '''ι γινέκ''', the woman.
*006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''το''', ''e.g.'', '''το πεδ''', the child; '''το γραφί''', the office.  
*006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''το''', ''e.g.'', '''το πεδ''', the child; '''το γραφί''', the office.  
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*008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ι'''.
*008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ι'''.
::'''ο αδέλφ''', the brother, '''ο αδελφί''', the brothers
::'''ο αδέλφ''', the brother, '''ο αδελφί''', the brothers
::'''ο ανθρoπ''', the man, '''ο άνθρoπι''', the men
::'''ο ανθρωπ''', the man, '''ο άνθρωπι''', the men
::'''ο εργάτ''', the worker, '''ο εργατι''', the workers
::'''ο εργάτ''', the worker, '''ο εργατι''', the workers
*009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ες'''.
*009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ες'''.
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::'''ι ναρκ''', the boat, '''ι ναρκες ''', the boats
::'''ι ναρκ''', the boat, '''ι ναρκες ''', the boats
*010. Neuter nouns which end in '''-μ(α)'''  add '''-(α)τα'''.
*010. Neuter nouns which end in '''-μ(α)'''  add '''-(α)τα'''.
::'''το χρομ''', the color; '''το χρόματα''', the colors
::'''το χρωμ''', the color; '''το χρώματα''', the colors
*011. Other neuter nouns add '''-α''' or '''-ια'''.
*011. Other neuter nouns add '''-α''' or '''-ια'''.
::'''το τςιγάρ''', the cigarette, '''το τςιγαρα''', the cigarettes
::'''το τςιγάρ''', the cigarette, '''το τςιγαρα''', the cigarettes
::'''το ψαρ''', the fish, '''το ψαρια''', the fishes.
::'''το ψαρ''', the fish, '''το ψάρια''', the fishes.
*012. There are a few irregular plurals.
*012. There are a few irregular plurals.
::'''το φος''', the light; '''το φοτα''', the lights
::'''το φως''', the light; '''το φωτα''', the lights


====The Function of Cases - '''Ι Λιτουργί από Τοςες '''====
====The Function of Cases - '''Ι Λιτουργί από Τωςες '''====
*013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition '''από''', contracted to '''απ'''' before an initial vowel.
*013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition '''από''', contracted to '''απ'''' before an initial vowel.
::'''ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', the uncle > '''απ' ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', of the uncle
::'''ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', the uncle > '''απ' ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', of the uncle
::'''τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', the aunt > '''από τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', of the aunt
::'''ι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', the aunt > '''απ' ι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', of the aunt
::'''το ποδ''', the foot > '''από το ποδ''', of the foot
::'''το ποδ''', the foot > '''από το ποδ''', of the foot
::'''ο <font color=blue>αμζι</font>''', the uncles > '''απ' ο <font color=blue>αμζι</font>''', of the uncles
::'''ο <font color=blue>αμζι</font>''', the uncles > '''απ' ο <font color=blue>αμζι</font>''', of the uncles
::'''τι <font color=blue>μπιμπες</font>''', the aunts > '''από τι <font color=blue>μπιμπες</font>''', of the aunts  
::'''ι <font color=blue>μπιμπες</font>''', the aunts > '''απ' ι <font color=blue>μπιμπες</font>''', of the aunts  
::'''το ποδa''', the feet > '''από το ποδa''', of the feet  
::'''το ποδa''', the feet > '''από το ποδa''', of the feet  
*014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition '''ςε''', contracted  to '''ς'''' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.
*014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition '''ςε''', contracted  to '''ς'''' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.
::'''ο Γιαν δινι ς' ο Μιχαίλ δορ''' John gives Michael a cigarette.
::'''ο Γιαν δινι ς' ο Μιχαίλ τςιγάρ''' John gives Michael a cigarette.
::'''έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί''', I gave George a book.  
::'''έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί''', I gave George a book.  


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*015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable.
*015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable.
*016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
*016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
**'''ο καλ ανθροπ''', the good man
**'''ο καλ ανθρωπ''', the good man
**'''τι καλ γινέκ''', the good woman
**'''ι καλ γινέκ''', the good woman
**'''το καλ πεδ''', the good child
**'''το καλ πεδ''', the good child
**'''ο μεγάλ ςκιλ''', the large dog
**'''ο μεγάλ ςκιλ''', the large dog
**'''τι μεγάλ πορτ''', the large door
**'''ι μεγάλ πορτ''', the large door
**'''το μεγάλ δoματι''', the large room
**'''το μεγάλ δωματι''', the large room
*017. The determiners '''αφτ''', ''this'', and '''κιν''', ''that'', precede the noun they determine and require the definite article.  
*017. The determiners '''αφτ''', ''this'', and '''κιν''', ''that'', precede the noun they determine and require the definite article.  
**'''αφτ ο ανθρoπ''', this man  
**'''αφτ ο ανθρωπ''', this man  
**'''αφτ ο ςκιλ''', this dog
**'''αφτ ο ςκιλ''', this dog
**'''αφτ τι γινέκ''', this woman  
**'''αφτ ι γινέκ''', this woman  
**'''αφτ το πεδ''', this child  
**'''αφτ το πεδ''', this child  
**'''αφτ το αμαχι''', this cart  
**'''αφτ το αμαχι''', this cart  
**'''κιν ο εργάτ''', that worker  
**'''κιν ο εργάτ''', that worker  
**'''κιν τι νιχτ''', that night  
**'''κιν ι νιχτ''', that night  
**'''κιν το δοματι''', that room  
**'''κιν το δωματι''', that room  


====Comparison of Adjectives - '''Παραβόλ από Επίθετα'''====
====Comparison of Adjectives - '''Παραβόλ από Επίθετα'''====
*018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word '''πιο''', ''more'', in front them. They are then followed by '''από'''.
*018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word '''πιο''', ''more'', in front them. They are then followed by '''από'''.
::'''Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δινάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου''', My brother is stronger than your brother.
::'''Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δινάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου''', My brother is stronger than your brother.
::'''Ο Γιαν ινε πιο τοχ απ' ο Kοςtας''', John is poorer than Costas.
::'''Ο Γιαν ινε πιο φτωχ απ' ο Kοςtας''', John is poorer than Costas.
::'''Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο''', This house is better than that one.
::'''Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο''', This house is better than that one.
::'''Aφτ το {{Color|blue|οτομοβιλ}} ινε πολί πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον''', This automobile is much worse than the other.
::'''Aφτ τ' {{Color|blue|οτομοβιλ}} ινε πολί πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον''', This automobile is much worse than the other.
::'''Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςε τι ταξ του''', Andrew is the best student in his class.
::'''Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςτι ταξ του''', Andrew is the best student in his class.
::'''Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςε τι Aθίν''', Her father is the richest man in Athens.  
::'''Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςτι Aθίν''', Her father is the richest man in Athens.  
::'''Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο oρέ γινέκ ςε τι Elάδ''', Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.  
::'''Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο ωρέ γινέκ ςτι Elάδ''', Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.  
*019. The comparative of '''κακ''', ''bad'', is '''χιρότ''', ''worse''.  
*019. The comparative of '''κακ''', ''bad'', is '''χιρότ''', ''worse''.  
*020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with '''λιγóτ''', ''less'', plus '''από'''.  
*020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with '''λιγóτ''', ''less'', plus '''από'''.  
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=====The Active Participle- '''Τι Ενεργιτίκ Μετόχ'''=====
=====The Active Participle- '''Τι Ενεργιτίκ Μετόχ'''=====
*025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.  
*025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.  
*026. It is formed by adding the ending '''οντ''' or '''όντ''' to the present stem.  
*026. It is formed by adding the ending '''οντ''' or '''ώντ''' to the present stem.  


::Class I  
::Class I  
:::'''βλεπο''' > '''βλεποντ''', seeing  
:::'''βλεπω''' > '''βλεποντ''', seeing  


::Class II  
::Class II  
:::'''αγαπό''' > '''αγαπόντ''', loving  
:::'''αγαπώ''' > '''αγαπώντ''', loving  


=====The Passive Participle - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ'''=====
=====The Passive Participle - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ'''=====
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::Class I  
::Class I  
:::'''βλεπo''' > '''βλεπομέν''', seen
:::'''βλεπω''' > '''βλεπομέν''', seen
:::'''ςχιζο''' > '''ςχιςομέν''', split
:::'''ςχιζω''' > '''ςχιςομέν''', split


::Class II  
::Class II  
:::'''αγαπό''' > '''αγαπιμέν ''', loved
:::'''αγαπώ''' > '''αγαπιμέν ''', loved


===Pronouns - '''Αντονιμίες'''===
===Pronouns - '''Αντωνιμίες'''===
====The Personal Pronouns - '''Η Προςοπίκ Αντονιμίες'''====
====The Personal Pronouns - '''Η Προςωπίκ Αντωνιμίες'''====
*028. The personal pronouns are declined.
*028. The personal pronouns are declined.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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|-
|-
!Nominative
!Nominative
|'''γo''', I
|'''γω''', I
|'''(ε)μις''', we
|'''(ε)μις''', we
|'''(ε)ςι''', you
|'''(ε)ςι''', you
|'''(ε)ςις''', you
|'''(ε)ςις''', you
|'''αυτό''', he<br>'''αυτί''', she<br>'''αυτό''', it,
|'''αφτό''', he<br>'''αυτί''', she<br>'''αυτό''', it,
|'''αυτί''', they<br>'''αυτές''', they<br>'''αυτά''', they
|'''αφτί''', they<br>'''αυτές''', they<br>'''αυτά''', they
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Genitive
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::'''Δινε ςτις {{Color|blue|μπαζ}} νερ''', Give her some water.
::'''Δινε ςτις {{Color|blue|μπαζ}} νερ''', Give her some water.
::'''Δινε ςτις το''', Give it to her.
::'''Δινε ςτις το''', Give it to her.
::'''Σε βλεπο.''' I see you.
::'''Σε βλεπω.''' I see you.
*030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct.
*030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct.
::'''Στου το έδινα''', I gave it to him.
::'''Στου το έδινα''', I gave it to him.
::'''Θα ςε ςου τα ςτελνο''', I shall send them to you.  
::'''Θα ςε ςου τα ςτελνω''', I shall send them to you.  


====The Possessive Pronouns - '''Η Τιτίκ Αντονιμίες'''====
====The Possessive Pronouns - '''Η Τιτίκ Αντωνιμίες'''====
*031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive.
*031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive.
::'''Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.'''
::'''Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.'''
:::This book is mine, that book is yours.
:::This book is mine, that book is yours.


====The Relative Pronoun - '''Η ςχετίκ Αντονιμί'''====
====The Relative Pronoun - '''Η ςχετίκ Αντωνιμί'''====
*032. There is only one relative pronoun. '''Πou''' stands for all the relative pronouns ''who'', ''whom'', ''which'', and ''that''.  
*032. There is only one relative pronoun. '''Πou''' stands for all the relative pronouns ''who'', ''whom'', ''which'', and ''that''.  
::'''Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.'''
::'''Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.'''
:::The girl who is laughing is my sister.  
:::The girl who is laughing is my sister.  


====The Interrogative Pronouns - '''Η Εροτιματίκ Αντονιμίες'''====
====The Interrogative Pronouns - '''Η Ερωτιματίκ Αντωνιμίες'''====
*033. The Interrogative Pronoun: '''πι''', who, whose, whom
*033. The Interrogative Pronoun: '''πι''', who, whose, whom
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::'''T' ινε αφτό'''; What is this?
::'''T' ινε αφτό'''; What is this?


====The Indefinite Pronouns - '''Η Αoριςτ Αντονιμίες'''====
====The Indefinite Pronouns - '''Η Αoριςτ Αντωνιμίες'''====
*035. Anybody, anything.
*035. Anybody, anything.
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====The Genitive Case with Prepositions - '''Ι Γενίκ τος με Αντονιμίες'''====
====The Genitive Case with Prepositions - '''Ι Γενίκ Τως με Αντωνιμίες'''====
*036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case.
*036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case.
::'''Παε με μου ςτο <font color=blue>μαγάζ, λιτφε</font>.'''
::'''Παε με μου ςτο <font color=blue>μαγάζ, λιτφε</font>.'''

Latest revision as of 12:29, 8 November 2021

GRAMMAR OF ATHONITE,

which is,

THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN IN THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN

Pronunciation Table - Πίνακα τις Προφορά

IPA /a/1 /af/2 /v/ /ɣ/3 /ŋ/ /g/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /e/ /i/ /εf/4 /z/ /i/5 /θ/ /i/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/6 /d/ /ks/ /o/ /u/ /p/ /ɾ/ /s/7 /t/ /ʣ/ /i/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/
Greek α αυ β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ει ευ ζ η θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ υ φ χ ψ ω
Athonite α αφ/β β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ι εφ/β ζ ι θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ ι φ χ ψ ο
Latin a af/v v g ng g ngks nch dh e i ef/v z i th i k l m b n d ks o u p r s t tz y f ch ps ō

Notes - Σιμιωςις

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
  • 3 final <ν> before <π> and <μπ> becomes /m/, e.g., δεν μπορώ, <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, e.g., δεν πιραζι, <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, e.g., δεν κοβω, <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
  • 4 /z/ before voiced consonants, e.g., ος Δεβτέρ, <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,


Introduction - Ιςαγώγ

  • Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
  • It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
  • Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
  • A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, e.g., αι > ε; οι > ι.
  • Double letters have been eliminated, except for γγ.
  • σ has been replaced by ς.
  • Some initial consonant clusters have been simplified, e.g., κτ > τ; πτ > τ; γν > ν.
  • The accent regularly occurs on the penultimate syllable.
  • An acute accent is placed over an accented vowel when the accent is not on the penultima.
  • Words of Turkish origin are indicated in blue.


Grammar - Γραματίκ

The Definite Article - Το Οριςτίκ Αρθ

  • 001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: ο for masculine nouns, ι for feminine nouns, and το (τ') for neuter nouns.

Uses of the definite article - Χριςι από το Οριςτίκ Αρθ

  1. Before proper names, e.g., Ο Γιοργ ινε καλ αγόρ; George is a good boy.
  2. Before the names of places, e.g., Ι Αθίν ινε ι πρoτεβους απ' ι Elάδ; Athens is the capital of Greece.
  3. Before the names of streets, e.g., Mενo ςε ι οδ ςταδί; I live on Stadium Street.
  4. Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, e.g., Ο γατρ Eβγενιδες ινε πolύ πloυςι; Dr. Eugenides is very rich.
  5. Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, e.g., Ι ιλικρινι ινε ι πιo μεγάλ αρέτ; Sincerity is the greatest virtue.
  6. Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, e.g., To μαλιά απ ι Mαρία ινε χανθ; Mary's hair is blond.
  7. Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, e.g., Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί; My brother John has a good job.
  8. Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, e.g., Αφτ ι κορίτς ινε πολί ωρέ; This girl is very beautiful.
  9. Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, e.g., Ο πoλιςι ινε αφςτίρ; Policemen are strict.

The Indefinite Article - Το Αοριςτ Αρθ

  • 002. There is no indefinite article in Athonite.

Nouns - Ουςιαςτικί

  • 003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
  • 004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ο, e.g., ο ανθρωπ, the man; ο πατέρ, the father.
  • 005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ι, e.g., ι πορτ, the door; ι γινέκ, the woman.
  • 006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article το, e.g., το πεδ, the child; το γραφί, the office.

The Plural - Ο Πλιθυντικό

  • 007. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word. Note whether the accent shifts or remains.
  • 008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add .
ο αδέλφ, the brother, ο αδελφί, the brothers
ο ανθρωπ, the man, ο άνθρωπι, the men
ο εργάτ, the worker, ο εργατι, the workers
  • 009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add -ες.
ι αδέλφ, the sister, ι αδελφές , the sisters
ι μερ, the day, ι μερες , the days
ι ναρκ, the boat, ι ναρκες , the boats
  • 010. Neuter nouns which end in -μ(α) add -(α)τα.
το χρωμ, the color; το χρώματα, the colors
  • 011. Other neuter nouns add or -ια.
το τςιγάρ, the cigarette, το τςιγαρα, the cigarettes
το ψαρ, the fish, το ψάρια, the fishes.
  • 012. There are a few irregular plurals.
το φως, the light; το φωτα, the lights

The Function of Cases - Ι Λιτουργί από Τωςες

  • 013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition από, contracted to απ' before an initial vowel.
ο αμζα, the uncle > απ' ο αμζα, of the uncle
ι μπιμπι, the aunt > απ' ι μπιμπι, of the aunt
το ποδ, the foot > από το ποδ, of the foot
ο αμζι, the uncles > απ' ο αμζι, of the uncles
ι μπιμπες, the aunts > απ' ι μπιμπες, of the aunts
το ποδa, the feet > από το ποδa, of the feet
  • 014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition ςε, contracted to ς' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.
ο Γιαν δινι ς' ο Μιχαίλ τςιγάρ John gives Michael a cigarette.
έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί, I gave George a book.

Adjectives - Επίθετα

  • 015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable.
  • 016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
    • ο καλ ανθρωπ, the good man
    • ι καλ γινέκ, the good woman
    • το καλ πεδ, the good child
    • ο μεγάλ ςκιλ, the large dog
    • ι μεγάλ πορτ, the large door
    • το μεγάλ δωματι, the large room
  • 017. The determiners αφτ, this, and κιν, that, precede the noun they determine and require the definite article.
    • αφτ ο ανθρωπ, this man
    • αφτ ο ςκιλ, this dog
    • αφτ ι γινέκ, this woman
    • αφτ το πεδ, this child
    • αφτ το αμαχι, this cart
    • κιν ο εργάτ, that worker
    • κιν ι νιχτ, that night
    • κιν το δωματι, that room

Comparison of Adjectives - Παραβόλ από Επίθετα

  • 018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word πιο, more, in front them. They are then followed by από.
Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δινάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου, My brother is stronger than your brother.
Ο Γιαν ινε πιο φτωχ απ' ο Kοςtας, John is poorer than Costas.
Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο, This house is better than that one.
Aφτ τ' οτομοβιλ ινε πολί πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον, This automobile is much worse than the other.
Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςτι ταξ του, Andrew is the best student in his class.
Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςτι Aθίν, Her father is the richest man in Athens.
Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο ωρέ γινέκ ςτι Elάδ, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.
  • 019. The comparative of κακ, bad, is χιρότ, worse.
  • 020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with λιγóτ, less, plus από.
Ο Nικ ινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας, Nick is not as smart as Costas.
  • 021. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by τoς...oς plus the definite article.
Ο πατέρ μου ινε τoς πλouςι oς ο πατέρ ςου, My father is as rich as your father.

The Possessive Adjectives - Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα

Singular Plural
μου, my μας, our
ςου, your ςας, your
του, his
τις, her
του, its
τους, their
  • 022. These adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.
το ςπιτ, the house; το ςπιτ μου, my house
ο φιλ, the friend; ο φιλ μου, my friend
το χιρ μου, my hand
ο πατέρ ςου, your father
τι μιτέρ τις, her mother
ο ςκιλ μας, our dog
ο ςκιλι μας, our dogs
το νόμιςμα ςας, your money
  • 023. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun.
το αμαχι, the cart; το νε αμαχι, the new cart; το νε αμαχι μου, my new cart
ο καλ φιλ μας, our good friend

The Participles - Τι Μετοχές

  • 024. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
The Active Participle- Τι Ενεργιτίκ Μετόχ
  • 025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
  • 026. It is formed by adding the ending οντ or ώντ to the present stem.
Class I
βλεπω > βλεποντ, seeing
Class II
αγαπώ > αγαπώντ, loving
The Passive Participle - Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ
  • 027. The passive participle is formed by adding the ending -ομέν or -ιμέν to the present stem.
Class I
βλεπω > βλεπομέν, seen
ςχιζω > ςχιςομέν, split
Class II
αγαπώ > αγαπιμέν , loved

Pronouns - Αντωνιμίες

The Personal Pronouns - Η Προςωπίκ Αντωνιμίες

  • 028. The personal pronouns are declined.
First singular First plural Second singular Second plural Third singular Third plural
Nominative γω, I (ε)μις, we (ε)ςι, you (ε)ςις, you αφτό, he
αυτί, she
αυτό, it,
αφτί, they
αυτές, they
αυτά, they
Genitive μου, my μας, our ςου, your ςας, your του, his
τις, her
του, its
τους, their
Accusative με(να), me (ε)μας, us ςε(να), you (ε)ςας, you τον, him
τιν, her
το, it
τους, them
τις, them
τα, them
  • 029. The object pronouns are placed before the verb except in the imperative when they follow the verb.
Σε μου το έφερε, He brought it to me.
Δινε ςμου το βιβλί, Give me the book.
Δινε ςτις μπαζ νερ, Give her some water.
Δινε ςτις το, Give it to her.
Σε βλεπω. I see you.
  • 030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct.
Στου το έδινα, I gave it to him.
Θα ςε ςου τα ςτελνω, I shall send them to you.

The Possessive Pronouns - Η Τιτίκ Αντωνιμίες

  • 031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive.
Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.
This book is mine, that book is yours.

The Relative Pronoun - Η ςχετίκ Αντωνιμί

  • 032. There is only one relative pronoun. Πou stands for all the relative pronouns who, whom, which, and that.
Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.
The girl who is laughing is my sister.

The Interrogative Pronouns - Η Ερωτιματίκ Αντωνιμίες

  • 033. The Interrogative Pronoun: πι, who, whose, whom
Singular Plural
Nominative πι πιές
Genitive πιoύ πιóν
Accusative πιόν πιoύς
Π' ινε αφτό; Who is this?
Πιoύ καπέλ ινε κινο; Whose hat is that?
Πιoύs ζιτάτε; For whom are you looking?
  • 034. The Interrogative Pronoun: τι, what
Ti κάνετε; What are you doing?
T' ινε αφτό; What is this?

The Indefinite Pronouns - Η Αoριςτ Αντωνιμίες

  • 035. Anybody, anything.
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative o καθέν τι καθέν τα καθέν
Genitive o καθενoύ τι καθενίς τα καθενoύ
Accusative o καθέν τι καθίν τα καθενα

The Genitive Case with Prepositions - Ι Γενίκ Τως με Αντωνιμίες

  • 036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case.
Παε με μου ςτο μαγάζ, λιτφε.
Please go with me to the store.
  • 037. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting.
καλιμέρ ςας, good morning to you; καλινίκτ ςας, good night; για ςου, good-bye (to one person).


Athonite Grammar II