Cernelian/3rd declension: Difference between revisions
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[[Cernelian/Nominals|Nominals]] ending in soft ''-∅''. Because in Proto-Finnic this type ends in ''-i'' which transparent in vowel harmony (''łólcho'' "in the stupid one" vs. ''nirsze'' "in the dull one"), it split into four subtypes. While in other Finnic languages e-stem is more alive, i-stem is much alive here and the e-stem of 3rd declension simply died. The | [[Cernelian/Nominals|Nominals]] ending in soft ''-∅''. Because in Proto-Finnic this type ends in ''-i'' which transparent in vowel harmony (''łólcho'' "in the stupid one" vs. ''nirsze'' "in the dull one"), it split into four subtypes. While in other Finnic languages e-stem is more alive, i-stem is much alive here and the e-stem of 3rd declension simply died. The remnants of e-stem here is the nominative (incl. accusative and vocative) plurals, and locational singular cases, as a result of the mixing of i-stems and e-stems (the genitive forms are already similar to each other). | ||
== Type 3A == | == Type 3A == | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Dative | ! colspan="2" | Dative | ||
| ''- | | ''-ię'' | ||
| ''-ią'' | | ''-ią'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Locative | ! colspan="2" | Locative | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''- | | style="background:#ddd" | ''-ioso'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-isze'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Ablative | ! colspan="2" | Ablative | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''- | | style="background:#ddd" | ''-iosto'' | ||
| ''-isto'' | | ''-isto'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Instrumental | ! colspan="2" | Instrumental | ||
| ''-ienie'' | |||
| ''- | | ''-inie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Vocative | ! colspan="2" | Vocative | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''- | | style="background:#ddd" | ''-ioso'' | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-ie'' | | style="background:#ddd" | ''-ie'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ ''tuć'' " | |+ ''tuć'' "disease" | ||
! | ! | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
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! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| ''tuć'' | | ''tuć'' | ||
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | '' | | rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''ie''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | '' | | rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''ię''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| ''tuc'''ię''''' | |||
| ''tuc'''ią''''' | | ''tuc'''ią''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | '' | | style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''ioso''''' | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tuc''' | | ''tuc'''isze''''' | ||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''iosto''''' | |||
| ''tuc'''isto''''' | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| ''tuc'''ienie''''' | |||
| ''tuc'''inie''''' | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''ioso''''' | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tudz'''ie''''' | |||
|} | |||
== Type 3B == | |||
Nominals with stems ending in ''-c'', ''-cz'', ''-dz'', ''-dż'', ''-rz'', ''-sz'', and ''-ż''. It has back vowel harmony. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Nominative | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''-∅'' | |||
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ddd" | ''-e'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Accusative | |||
! Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Animate | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''-ę'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Genitive | |||
| ''-edzię'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Dative | |||
| ''-ę'' | |||
| ''-ą'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Locative | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-oso'' | |||
| ''-ysze'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Ablative | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-osto'' | |||
| ''-ysto'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Instrumental | |||
| ''-enie'' | |||
| ''-ynie'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Vocative | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-oso'' | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-e'' | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ ''łócz'' "hay" | |||
! | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| ''łócz'' | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''e''''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''ę''''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''łocz'''edzię''''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| ''łocz'''ę''''' | |||
| ''łoż'''ą''''' | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''oso''''' | |||
| ''łocz'''ysze''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | '' | | style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''osto''''' | ||
| ''łocz'''ysto''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| ''łocz'''enie''''' | |||
| ''łocz'''ynie''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | '' | | style="background:#ddd" | ''łożo'''so''''' | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | '' | | style="background:#ddd" | ''łoż'''e''''' | ||
|} | |} |
Latest revision as of 19:33, 23 October 2021
Nominals ending in soft -∅. Because in Proto-Finnic this type ends in -i which transparent in vowel harmony (łólcho "in the stupid one" vs. nirsze "in the dull one"), it split into four subtypes. While in other Finnic languages e-stem is more alive, i-stem is much alive here and the e-stem of 3rd declension simply died. The remnants of e-stem here is the nominative (incl. accusative and vocative) plurals, and locational singular cases, as a result of the mixing of i-stems and e-stems (the genitive forms are already similar to each other).
Type 3A
Nominals with stems ending in -b, -ć, -dź, -j, -m, -ń, -p, -ś, -w, and -ź (all letters containing acute accent like -dź always written -Ci(V)- before vowels). It has back vowel harmony.
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -∅ | -ie | |
Accusative | Inanimate | ||
Animate | -ię | ||
Genitive | -iedzię | ||
Dative | -ię | -ią | |
Locative | -ioso | -isze | |
Ablative | -iosto | -isto | |
Instrumental | -ienie | -inie | |
Vocative | -ioso | -ie |
Examples:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tuć | tudzie |
Accusative | tudzię | |
Genitive | tuciedzię | |
Dative | tucię | tucią |
Locative | tudzioso | tucisze |
Ablative | tudziosto | tucisto |
Instrumental | tucienie | tucinie |
Vocative | tudzioso | tudzie |
Type 3B
Nominals with stems ending in -c, -cz, -dz, -dż, -rz, -sz, and -ż. It has back vowel harmony.
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -∅ | -e | |
Accusative | Inanimate | ||
Animate | -ę | ||
Genitive | -edzię | ||
Dative | -ę | -ą | |
Locative | -oso | -ysze | |
Ablative | -osto | -ysto | |
Instrumental | -enie | -ynie | |
Vocative | -oso | -e |
Examples:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | łócz | łoże |
Accusative | łożę | |
Genitive | łoczedzię | |
Dative | łoczę | łożą |
Locative | łożoso | łoczysze |
Ablative | łożosto | łoczysto |
Instrumental | łoczenie | łoczynie |
Vocative | łożoso | łoże |