Nouns in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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Imperial Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for three cases. The nominative case indicates the subject or agent of the verb while the accusative case indicates the object or patient of the verb. The instrumental case indicates the theme or instrument of a ditransitive verb, as well as the possessor of another noun.  
Imperial Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for three cases. The nominative case indicates the subject or agent of the verb while the accusative case indicates the object or patient of the verb. The instrumental case indicates the theme or instrument of a ditransitive verb, as well as the possessor of another noun.  
{|
{|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ sarbim (raven)
|+ rēbim (man, husband)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''rēb-im'' || rowspan="2" | ''rēb-īm''
|-
! Vocative
| ''rēb-ī''
|-
! Accusative
| ''rēb-is'' || ''rēb-īs''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''rēb-ik'' || ''rēb-īk''
|-
! Genitive
| ''???'' || ''???''
|-
! Adpositional
| ''???'' || ''???''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ surğum (chicken)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''surğ-um'' || rowspan="2" | ''surğ-ūm''
|-
! Vocative
| ''surğ-ū''
|-
! Accusative
| ''surğ-us'' || ''surğ-ūs''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''surğ-uk'' || ''surğ-ūk''
|-
! Genitive
| ''???'' || ''???''
|-
! Adpositional
| ''???'' || ''???''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ezîm (boar)
  !
  !
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! Singular !! Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''sarb-im'' || ''sarb-īm''
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-îm''
|-
! Vocative
| colspan="2" | ''ez-î''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | ''sarb-is'' || ''sarb-īs''
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-îs''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | ''sarb-ik'' || ''sarb-īk''
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-îk''
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | ''???''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2" | ''???''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
  |
  |
  |
  |
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ḫuzum (horse)
  |+ mazûm (sea, saltwater)
  !
  !
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! Singular !! Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''ḫuz-um'' || ''ḫuz-ūm''
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûm''
|-
! Vocative
| colspan="2" | ''maz-û''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | ''ḫuz-us'' || ''ḫuz-ūs''
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûs''
  |-
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | ''ḫuz-uk'' || ''ḫuz-ūk''
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûk''
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | ''???''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2" | ''???''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 42: Line 112:
Common Vrkhazhian nouns are declined in only two cases: the nominative and the oblique, where the oblique case indicates the object, or patient, of a transitive verb. It also indicates the possessor of a genitive construction as well as the object of a postposition.
Common Vrkhazhian nouns are declined in only two cases: the nominative and the oblique, where the oblique case indicates the object, or patient, of a transitive verb. It also indicates the possessor of a genitive construction as well as the object of a postposition.
{|
{|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ sarbi (raven)
|+ rēbi (man, husband)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''rēb-i'' || ''rēb-ī''
|-
! Oblique
| ''rēb-e'' || ''rēb-ē''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ surğu (chicken)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''surğ-u'' || ''surğ-ū''
|-
! Oblique
| ''surğ-a'' || ''surğ-ā''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ezî (boar)
  !
  !
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! Singular !! Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''sarb-i'' || ''sarb-ī''
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-î''
  |-
  |-
  ! Oblique
  ! Oblique
  | ''sarb-e'' || ''sarb-ē''
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-ê''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
  |
  |
  |
  |
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ḫuzu (horse)
  |+ mazû (sea, saltwater)
  !
  !
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! Singular !! Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | ''ḫuz-u'' || ''ḫuz-ū''
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-û''
  |-
  |-
  ! Oblique
  ! Oblique
  | ''ḫuz-a'' || ''ḫuz-ā''
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-â''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 75: Line 173:
The construct state is used in genitive constructions to mark the head noun (possessed noun), while the oblique case is used to mark the dependent (modifying) noun. The construct state is also used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the governed state, which is the default state of all nouns.
The construct state is used in genitive constructions to mark the head noun (possessed noun), while the oblique case is used to mark the dependent (modifying) noun. The construct state is also used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the governed state, which is the default state of all nouns.


When a noun is placed in the construct state, it is stripped of its gender-case ending.
In Imperial Vrkhazhian:
{|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ rēbim (man, husband)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| ''rēb'' || rowspan="2" | ''rēb-ā''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Oblique
| ''rēb-as'' || ''rēb-ās''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ surğum (chicken)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| ''suruğ'' || rowspan="2" | ''surğ-ā''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Oblique
| ''surğ-as'' || ''surğ-ās''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ezîm (boar)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| ''ezu'' || rowspan="2" | ''ez-â''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Oblique
| colspan="2"| ''ez-âs''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ mazûm (sea, saltwater)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| ''mazi'' || rowspan="2" | ''maz-â''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Oblique
| colspan="2"| ''maz-âs''
|-
|}
|}
 
In Common Vrkhazhian:
{|
{|
|  
|  
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ sarbim (raven)
|+ rēbi (man, husband)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="3"| ''rēb'' || rowspan="3" | ''rēb-ā''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Oblique
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ surğu (chicken)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="3"| ''suruğ'' || rowspan="3" | ''surğ-ā''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Oblique
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ezî (boar)
  !
  !
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! Singular !! Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Construct State
  ! Nominative
  | ''sarab'' || ''sarb-ē''
  | rowspan="3"| ''ezu'' || rowspan="3" | ''ez-â''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Oblique
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
  |
  |
  |
  |
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ḫuzum (horse)
  |+ mazû (sea, saltwater)
  !
  !
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! Singular !! Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Construct State
  ! Nominative
  | ''ḫuz'' || ''ḫuz-ē''
  | rowspan="3"| ''mazi'' || rowspan="3" | ''maz-â''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Oblique
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 17:46, 20 October 2021

Vrkhazhian nouns are called ǧimū (singular ǧimu). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are three cases (nominative, accusative, instrumental, and locative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. These genders are not strictly based on sex and the gender of non-human nouns is somewhat unpredictable.

Noun inflection

Imperial Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for three cases. The nominative case indicates the subject or agent of the verb while the accusative case indicates the object or patient of the verb. The instrumental case indicates the theme or instrument of a ditransitive verb, as well as the possessor of another noun.

rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb-im rēb-īm
Vocative rēb-ī
Accusative rēb-is rēb-īs
Instrumental rēb-ik rēb-īk
Genitive ??? ???
Adpositional ??? ???
surğum (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative surğ-um surğ-ūm
Vocative surğ-ū
Accusative surğ-us surğ-ūs
Instrumental surğ-uk surğ-ūk
Genitive ??? ???
Adpositional ??? ???
ezîm (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative ez-îm
Vocative ez-î
Accusative ez-îs
Instrumental ez-îk
Genitive ???
Adpositional ???
mazûm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative maz-ûm
Vocative maz-û
Accusative maz-ûs
Instrumental maz-ûk
Genitive ???
Adpositional ???

Common Vrkhazhian nouns are declined in only two cases: the nominative and the oblique, where the oblique case indicates the object, or patient, of a transitive verb. It also indicates the possessor of a genitive construction as well as the object of a postposition.

rēbi (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb-i rēb-ī
Oblique rēb-e rēb-ē
surğu (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative surğ-u surğ-ū
Oblique surğ-a surğ-ā
ezî (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative ez-î
Oblique ez-ê
mazû (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative maz-û
Oblique maz-â

Noun states

Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "states". There are two states: the governed state, or status rectus, and the construct state, or status constructus. The construct state is used in genitive constructions to mark the head noun (possessed noun), while the oblique case is used to mark the dependent (modifying) noun. The construct state is also used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the governed state, which is the default state of all nouns.

In Imperial Vrkhazhian:

rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb rēb-ā
Vocative
Oblique rēb-as rēb-ās
surğum (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative suruğ surğ-ā
Vocative
Oblique surğ-as surğ-ās
ezîm (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative ezu ez-â
Vocative
Oblique ez-âs
mazûm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative mazi maz-â
Vocative
Oblique maz-âs

In Common Vrkhazhian:

rēbi (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb rēb-ā
Vocative
Oblique
surğu (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative suruğ surğ-ā
Vocative
Oblique
ezî (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative ezu ez-â
Vocative
Oblique
mazû (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative mazi maz-â
Vocative
Oblique

Noun derivation

Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:

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