Cernelian/1st declension: Difference between revisions

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[[Cernelian/Nominals|Nominals]] ending in ''-o'', or sometimes ''-a'' (not to be confused with irregular nouns like ''sa'' "swamp").
== Type 1A ==
== Type 1A ==
Nominals with stems ending in ''-b'', ''-ch'', ''-d'', ''-f'', ''-ł'', ''-m'', ''-n'', ''-p'', ''-r'', ''-s'', ''-t'', ''-w'', and ''-z''.
Nominals with stems ending in ''-b'', ''-ch'', ''-d'', ''-f'', ''-ł'', ''-m'', ''-n'', ''-p'', ''-r'', ''-s'', ''-t'', ''-w'', and ''-z''.
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Dative
! colspan="2" | Dative
| ''-oję''
| ''-ą''
| ''-<span style="color:green">ię</span>''
| ''-<span style="color:green">ię</span>''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Instrumental
! colspan="2" | Instrumental
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-oło''
| ''-onie''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-<span style="color:green">ia</span>ło''
| ''-<span style="color:green">ie</span>nie''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Vocative
! colspan="2" | Vocative
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|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''koł'''oję'''''
| ''koł'''ą'''''
| ''ko<span style="color:green">l</span>'''ę'''''
| ''ko<span style="color:green">l</span>'''ę'''''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| style="background:#ddd" | ''koł'''oło'''''
| ''koł'''onie'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''ko<span style="color:green">l</span>'''ało''
| ''ko<span style="color:green">l</span>'''enie'''''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
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| style="background:#ddd" | ''koł'''o'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''koł'''o'''''
|}
|}
== Type 1B ==
Mix between type 1A and 1C, weak grades behave like 1C endings while strong grades behave like 1A (weak grades are shown in the previous section). It only apply for stems with the last vowel in ''a'' or ''o'', and those with gradable consonants ''k'', ''p'', ''t'', and ''s''.
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''apo'' "aspen"
|+ ''apo'' "aspen"
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! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''ap'''o'''''
| ''ap'''o'''''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''aw'''o'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | '''''a'''''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
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|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''ap'''oję'''''
| ''ap'''ą'''''
| ''ap'''ę'''''
| ''ap'''ę'''''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''aw'''oso'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | '''''aso'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''aw'''iacho'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | '''''ajsze'''''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''aw'''osto'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | '''''asto'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''aw'''iasto'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | '''''ajsto'''''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| style="background:#ddd" | ''aw'''oło'''''
| ''ap'''onie'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''aw'''iało'''''
| ''ap'''ienie'''''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''aw'''oso'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | '''''aso'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''aw'''o'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | '''''a'''''
|}
|}


== Type 1B ==
== Type 1C ==
Nominals with stems ending in ''-k'' and ''-g'' (this consonant only exists after consonants).
Nominals ending in ''-a''.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nominative
! colspan="2" | Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''-o''
| rowspan="2" | ''-a''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ddd" | ''-o''
| rowspan="3" | ''-a''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Accusative
! rowspan="2" | Accusative
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|-
|-
! Animate
! Animate
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''-ię''
| rowspan="2" | ''-ę''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Genitive
! colspan="2" | Genitive
| ''-odzię''
| ''-adzię''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Dative
! colspan="2" | Dative
| ''-oję''
| colspan="2" | ''-ą''
| ''-<span style="color:green">ię</span>''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Locative
! colspan="2" | Locative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-oso''
| ''-aso''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-<span style="color:green">ia</span>cho''
| ''-ajcho''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Ablative
! colspan="2" | Ablative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-osto''
| ''-asto''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-<span style="color:green">ia</span>sto''
| ''-ajsto''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Instrumental
! colspan="2" | Instrumental
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-oło''
| ''-anie''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-<span style="color:green">ia</span>ło''
| ''-ajnie''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Vocative
! colspan="2" | Vocative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-oso''
| ''-aso''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-o''
| ''-a''
|}
|}
Examples:
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''jałko'' "foot"
|+ ''jała'' "elm"
!
!
! Singular
! Singular
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''jałk'''o'''''
| rowspan="2" | ''jał'''a'''''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''jałg'''o'''
| rowspan="2" | ''jał'''a'''''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''jałg'''ię'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''jałk'''odzię'''''
| ''jał'''ę'''''
| ''jał'''adzię'''''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''jałk'''oję'''''
| colspan="2" | ''jał'''ą'''''
| ''j<span style="color:blue">e</span>ł<span style="color:green">c</span>'''ę'''''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''jałg'''oso'''''
| ''jał'''aso'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''j<span style="color:blue">e</span>ł<span style="color:green">dz</span>'''acho''
| ''jał'''ajsze'''''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''jałg'''osto'''''
| ''jał'''asto'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''j<span style="color:blue">e</span>ł<span style="color:green">dz</span>'''asto''
| ''jał'''ajsto'''''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| style="background:#ddd" | ''jałg'''oło'''''
| ''jał'''anie'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''j<span style="color:blue">e</span>ł<span style="color:green">dz</span>'''ało''
| ''jał'''ajnie'''''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| style="background:#ddd" | ''jałg'''oso'''''
| ''jał'''aso'''''
| style="background:#ddd" | ''jałg'''o'''''
| ''jał'''a'''''
|}
|}
 
This group is caused by loss of fricatives ''-b-'', ''-d-'', and ''-g-'', between two adjacent vowels. It can also used for loans in ''-a'' usually from Polish, for example ''Karolina'' "Karolina, a female given name", dat. ''Karoliną'' "to Karolina", inst. ''Karolinanie'' "with Karolina".
== Adjectives ==
Adjectives correspond either to type 1A or 1B inflections, but it has animate and inanimate declensions. Comparative of adjectives end in ''-ępo'' (''-iępo'' after velars) placed to the weak grade (''toso'', ''tępo'' "rare, more rarer"). Superlatives are formed by prefixing the Slavic loan ''naj-'' (''tępo'', ''najtępo'' "rarer, rarest")

Latest revision as of 02:00, 29 October 2021

Nominals ending in -o, or sometimes -a (not to be confused with irregular nouns like sa "swamp").

Type 1A

Nominals with stems ending in -b, -ch, -d, -f, -ł, -m, -n, -p, -r, -s, -t, -w, and -z.

Singular Plural
Nominative -o -o
Accusative Inanimate
Animate -ę
Genitive -odzię
Dative -ą -ię
Locative -oso -iacho
Ablative -osto -iasto
Instrumental -onie -ienie
Vocative -oso -o

Examples:

koło "fish"
Singular Plural
Nominative koło koło
Accusative kołę
Genitive kołodzię
Dative kołą kolę
Locative kołoso kolacho
Ablative kołosto kolasto
Instrumental kołonie kolenie
Vocative kołoso koło

Type 1B

Mix between type 1A and 1C, weak grades behave like 1C endings while strong grades behave like 1A (weak grades are shown in the previous section). It only apply for stems with the last vowel in a or o, and those with gradable consonants k, p, t, and s. Examples:

apo "aspen"
Singular Plural
Nominative apo a
Accusative awę
Genitive apodzię
Dative apą apę
Locative aso ajsze
Ablative asto ajsto
Instrumental aponie apienie
Vocative aso a

Type 1C

Nominals ending in -a.

Singular Plural
Nominative -a -a
Accusative Inanimate
Animate -ę
Genitive -adzię
Dative -ą
Locative -aso -ajcho
Ablative -asto -ajsto
Instrumental -anie -ajnie
Vocative -aso -a

Examples:

jała "elm"
Singular Plural
Nominative jała jała
Accusative
Genitive jałę jaładzię
Dative jałą
Locative jałaso jałajsze
Ablative jałasto jałajsto
Instrumental jałanie jałajnie
Vocative jałaso jała

This group is caused by loss of fricatives -b-, -d-, and -g-, between two adjacent vowels. It can also used for loans in -a usually from Polish, for example Karolina "Karolina, a female given name", dat. Karoliną "to Karolina", inst. Karolinanie "with Karolina".

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