Béu : Chapter 9 : Word Building: Difference between revisions

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Welcome to      <big> '''béu'''</big>
Welcome to      <big> '''béu'''</big>


==..... Word building==
==..... Assembling word==


..
..
Line 10: Line 10:
In chapter 5 we showed how a noun could be made out of two basic nouns.
In chapter 5 we showed how a noun could be made out of two basic nouns.


Here are some more examples ;-
This chapter is all about these non-basic words.


{| border=1
Divided into 32 sections.
  |align=right| '''bái'''
  |align=left| to raise
  |align=right| '''gwaino''' =
  |align=left| a machine
  |align=right| '''gwaino bái'''  =
  |align=left| "a machine of levitation"
  |align=center|'''=>'''
  |align=right| '''baino''' =
  |align=left| a lift or an elevator
  |-
  |align=right| '''bái''' =
  |align=left| to rise
  |align=right| '''tagu''' =
  |align=left| a tool
  |align=right| '''tagu bái''' =
  |align=left| "a rising tool"
  |align=center|=>
  |align=right| '''baigu''' =
  |align=left| a ladder
  |-
  |align=right| '''nandau''' =
  |align=left| a word
  |align=right| '''toili''' =
  |align=left| a book
  |align=right| '''toili nandau''' =
  |align=left| "a book of words"
  |align=center|=>
  |align=right| '''nandɘli''' =
  |align=left| a dictionary
  |-
  |align=right| '''limba''' =
  |align=left| a tongue or language
  |align=right| '''megau''' =
  |align=left| a body of knowledge,
  |align=right| '''megau limba''' =
  |align=left| "the study of language"
  |align=center|=>
  |align=right| '''limbəgau''' =
  |align=left|  linguistics
  |}


..
=== .... Nut ... -TU===
..
'''bautu''' = nut
..         
Ground nut = Monkey nut =
..


And below is a list of the most common words that are made this way. They are grouped according to their tail element.
=== .... Tree ... -PO===


..
..


=== Word or -DAU===
'''ʔupo''' = tree
 
..         
 
Apple trees = '''amapo'''
 
Mango trees = '''byopo'''
 
..
 
=== .... Berry ... -TI===
 
..
 
'''paiti''' = berry
 
..         
 
grape = '''mozeti''' (o) : (i) => '''mozetai'''
 
olive = oil.berry
 
strawberry = ? shadeberry ?
 
raspberry = thicket berry or clusterberry
 
blaclberry = thicket berry or clusterberry
 
cranberry =
 
gooseberry = melon.berry
 
black currants = ?
 
currants = ?


A word = '''nandau'''
bilberry =
 
grouseberry = N.A.berry ?
 
lingonberry = '''bluti''' (o) : (i) => '''blutai'''
 
blueberry = '''helati'''  (o) : (i) => '''helatai'''


sky.sound = a vowel            sky.sound.za = a diphthong or a triphthong            sky.sound. nyo = a vowel OR a diphthong/triphthong


earth.sound = a consonant      earth.sound.za = a consonant cluster                    earth.sound.nyo = a consonant OR a consonant cluster
lychee = longan = deer.eye : lychee = deer.eye sour : longan = deer.eye sweet ... these ones have no -'''ti''' affix.


=== Fellow or -PEU===
..


'''ampeu''' = a comrade, a fellow, a peer, someone of the same social status as you and on friendly terms with you. Not exactly a friend but you rub along with this person for mutual advantage. Emotionally neutral ... between friend and enemy.
=== .... Book .... -LI===


---------
..


'''polji''' = womb ... '''poljəpeu''' = a twin
'''toili''' = book


'''hodo''' = class (in a school) ... '''hodəpeu''' = a class mate
..


'''donəpeu''' = a companion
A dictionary = '''nandauli'''


year'''peu''' = somebody born in the same year as you
A text book = '''megauli'''


name'''peu''' = a namesake, somebody with the same name as you
A manual = An instruction manual = ??


country'''peu''' = a compatriate
A cook book = '''ntuli'''


zz = aim, objective, a purpose, a cause ... zz'''peu''' = a comrade, a fellow traveller
A story book = A novel = ??
All these words are their own plural


=== Subject or -GAU===
A factual book = ??


A field of study = '''megau'''
..


'''peugəŋgau''' = the entirety of human knowledge
=== .... Fish ... -NYI===


'''laigau''' = calculus
..


=== Book or -LI===
'''sainyi''' = a fish


A book = '''toili'''
..


=== Tool or -GU===
cuttlefish = '''byonyi'''


A tool = '''tagu'''
cod


=== Machine or -NO===
herring


'''swe''' = to speak
trout


'''sweno''' = the telephone
mackerel


=== Belief/theory or -GAI===
plaice


=== Wagon or -WEU===
skate


A vehicle = '''wèu'''
salmon = '''salinyi''' < '''salia''' "to jump"


=== Building or -DO===
pike


'''bundo''' = building ... from the verb ... '''bunda''' = "to build"
..


=== Side or -ʔA===
=== .... Shop .... -FU===


'''ʔà''' = side
..


'''aibaʔa''' = a triangle
'''kanfu''' = shop/stall


'''ugaʔa''' = a square
..


'''idaʔa''' = a pentagon
'''kanfu pabla''' = a stall .... "stall" usually simply designated as '''pabla''' "table"


'''elaʔa''' = a hexagon
'''gozəfu''' = a fruit shop, a fruit stall


--------------
..


'''ò atas nambo''' = he/she is above the house ... however if "house" is understood, and mention of it is dropped, we must add '''ʔa''' to '''atas''' ... for example ...
=== .... Fruits ... -SO===


'''ò atasʔa''' = he/she is above
..


---------------
'''gozo''' = fruit


'''dauniʔa''' = underneath
..


'''liʒiʔa''' = on the left hand side
orange = '''koizo''' < sun fruit


'''luguʔa''' = on the right hand side
mango = '''byozo'''


------------------
pineapple =


noldo, suldo, westa, istu niaka, muaka faceside backside etc. etc.
pear =


=== Face (or 2D stretch but typically non-horizontal) or -ʔAU===
peach =


'''daʔau''' = face
banana =


'''ugaʔau''' = a tetrahedron
cherry =


'''elaʔau''' = a cube
rambutan =


'''ezaʔau''' = an octahedron
durian =  


'''ajauʔau''' = a dodecahedron
jackfruit =


'''ajauzaʔau''' = an icosahedron
..


=== Volume/Room or -ʔAI===
apple = '''halma'''


'''daʔai''' = volume, room
------


'''moʃiʔai''' = water room = bathrooom
We do not want a "unit", "boat".


= bedroom
⁕⁕'''nandauli''' is a good example of '''béu''' word building. '''toili''' = book, '''nandau''' = word, '''toili nandaun''' = book of words. However if two words such as these
'''geudidau''' means extended word. It is also a good example of an extended word, in itself.


= cookroom
'''geuda''' is a verb mean'''béu'''ing to extend in one direction (usually not up). '''geudo''' is an noun meaning an extension or appendix. '''geudi''' is an adjective meaning extended.


= livingroom
'''nandau geudi''' = extended word ... now when a noun and a following adjective occur together a lot (and maybe take on a meaning slightly different) the concept they represent is normally upgraded to a word, by deleting all but the last CV (consonant vowel) in the first word, and sticking this CV on to the end of the second word.


= store room
Hence we get '''geudidau'''. In theory there is no limit to the combinations that can occur. However in practice (outside of technical language) there are slightly under a hundred different CV's, and the number of elements that every CV can combine with, varies from 3 or 4 up to about 40.


You can name the regular shapes in 4 dimensions.
In English we have a number of common endings, such as "-ism", "-ology", "ist", etc. etc. In '''béu''' the end-stuck CV's can be thought of as equivalent to these English endings : the main difference is that this word building process is much more prevalent in '''béu'''.


'''idaʔai''' = a 5-cell


'''ezaʔai''' = an 8-cell
The CV '''-dau''' (from '''nandau''') is found in combination with a number of other elements. For example ;-


'''ajaugaʔai''' = a 16-cell


'''uvauʔai''' = a 24-cell
Note that in the last example, the meaning of the extended word has shifted a bit with respect to the meaning of the original words.


'''apauʔai''' = 120-cell
It is possible to extend further an extended word. For example ;-


'''agaivauʔai''' = 600-cell
'''kaza''' is an adjective meaning compicated and also is a noun meaning "a complicated thing" or "a complex".


=== A station/base or -HEU ===
'''kaza cwipadaun''' = a complex of a noun => '''cwipadauza''' = a noun phrase


The original meaning of '''hèu''' is "farm" .... i.e. a sort of spread out place where many activities take place. There are store houses and/or workshops related to these different activities plus a fair amount of open space.
..


From this original meaning, '''hèu''' has become an affix with the meaning "station". As in police station, army base, petrol station, townhall etc. etc.
=== .... Leaf ..... -PAI===


'''tun''' = rule, power  '''tun  kas''' => '''tun.heu''' = the townhall
..


'''pya.heu''' = an airport
'''lapai''' = a leaf


=== Something complex or -KAS ===
..         


'''maŋga''' = infinitive verb
Apple tree leaf = '''almapai'''


'''maŋkas''' = infinitive verb phrase
Mango tree leaf = '''byopai'''


'''seŋko''' = object
etc. etc. etc.


'''seŋkas''' = noun phrase
..


'''helgo''' = a finite verb
=== .... Tool ...... -?O===


'''helkas''' = a clause
..


=== Professional or -TAI===
'''gau?o''' = a tool


a professional (a person who's job requires book-learning) = '''notai'''
..


'''molu''' = medicine
This is actually an infix. It signifies a tool that facilitates the action. For example ...


'''moltai''' = a doctor
'''kludau''' = to write : '''kluda?o''' = a pen


=== A container or -GOI ===
'''solbe''' = to drink : '''solbe?o''' = a straw


A container = '''meŋgoi'''
'''pluga''' = to plow, till : '''plu?o''' = a plow ... a contraction of '''pluga?o''' of course


=== Tradesman or -FAU===
'''cwá''' = to cross : '''cwa?o''' = a bridge


The suffix '''-fau''' indicates a person who has learnt skills through instruction and practice, practice, practice.
'''kwè''' = to turn : '''kwe?o''' = an axle


a pair of hand = '''dufau'''
'''bái''' = to rise : '''bai?o''' = a ladder


--------------
An interesting extention of the above is '''mabai?o''' meaning "index", "table of contents", "look up table" or "list"


'''damaifau''' = metalworker
It means literally "a duo of ladders" ... the idea behind this word can be seen below ...


'''weufau''' = a truck driver
[[Image:TW_923.png]]


--------------
In English "list" can be thought of as one dimensional ... in '''béu''' however, two dimentional ... either with a column numbering each item, or a column for ticking off after an item has been dealt with (bought).


"deckhand" would not be translated into '''béu''' using -'''fau''' because it would be classed as casual labour and not skilled labour.
Table or matrix are translated using the ...'''béu''' word for "net".


=== Shop or -FU===
'''slòi''' = to flow : '''sloi?o''' = drains


shop/stall = '''kanfu'''   '''kanfu pabla''' = a stall .... "stall" usually simply designated as '''pabla''' "table"
'''pila''' = to set/place/position/to put something in its proper position and orientation : '''pila?o''' = the 17 particles that show "case"


------
..


'''gozəfu''' = a fruit shop, a fruit stall
=== .. Place ...... -DA===


===Shopkeeper or -FAI===
..


A Seller/Shopkeeper/Merchant = '''kanfai'''
'''hada''' = place


'''gozəfai''' = a fruiterer
..


=== Stuff/powder ? or -YO===
'''kludau''' = to write : '''kludada''' = a scriptorium


powder = '''ponyo'''
'''flò''' = to eat : '''floda''' = a restaurant


-----------------------
'''solbe''' = to drink : '''solbeda''' = a bar


'''bunduyo''' = cement
'''dwè''' = to store : '''dweda''' = warehouse


wheat'''yo''' = flour
..


maize'''yo''' = maize flour
=== .. Liquid ...... -SE===


'''ʔazwoyo''' = milk powder
..


=== Language or -BA ===
'''moze''' = water


A tongue, a language = '''limba'''
..


=== Metal or -MOI===
'''almaze''' = apple juice


metal = '''delmoi'''
'''koize''' = orange juice


--------
'''habian''' = bee


copper = '''ʔolimoi'''
'''bianze''' = honey ... (some erosion here)


bronze = '''pwemoi'''
'''fainze''' = sauce  : '''fáin''' = to enrich


iron/steel = '''gumoi'''
..


tin = '''fujemoi'''
=== .. Group .......  -DE===


lead = '''wobumoi'''
..


aluminium = '''yekimoi'''
'''mande''' = group


zinc <= needle ??
Note ... the plural of '''boido''' "friend" is '''boide'''. As is the plural of '''keudo''' "enemy. So to say "a group of friends" = '''mande boide'''


gold = '''koimoi''' ... '''kòi''' = sun, day (24  hours)
..


silver = '''deumoi''' ... '''dèu''' = moon
=== .. Master ...... -GU===


=== Water or -SE===
..


water = '''moze'''
'''gù''' = master, lord


--------------
..


'''moze amazon''' = water of Apple => Apple Juice = '''amaze'''
landlord


'''ʔolaze''' = orange juice
houselord


'''habis''' = bee
shiplord


'''habize''' = honey ... (some erosion here)
Also some agjectives from this construction ...


=== Air/gas or -LE===
'''taigu''' = free < self.master


Air/gas = '''gale''' ... '''jamu''' = wind
'''mpugu''' = democratic


hydrogen = '''mozele'''
..


helium = '''koile'''
=== .. Air/gas ...... -LU===


=== Disease or ʔI===
..


'''lisʔi''' = disease
'''kalu''' = Air/gas


=== Fish or -SAI===
..


a fish = '''fizai''' .....  note ... fish in general are '''fiʒi'''
hydrogen = first.lu


------
helium = '''koilu'''
 
neon = unmixing'''lu''' second
 
argon =  unmixing'''lu''' third


cuttlefish = '''byozai'''   ..... the plural is '''byozai.a''' .... they all take their plurals in the same way.
krupton = unmixing'''lu''' forth


=== Tree or -PAI===
clean = '''cadai''' ....


a tree = '''ʔupai'''          
chlorine = '''cadakuzlu''' < '''cadakuʒi-lu'''


Apple tree = '''amapai'''
bromine = '''cadakuze''' < '''cadakuʒi-ze'''


Mango tree = '''byopai'''
iodine = '''cadakuʒi-''' ???


=== Trees or -PO===
strontium = '''caimoi''' fairy metal


trees = '''ʔupo'''         
..


Apple trees = '''amapo'''
=== .. Word ...... -DAU===


Mango trees = '''byopo'''
..


=== Fruit/nuts or -SO ===
'''nandau''' = A word


'''gozo''' = fruit
..


Apple = '''amazo'''
adjective = '''saidau'''


Mango = '''byozo'''
..


?? add wood & leaf to ... fruit & tree??
sky.sound = a vowel            sky.sound.za = a diphthong or a triphthong            sky.sound. nyo = a vowel OR a diphthong/triphthong


=== Group  -DE ===
earth.sound = a consonant      earth.sound.za = a consonant cluster                    earth.sound.nyo = a consonant OR a consonant cluster


..
..


Note ... If the base noun ends in a diphthong, then the last vowel is snipped off before adding -'''de'''.
=== .. Metal ...... -MOI===


'''dode''' = a mountain range < '''dòi'''
..


'''alhade''' = a bunch of flowers
'''delmoi''' = metal


'''bodede''' = a flock of birds
..


'''gwade''' = an archipelago < '''gwái'''
copper = '''ʔolimoi'''


'''fiʒide''' = a school of fish
bronze = '''pwemoi'''


'''ʔupode''' = forest
iron/steel = '''gumoi'''


'''ampede''' = a society, an association < '''ampeu'''
tin = '''fujemoi'''


'''lentode''' = a league
lead = '''wobumoi'''


pull'''de''' = a team, a club
aluminium = '''yekimoi'''


'''kodade''' = cooperative < '''kodai'''
zinc <= needle ??


treaty'''de''' = alliance
cadmium = zinc.ita


'''doikade''' = a gang, a band
gold = '''koimoi''' ... '''kòi''' = sun, day (24  hours)
 
silver = '''deumoi''' ... '''dèu''' = moon


..
..


=== Member  -CO ===
---- A Walker Scott ----


..
..


Maybe only appied to inanimate things ?
Palladium is literally "wimp platinum".
 
pruvdrangphwéo ['pʰɹuv.dɹɐŋ.ɸwø] n. palladium ...... heavy silver


'''kuda''' = a shop
drrog-hlyś ['drɔɡ.ɬyɕ] n. thulium ... hlyś [ɬyɕ] n. wimp : drrog = metal


'''kudaco''' = a shop assistant
ñongbbuegh ['ɲɔŋ.bʱɯɣ] n. cadmium < zinc.shit : bbuegh ['bʱɯɣ] n. excrement
 
..


'''beco''' = an active member of the '''béu''' community ... as opposed to a '''beume''' who follows '''béu''' in a private manner ???
=== .. Fellow ..... -PEU===


..
..


=== Shape/form or -PE ===
'''ampeu''' = a comrade, a fellow, a peer, someone of the same social status as you and on friendly terms with you. Not exactly a friend but you rub along with this person for mutual advantage. Emotionally neutral ... between friend and enemy.


'''mepe''' = shape, form
..


---------
'''polji''' = womb ... '''polpeu''' = a twin, a triplet etc  ... '''polpau''' = (twins) (i.e. two of them)


'''hiape''' = reddish .... from '''hìa''' = red
'''hodo''' = class (in a school) ... '''hodəpeu''' = a class mate


----------------
'''donəpeu''' = a companion
 
year'''peu''' = somebody born in the same year as you


We do not want a "unit", "boat".
name'''peu''' = a namesake, somebody with the same name as you


⁕⁕'''nandauli''' is a good example of '''béu''' word building. '''toili''' = book, '''nandau''' = word, '''toili nandaun''' = book of words. However if two words such as these
country'''peu''' = a compatriate
'''geudidau''' means extended word. It is also a good example of an extended word, in itself.


'''geuda''' is a verb mean'''béu'''ing to extend in one direction (usually not up). '''geudo''' is an noun meaning an extension or appendix. '''geudi''' is an adjective meaning extended.
'''gòs''' = aim, objective, purpose, goal ... '''gospeu''' = a comrade, a fellow traveller
All these words are their own plural


'''nandau geudi''' = extended word ... now when a noun and a following adjective occur together a lot (and maybe take on a meaning slightly different) the concept they represent is normally upgraded to a word, by deleting all but the last CV (consonant vowel) in the first word, and sticking this CV on to the end of the second word.  
..


Hence we get '''geudidau'''. In theory there is no limit to the combinations that can occur. However in practice (outside of technical language) there are slightly under a hundred different CV's, and the number of elements that every CV can combine with, varies from 3 or 4 up to about 40.
=== .. Member .....  -CO===


In English we have a number of common endings, such as "-ism", "-ology", "ist", etc. etc. In '''béu''' the end-stuck CV's can be thought of as equivalent to these English endings : the main difference is that this word building process is much more prevalent in '''béu'''.
..


This one deletes the last vowel of the root if attached to a diphthong ...... like -'''ko'''  or -'''da''' or -'''la'''.


The CV '''-dau''' (from '''nandau''') is found in combination with a number of other elements. For example ;-
'''kuda''' = a shop  .... '''kanfu''' ??


'''kudaco''' = a shop assistant


Note that in the last example, the meaning of the extended word has shifted a bit with respect to the meaning of the original words.
'''beuco''' = an active member of the '''béu''' community ... as opposed to a '''beumai''' who follows '''béu''' in a private manner ???


It is possible to extend further an extended word. For example ;-
..


'''kaza''' is an adjective meaning compicated and also is a noun meaning "a complicated thing" or "a complex".
=== .. Station ...... -HEU===


'''kaza cwipadaun''' = a complex of a noun => '''cwipadauza''' = a noun phrase
..


==..... More word building==
farm = '''anhèu'''  .... i.e. a sort of spread out place where many activities take place. There are store houses and/or workshops related to these different activities plus a fair amount of open space.
From this original meaning, '''hèu''' has become an affix with the meaning "station". As in police station, army base, petrol station, townhall etc. etc.


..
..


The above are examples of non-basic words originating from two nouns.
'''ngeuheu''' = an airport


There is also another kind of non-basic word. This one originating from a noun and a particle.
'''gaugoheu''' = factory .... '''gaugo''' = workshop


The particle is not an independent word and usually only exists as a suffix ( -'''da''' is an exception to this, it can occur as a prefix as well)
'''tunheu''' = a townhall .... '''tun''' = rule, power 


Note that in some occasions a bit of erosion has occurred. For example ...
..


"bee" = '''habis''' and not '''*alhabis'''
school is not '''hauheu''' rather it is '''banhai''' ... just one of these things


"society" = '''peugan''' and not '''*ampeugan'''
=== .. Wagon ...... -WEU===


The reason for this ... well common words should not be to long. But why did I not just create a new short word for the concepts "bee" and "society". It was not that I am trying to construct a language family with a different set of phonological rules to derive each of the daughter languages from the Ur-language. The fact is that I expect people (on some level at last) to associate the first syllable in "bee" with the last syllable in "flower", first syllable in "society" with the last syllable in "associate". Also I expect people to associate the concept of "bee" to the concept of "flower", the concept of "society" to the concept of "society" (again probably at a subconscious level).
..


I feel that in doing things the above way makes '''béu''' more "poetic". Also that it holds the whole thing together.
'''wèu''' = A vehicle, a wagon


..
..


=== Nominalizer  -VAN===
train = '''soweu'''
 
bus = '''liloweu''' => '''loweu'''


..
..


This suffix usually produces an uncountable tangible nouns ... well sort of tangible.
=== .. Building ....... -GO===


..
..


{| border=1
'''jengo''' = building ... from the verb ... '''jenga''' = "to build" < Swahili
  |align=center| '''yái'''
  |align=center| to have
  |align=center| '''yaivan'''
  |align=center| gear, moveable property
  |-
  |align=center| '''wàu'''
  |align=center| to own
  |align=center| '''wauvan'''
  |align=center| possessions, property
  |-
  |align=center| '''flò'''
  |align=center| to eat
  |align=center| '''flovan'''
  |align=center| food
  |-
  |align=center| '''dó'''  
  |align=center| to do, to make, to produce
  |align=center| '''dovan'''
  |align=center| products, produce (the noun)
  |-
  |align=center| '''náu'''  
  |align=center| to give
  |align=center| '''nauvan'''
  |align=center| tribute, tax
  |-
  |align=center| '''glà'''
  |align=center| to store
  |align=center| '''glavan'''
  |align=center| reserves, stores
  |}


..
..


=== Nominalizer to make uncountable intangible nouns -GAN===
'''gaugo''' = workshop
 
'''haugo''' = schoolhouse ... a very small village would have '''haugo''' ... maybe one room and one teacher : A city would have '''banhai'''
 
'''dwego''' = a godown, warehouse
 
whorehouse
 
bath-house


..
..


This suffix is sometimes used to make a more complex concept from a simple concept. Of course there must be some relationship between the base concept and the derived concept, however tenuous.
=== .. Subject ....... -GAU===


Also it is used in a few instances to give a sort of "collective" meaning. The items in the below table all have a "collective" derivation.  
..


{| border=1
A field of study, a subject = '''megau'''
  |align=center| '''hái'''
  |align=center| high, tall
  |align=center| '''haigan'''
  |align=center| the first dimension
  |-
  |align=center| '''joga'''
  |align=center| broad
  |align=center| '''jogan'''
  |align=center| the second dimension
  |-
  |align=center| '''guboi'''
  |align=center| deep
  |align=center| '''gugan'''  
  |align=center| the third dimension
  |-
  |align=center| '''xxx'''
  |align=center| position
  |align=center| '''xxgan'''
  |align=center| space
  |-
  |align=center| '''kyù'''
  |align=center| occasion (time)
  |align=center| '''kyugan'''
  |align=center| time (in the general sense)
  |}


And not forgetting '''dekogan''' meaning "spacetime".
..


Also (very important) ...
'''peugagau''' = the entirety of human knowledge


'''béu''' = A culture, with the speaking, reading and writing the '''béu''' language having a significant roll.
'''slaigau''' = calculus


'''beugan''' = The community of '''béu'''. That is the sum total of all people who follow '''béu''' together with all written texts, buildings and other artifacts to do with '''béu'''
'''noigau''' = arithmetic


Another important one ...
'''limbagau''' = linguistics


'''peugan''' = society at large, society in general, the entirety of humanity
..
 
=== .. Language ....... -BA===


..
..


===  Used to derive names of states or dynasties -TUN===
A tongue, a language = '''limba'''


..
..


No longer a word in its own right. It might originally have meant something like "power" or "rule". Now used purely as an affix. A number of countries that have a capital city a lot bigger that any urban center are named after their capital. For example ...
'''englaba''' = English


'''londontun''' = The United Kingdom
'''flozeba''' = French


'''palistun''' = France
'''doicaba''' = German


'''baŋkotun''' = Thailand
'''italyaba''' = Italian


Also used for naming dynasties. For example ...
..
 
=== .. Mistress ....... -GWI===


'''yuantun''' = The YUAN dynasty in China
..


'''wilyamtun''' = The system of government in England after the Norman Conquest.
Any compounds formed with '''-gu''' can also form with '''-gwi'''


..
..


=== Adjectivalizer to make adjectives with the meaning "attracted to"  -BIS===
=== .. Machine ...... -NYO===


..
..


-'''bis''' is affixed to a few nouns and a few adjectives. Its has the sense of "liking", "tending towards", "accustomed to" or "addicted to".
'''ploinyo''' = a machine


{| border=1
..
  |align=center| '''ái'''
  |align=center| white
  |align=center| '''aibis'''
  |align=center| faded
  |-
  |align=center| '''lozo'''
  |align=center| grey
  |align=center| '''lozbis'''
  |align=center| grizzled
  |-
  |align=center| '''pà'''
  |align=center| I
  |align=center| '''pabis'''
  |align=center| selfish
  |-
  |align=center| '''mama'''
  |align=center| mother
  |align=center| '''mambis'''
  |align=center| motherbound
  |-
  |align=center| '''nambo'''
  |align=center| house
  |align=center| '''nambis'''
  |align=center| domesticated
  |-
  |align=center| '''toili'''
  |align=center| book
  |align=center| '''tolbis'''
  |align=center| bookish
  |-
  |align=center| '''alka'''
  |align=center| alcohol
  |align=center| '''alkabis'''
  |align=center| (an) alcoholic
  |-
  |align=center| '''alha'''
  |align=center| flower
  |align=center| '''habis'''
  |align=center| a bee
  |-
  |align=center| '''ʔinte'''
  |align=center| ant
  |align=center| '''ʔintebis'''
  |align=center| an anteater, pangolin or aardvark
  |}


As you can see, the derived word can have some erosion.
'''gàu''' = to do : '''gaunyo''' = a robot


This one is interesting '''ʔargobis''' = demanding (adjective) <= '''ʔár gò''' +  -'''bis'''
'''blá''' = to speak : '''blanyo''' = the telephone
 
'''wè''' = to think : '''wenyo''' = a computer
 
'''ngeu''' = to fly : '''ngeunyo''' = an aeroplane
 
'''bái''' = to rise : '''bainyo''' = an elevator
 
'''kwè''' = to turn : '''kwenyo''' = lathe
 
'''heca''' = to see : '''henyo''' = TV <= '''hecanyo'''


..
..


===  Adjectivalizer to make adjectives with the meaning "repelled by"  -DUS===
'''wèu''' = a vehicle : '''weunyo''' = a motor, an engine


..
..


'''dus''' is affixed to a few nouns and a few adjectives. Its has the sense of "disliking", "scared of", "avoiding" or "hating".
-NYO together with the -YO (powder < '''ponyo''') tell us something interesting about '''béu''' syllable boundaries. In Ch 1, in the section "Word Medial" we can see that 35 consonant clusters can occur word medially. Normally these clusters are split between the syllables. For example '''pon'''-'''yo'''. However if the first syllable has a diphthong AND the consonant cluster is identical to one of the clusters allowed word initially, then the entire consonant cluster is in the second syllable. Hence '''ploinyo''' (which is a basic word and in no way derived) would be '''ploi'''-'''nyo'''.
 
Look back at ... Ch 5, "Assembling words".


{| border=1
..
  |align=center| '''ʔazwo'''
  |align=center| milk
  |align=center| '''ʔazwodus'''
  |align=center| lactose intolerant
  |-
  |align=center| '''glabu'''
  |align=center| person
  |align=center| '''glabudus'''
  |align=center| timid, shy (of an animal)
  |-
  |align=center| '''moze'''
  |align=center| water
  |align=center| '''mozdusʔi'''
  |align=center| rabies
  |-
  |align=center| '''peugan'''
  |align=center| society
  |align=center| '''peugandus'''
  |align=center| antisocial, an antisocial person
  |align=center| '''peugandusmai'''
  |align=center| antisocial behaviour
  |-
  |align=center| '''---'''
  |align=center| an electron
  |align=center| '''---bis'''
  |align=center| positively charged
  |align=center| '''---dus'''
  |align=center| negatively charged
  |align=center| '''---gan'''
  |align=center| charge (electrical)
  |-
  |align=center| '''kòi'''
  |align=center| sun
  |align=center| '''koidus'''
  |align=center| nocturnal
  |}


And mirroring '''ʔargobis''' above we have '''ʔargodus''' = afraid of commitments (adjective) <= '''ʔár gò''' +  -'''dus'''
=== .. Small birds ...... -DI===


..
..


=== A place/shop or -DA ===
'''bodi''' = a small bird


..
..


Not part of any independent word.
robin = '''halondi''' < '''halon''' = red hot coal lump


'''floda''' = a restaurant
swift = '''sacodi''' < Swifts are the fastest of birds. Larger species are amongst the fastest fliers in the animal kingdom, with the white-throated needletail having been reported flying at up to 169 km/h (105 mph). Even the common swift can cruise at a maximum speed of 31 m/s or 112 km/h (70 mph).


'''solbeda''' = a bar
swallow = '''taigudi''' < The swallow is called the "bird of freedom" because it cannot endure captivity and will only mate in the wild


(Yes it means about the same as '''bwò''' ???)
tit = "chattering"
 
starling = "echo" < Starlings have diverse and complex vocalizations and have been known to embed sounds from their surroundings into their own calls, including car alarms and human speech patterns.
 
thrush/blackbird = '''autedi''' "blackishbird"


..
..


=== Person or -BU===
=== .. Container ....... -COI===


..
..


This affix is used with the 5 correlatives '''ubu jubu ibu ebu''' and '''embu'''
A container = '''mencoi'''


Also it is used for paid professionals. For example ....
..
 
=== .. Stuff/powder ..... -YO===
 
..
 
powder = '''ponyo'''
 
..
 
'''bunduyo''' = cement
 
wheat'''yo''' = flour
 
maize'''yo''' = maize flour


'''ʔazwo''' = milk => '''ʔazwobu''' = milkman
'''ʔazwoyo''' = milk powder


'''pulis''' = the police => '''pulizbu''' = a policeman ....  '''pulizbu galai''' = a police woman
'''fainyo''' = condiment : '''fáin''' = to enrich


-'''bu''' and -'''me''' also impinges on -'''tai''' "a professional" and -'''vau''' "a craftsman"
..


Note ... '''heume''' = farmer, the owner of a farm ... '''heubu''' = a farmer, a farm laborer ... '''heuvau''' = farm hand, seasonal farm laborer
=== .. Volume/room ... -ʔAU===


..
..


=== Person or -ME===
'''foʔau''' = volume, room


..
..


'''beume''' = a follower of '''béu'''
'''mozeʔau''' = bathrooom < '''fo?au moze'''


to compete, to struggle'''me''' = a capitalist
'''mauma?au''' = bedroom


to share'''me''' = a socialist
'''nje?au''' = livingroom


'''ʔài''' = same => '''ʔaimai''' = equality =>  '''ʔaimaime''' = a communist
'''dwe?au''' = store room
 
'''kyo?au''' = waiting room
 
'''ntu?au''' = kitchen


..
..


=== Something more complex -SA ===
The 6 regular shapes in 4 dimensions ...
 
'''foʔadan''' = a 5-cell < '''odan fo?au'''
 
'''foʔazan''' = an 8-cell
 
'''foʔajaigan''' = a 16-cell < '''ajaigan fo?au'''
 
'''foʔafain ''' = a 24-cell < '''ifain fo?au'''
 
'''foʔapain''' = 120-cell < '''yapain fo?au'''
 
'''foʔagaufain''' = 600-cell  < 420<sub>12</sub> < '''egaufain fo?au'''
 
THE NUMBERS ABOVE NEED UPDATING


..
..


Surely this is done by KAS now.
=== .. Belief/theory ... - GAI===


=== Something more complex OR the original thing -NYO ===
..


==Index==
==Index==


{{Béu Index}}
{{Béu Index}}

Latest revision as of 02:36, 29 October 2021

TW 415.png Welcome to béu

..... Assembling word

..

Many béu words can be analysed as being constructed from more basic elements.

In chapter 5 we showed how a noun could be made out of two basic nouns.

This chapter is all about these non-basic words.

Divided into 32 sections.

..

.... Nut ... -TU

..

bautu = nut

..

Ground nut = Monkey nut =

..

.... Tree ... -PO

..

ʔupo = tree

..

Apple trees = amapo

Mango trees = byopo

..

.... Berry ... -TI

..

paiti = berry

..

grape = mozeti (o) : (i) => mozetai

olive = oil.berry

strawberry = ? shadeberry ?

raspberry = thicket berry or clusterberry

blaclberry = thicket berry or clusterberry

cranberry =

gooseberry = melon.berry

black currants = ?

currants = ?

bilberry =

grouseberry = N.A.berry ?

lingonberry = bluti (o) : (i) => blutai

blueberry = helati (o) : (i) => helatai


lychee = longan = deer.eye : lychee = deer.eye sour : longan = deer.eye sweet ... these ones have no -ti affix.

..

.... Book .... -LI

..

toili = book

..

A dictionary = nandauli

A text book = megauli

A manual = An instruction manual = ??

A cook book = ntuli

A story book = A novel = ??

A factual book = ??

..

.... Fish ... -NYI

..

sainyi = a fish

..

cuttlefish = byonyi

cod

herring

trout

mackerel

plaice

skate

salmon = salinyi < salia "to jump"

pike

..

.... Shop .... -FU

..

kanfu = shop/stall

..

kanfu pabla = a stall .... "stall" usually simply designated as pabla "table"

gozəfu = a fruit shop, a fruit stall

..

.... Fruits ... -SO

..

gozo = fruit

..

orange = koizo < sun fruit

mango = byozo

pineapple =

pear =

peach =

banana =

cherry =

rambutan =

durian =

jackfruit =

..

apple = halma

We do not want a "unit", "boat".

⁕⁕nandauli is a good example of béu word building. toili = book, nandau = word, toili nandaun = book of words. However if two words such as these geudidau means extended word. It is also a good example of an extended word, in itself.

geuda is a verb meanbéuing to extend in one direction (usually not up). geudo is an noun meaning an extension or appendix. geudi is an adjective meaning extended.

nandau geudi = extended word ... now when a noun and a following adjective occur together a lot (and maybe take on a meaning slightly different) the concept they represent is normally upgraded to a word, by deleting all but the last CV (consonant vowel) in the first word, and sticking this CV on to the end of the second word.

Hence we get geudidau. In theory there is no limit to the combinations that can occur. However in practice (outside of technical language) there are slightly under a hundred different CV's, and the number of elements that every CV can combine with, varies from 3 or 4 up to about 40.

In English we have a number of common endings, such as "-ism", "-ology", "ist", etc. etc. In béu the end-stuck CV's can be thought of as equivalent to these English endings : the main difference is that this word building process is much more prevalent in béu.


The CV -dau (from nandau) is found in combination with a number of other elements. For example ;-


Note that in the last example, the meaning of the extended word has shifted a bit with respect to the meaning of the original words.

It is possible to extend further an extended word. For example ;-

kaza is an adjective meaning compicated and also is a noun meaning "a complicated thing" or "a complex".

kaza cwipadaun = a complex of a noun => cwipadauza = a noun phrase

..

.... Leaf ..... -PAI

..

lapai = a leaf

..

Apple tree leaf = almapai

Mango tree leaf = byopai

etc. etc. etc.

..

.... Tool ...... -?O

..

gau?o = a tool

..

This is actually an infix. It signifies a tool that facilitates the action. For example ...

kludau = to write : kluda?o = a pen

solbe = to drink : solbe?o = a straw

pluga = to plow, till : plu?o = a plow ... a contraction of pluga?o of course

cwá = to cross : cwa?o = a bridge

kwè = to turn : kwe?o = an axle

bái = to rise : bai?o = a ladder

An interesting extention of the above is mabai?o meaning "index", "table of contents", "look up table" or "list"

It means literally "a duo of ladders" ... the idea behind this word can be seen below ...

TW 923.png

In English "list" can be thought of as one dimensional ... in béu however, two dimentional ... either with a column numbering each item, or a column for ticking off after an item has been dealt with (bought).

Table or matrix are translated using the ...béu word for "net".

slòi = to flow : sloi?o = drains

pila = to set/place/position/to put something in its proper position and orientation : pila?o = the 17 particles that show "case"

..

.. Place ...... -DA

..

hada = place

..

kludau = to write : kludada = a scriptorium

flò = to eat : floda = a restaurant

solbe = to drink : solbeda = a bar

dwè = to store : dweda = warehouse

..

.. Liquid ...... -SE

..

moze = water

..

almaze = apple juice

koize = orange juice

habian = bee

bianze = honey ... (some erosion here)

fainze = sauce  : fáin = to enrich

..

.. Group ....... -DE

..

mande = group

Note ... the plural of boido "friend" is boide. As is the plural of keudo "enemy. So to say "a group of friends" = mande boide

..

.. Master ...... -GU

..

gù = master, lord

..

landlord

houselord

shiplord

Also some agjectives from this construction ...

taigu = free < self.master

mpugu = democratic

..

.. Air/gas ...... -LU

..

kalu = Air/gas

..

hydrogen = first.lu

helium = koilu

neon = unmixinglu second

argon = unmixinglu third

krupton = unmixinglu forth

clean = cadai ....

chlorine = cadakuzlu < cadakuʒi-lu

bromine = cadakuze < cadakuʒi-ze

iodine = cadakuʒi- ???

strontium = caimoi fairy metal

..

.. Word ...... -DAU

..

nandau = A word

..

adjective = saidau

..

sky.sound = a vowel sky.sound.za = a diphthong or a triphthong sky.sound. nyo = a vowel OR a diphthong/triphthong

earth.sound = a consonant earth.sound.za = a consonant cluster earth.sound.nyo = a consonant OR a consonant cluster

..

.. Metal ...... -MOI

..

delmoi = metal

..

copper = ʔolimoi

bronze = pwemoi

iron/steel = gumoi

tin = fujemoi

lead = wobumoi

aluminium = yekimoi

zinc <= needle ??

cadmium = zinc.ita

gold = koimoi ... kòi = sun, day (24 hours)

silver = deumoi ... dèu = moon

..

A Walker Scott ----

..

Palladium is literally "wimp platinum".

pruvdrangphwéo ['pʰɹuv.dɹɐŋ.ɸwø] n. palladium ...... heavy silver

drrog-hlyś ['drɔɡ.ɬyɕ] n. thulium ... hlyś [ɬyɕ] n. wimp : drrog = metal

ñongbbuegh ['ɲɔŋ.bʱɯɣ] n. cadmium < zinc.shit : bbuegh ['bʱɯɣ] n. excrement

..

.. Fellow ..... -PEU

..

ampeu = a comrade, a fellow, a peer, someone of the same social status as you and on friendly terms with you. Not exactly a friend but you rub along with this person for mutual advantage. Emotionally neutral ... between friend and enemy.

..

polji = womb ... polpeu = a twin, a triplet etc ... polpau = (twins) (i.e. two of them)

hodo = class (in a school) ... hodəpeu = a class mate

donəpeu = a companion

yearpeu = somebody born in the same year as you

namepeu = a namesake, somebody with the same name as you

countrypeu = a compatriate

gòs = aim, objective, purpose, goal ... gospeu = a comrade, a fellow traveller

All these words are their own plural

..

.. Member ..... -CO

..

This one deletes the last vowel of the root if attached to a diphthong ...... like -ko or -da or -la.

kuda = a shop .... kanfu ??

kudaco = a shop assistant

beuco = an active member of the béu community ... as opposed to a beumai who follows béu in a private manner ???

..

.. Station ...... -HEU

..

farm = anhèu .... i.e. a sort of spread out place where many activities take place. There are store houses and/or workshops related to these different activities plus a fair amount of open space. From this original meaning, hèu has become an affix with the meaning "station". As in police station, army base, petrol station, townhall etc. etc.

..

ngeuheu = an airport

gaugoheu = factory .... gaugo = workshop

tunheu = a townhall .... tun = rule, power

..

school is not hauheu rather it is banhai ... just one of these things

.. Wagon ...... -WEU

..

wèu = A vehicle, a wagon

..

train = soweu

bus = liloweu => loweu

..

.. Building ....... -GO

..

jengo = building ... from the verb ... jenga = "to build" < Swahili

..

gaugo = workshop

haugo = schoolhouse ... a very small village would have haugo ... maybe one room and one teacher : A city would have banhai

dwego = a godown, warehouse

whorehouse

bath-house

..

.. Subject ....... -GAU

..

A field of study, a subject = megau

..

peugagau = the entirety of human knowledge

slaigau = calculus

noigau = arithmetic

limbagau = linguistics

..

.. Language ....... -BA

..

A tongue, a language = limba

..

englaba = English

flozeba = French

doicaba = German

italyaba = Italian

..

.. Mistress ....... -GWI

..

Any compounds formed with -gu can also form with -gwi

..

.. Machine ...... -NYO

..

ploinyo = a machine

..

gàu = to do : gaunyo = a robot

blá = to speak : blanyo = the telephone

wè = to think : wenyo = a computer

ngeu = to fly : ngeunyo = an aeroplane

bái = to rise : bainyo = an elevator

kwè = to turn : kwenyo = lathe

heca = to see : henyo = TV <= hecanyo

..

wèu = a vehicle : weunyo = a motor, an engine

..

-NYO together with the -YO (powder < ponyo) tell us something interesting about béu syllable boundaries. In Ch 1, in the section "Word Medial" we can see that 35 consonant clusters can occur word medially. Normally these clusters are split between the syllables. For example pon-yo. However if the first syllable has a diphthong AND the consonant cluster is identical to one of the clusters allowed word initially, then the entire consonant cluster is in the second syllable. Hence ploinyo (which is a basic word and in no way derived) would be ploi-nyo.

Look back at ... Ch 5, "Assembling words".

..

.. Small birds ...... -DI

..

bodi = a small bird

..

robin = halondi < halon = red hot coal lump

swift = sacodi < Swifts are the fastest of birds. Larger species are amongst the fastest fliers in the animal kingdom, with the white-throated needletail having been reported flying at up to 169 km/h (105 mph). Even the common swift can cruise at a maximum speed of 31 m/s or 112 km/h (70 mph).

swallow = taigudi < The swallow is called the "bird of freedom" because it cannot endure captivity and will only mate in the wild

tit = "chattering"

starling = "echo" < Starlings have diverse and complex vocalizations and have been known to embed sounds from their surroundings into their own calls, including car alarms and human speech patterns.

thrush/blackbird = autedi "blackishbird"

..

.. Container ....... -COI

..

A container = mencoi

..

.. Stuff/powder ..... -YO

..

powder = ponyo

..

bunduyo = cement

wheatyo = flour

maizeyo = maize flour

ʔazwoyo = milk powder

fainyo = condiment : fáin = to enrich

..

.. Volume/room ... -ʔAU

..

foʔau = volume, room

..

mozeʔau = bathrooom < fo?au moze

mauma?au = bedroom

nje?au = livingroom

dwe?au = store room

kyo?au = waiting room

ntu?au = kitchen

..

The 6 regular shapes in 4 dimensions ...

foʔadan = a 5-cell < odan fo?au

foʔazan = an 8-cell

foʔajaigan = a 16-cell < ajaigan fo?au

foʔafain = a 24-cell < ifain fo?au

foʔapain = 120-cell < yapain fo?au

foʔagaufain = 600-cell < 42012 < egaufain fo?au

THE NUMBERS ABOVE NEED UPDATING

..

.. Belief/theory ... - GAI

..

Index

  1. Introduction to Béu
  2. Béu : Chapter 1 : The Sounds
  3. Béu : Chapter 2 : The Noun
  4. Béu : Chapter 3 : The Verb
  5. Béu : Chapter 4 : Adjective
  6. Béu : Chapter 5 : Questions
  7. Béu : Chapter 6 : Derivations
  8. Béu : Chapter 7 : Way of Life 1
  9. Béu : Chapter 8 : Way of life 2
  10. Béu : Chapter 9 : Word Building
  11. Béu : Chapter 10 : Gerund Phrase
  12. Béu : Discarded Stuff
  13. A statistical explanation for the counter-factual/past-tense conflation in conditional sentences
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