Cernelian/Sound changes: Difference between revisions

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== Proto-Finnic to Proto-Balto-Slavic parallel (early Proto-Cernelian) ==
== Proto-Finnic to Proto-Balto-Slavic parallel (early Proto-Cernelian) ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| Fricative loss: intervocalic ''*-b-'', ''*-d-'', and ''*-g-'' were lost except before front vowels, or after nasals
:''*jalaga'' → ''*jálā'' → ''*jě̏la'' → ''jała'' "elm"
:''*jabat'' → ''*jā'' → ''*jě̏'' → ''je'' "oars"
:''*kuuldak'' → ''*kū́llaˀ'' → ''*kylò'' → ''kiło'' "to hear"
* Intervocalic ''*-b-'' before front vowels become ''*-w-''
:''*häbäs'' → ''*éˀwes'' → ''*jève'' → ''jewie'' "withers"
* Otherwise, ''*-b-'', ''*-d-'', and ''*-g'' retain their phonological quality after nasal
:''*lamba'' → ''*lámba'' → ''*lǫ̏bo'' → ''łębo'' "sheep"
|-
| Secondary stress becomes the primary stress, and the old stress lost
| Secondary stress becomes the primary stress, and the old stress lost
:Proto-Finnic ''*ármastàdak'' → Early Proto-Cernelian ''*armastā́ˀ'' → Late Proto-Cernelian ''*ormostà'' → Modern Cernelian ''romosta'' "to love"
:Proto-Finnic ''*ármastàdak'' → Early Proto-Cernelian ''*armastā́ˀ'' → Late Proto-Cernelian ''*ormostà'' → Modern Cernelian ''romosta'' "to love"
:The secondary stress is expected from non-final odd-numbered syllables
:The secondary stress is expected from non-final odd-numbered syllables
* The secondary stress pattern still remained after fricative loss (see above for examples)
|-
|-
| ''*h-'', ''*-h'', and ''*-k'' become early Proto-Cernelian glottalized acute ''-ˀ'' (final ''*-h'' caused lengthening of the preceding vowel)
| Glottalization: ''*h-'', ''*-h'', and ''*-k'' become early Proto-Cernelian glottalized acute ''-ˀ'' (final ''*-h'' caused lengthening of the preceding vowel)
:''*habukka'' → ''*áuˀka'' → ''*ùko'' → ''uko'' "hawk"
:''*habukka'' → ''*áuˀka'' → ''*ùko'' → ''uko'' "hawk"
:''*hameh'' → ''*áˀmē'' → ''*ámě'' → ''amie'' "shirt"
:''*hameh'' → ''*áˀmē'' → ''*òmě'' → ''omie'' "shirt"
:''*raha'' → ''*ráˀa'' → ''*rȏ'' → ''ro'' "money"
:''*raha'' → ''*ráˀa'' → ''*rȏ'' → ''ro'' "money"
|-
| Intervocalic ''*-b-'', ''*-d-'', and ''*-g-'' were lost except before front vowels
:''*jalaga'' → ''*jálā'' → ''*jě̏la'' → ''jała'' "elm"
:''*jabat'' → ''*jā'' → ''*jě̏'' → ''je'' "oars"
* Intervocalic ''*-b-'' before front vowels become ''*-w-''
:''*häbäs'' → ''*éˀwes'' → ''*jève'' → ''jewie'' "withers"
* Otherwise, ''*-b-'', ''*-d-'', and ''*-g'' retain their phonological quality after consonants
:''*lamba'' → ''*lámba'' → ''*lǫ̏bo'' → ''łębo'' "sheep"
|-
|-
| Proto-Finnic front vowels ''*e'', ''*ö'', ''*ü'' → ''*e'', ''*e'', ''*i''
| Proto-Finnic front vowels ''*e'', ''*ö'', ''*ü'' → ''*e'', ''*e'', ''*i''
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|-
|-
| Increasing stress phonemicization
| Increasing stress phonemicization
* Stress in medial open syllables moved one syllable to the left
:''*ínhimìnen'' → ''*iníˀminen'' from ''*iniˀmínen'' → ''jьnьmьnę̃'' → ''iniemnią'' "person"
* When the stress in words with 4 syllable or more retracted to the initial syllable, the stress moved to the last syllable
:''*mágatkàtemek'' → ''*mātkateméˀ'' from ''*mā́tkatemeˀ'' → ''*makotemè'' → ''makociemie'' "let's sleep"
|}
|}


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* Tonal developments
* Tonal developments
** Glottals are lost except in stressed ones
** Glottals are lost except in stressed ones
== Examples of sound changes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
! one
! two
! three
! four
! five
! six
! seven
! mother
! heart
! hear
! foot
|-
! Proto-Finnic
| ''*ükci''
| ''*kakci''
| ''*kolme''
| ''*neljä''
| ''*viici''
| ''*kuuci''
| ''*säic'en''
| ''*emä''
| ''*südän''
| ''*kuuldak''
| ''*jalka''
|-
! Fricative loss
|
|
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| ''*kū́llak''
|
|-
! ''o'' → ''a''
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|
| ''*kálme''
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|-
! Deumlautization
| ''*íksi''
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| ''*nélje''
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|
| ''*séic'en''
| ''*éme''
| ''*síden''
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|-
! ''c'' → ''s''
| ''*íksi''
| ''*káksi''
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|
| ''*vī́si''
| ''*kū́si''
| ''*séis'en''
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|-
! Semilong → single
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| ''*séisen''
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|-
! Gradation analogy
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| ''*séihen''
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|-
! Ruki law
| ''*íkši''
| ''*kákši''
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|
| ''*vī́ši''
| ''*kū́ši''
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|-
! Glottalization
| ''*íˀši''
| ''*káˀši''
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| ''*séˀjen''
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| ''*kū́llaˀ''
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|-
! colspan="12" |
|-
! ''š'' → ''x''
| ''*íˀxi''
| ''*káˀxi''
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|
| ''*vī́xi''
| ''*kū́xi''
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|-
! Nasalization
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| ''*séˀję''
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| ''*sídę''
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|-
! Tone developments
| ''*ìši''
| ''*kàši''
| ''*kȁlme''
| ''*nȅlje''
|-
! colspan="12" |
|-
! Cernelian
| ''isz''
| ''kósz''
| ''kiełmie''
| ''niele''
| ''wisz''
| ''kisz''
| ''sią''
| ''jemie''
| ''sidzię''
| ''kiło''
| ''jałko''
|-
! Finnish
| ''yksi''
| ''kaksi''
| ''kolme''
| ''neljä''
| ''viisi''
| ''kuusi''
| ''seitsemän''
| ''äiti'' (old ''emä'')
| ''sydän''
| ''kuulla''
| ''jalka''
|}

Latest revision as of 03:33, 20 October 2021

Proto-Finnic to Proto-Balto-Slavic parallel (early Proto-Cernelian)

Fricative loss: intervocalic *-b-, *-d-, and *-g- were lost except before front vowels, or after nasals
*jalaga*jálā*jě̏lajała "elm"
*jabat*jā*jě̏je "oars"
*kuuldak*kū́llaˀ*kylòkiło "to hear"
  • Intervocalic *-b- before front vowels become *-w-
*häbäs*éˀwes*jèvejewie "withers"
  • Otherwise, *-b-, *-d-, and *-g retain their phonological quality after nasal
*lamba*lámba*lǫ̏bołębo "sheep"
Secondary stress becomes the primary stress, and the old stress lost
Proto-Finnic *ármastàdak → Early Proto-Cernelian *armastā́ˀ → Late Proto-Cernelian *ormostà → Modern Cernelian romosta "to love"
The secondary stress is expected from non-final odd-numbered syllables
  • The secondary stress pattern still remained after fricative loss (see above for examples)
Glottalization: *h-, *-h, and *-k become early Proto-Cernelian glottalized acute (final *-h caused lengthening of the preceding vowel)
*habukka*áuˀka*ùkouko "hawk"
*hameh*áˀmē*òměomie "shirt"
*raha*ráˀa*rȏro "money"
Proto-Finnic front vowels *e, , *e, *e, *i
*räüstäs*rèistes*rȉsterzyście
  • This development also followed by fronting of *o after front vowels to
*näko, alternative *näkö*néke*nȅčeniecze
Proto-Finnic *c*s
*kecrä*késre*čȅreczerze "wheel"
Proto-Finnic short *o*a, but *oo
*ilo*íla*jьlõiłó "joy"
Ruki sound law: -s- becomes -š- after velars, -i-, -r-, and -u- except preceding consonants
*ükci*iˀsi*iˀši*jь̀šьisz "one"
*karcina*káršina*kȍršьnokrószno "pen of animals"
Increasing stress phonemicization
  • Stress in medial open syllables moved one syllable to the left
*ínhimìnen*iníˀminen from *iniˀmínenjьnьmьnę̃iniemnią "person"
  • When the stress in words with 4 syllable or more retracted to the initial syllable, the stress moved to the last syllable
*mágatkàtemek*mātkateméˀ from *mā́tkatemeˀ*makotemèmakociemie "let's sleep"

Early Proto-Cernelian to Proto-Slavic parallel

  • Tonal developments
    • Glottals are lost except in stressed ones

Examples of sound changes

one two three four five six seven mother heart hear foot
Proto-Finnic *ükci *kakci *kolme *neljä *viici *kuuci *säic'en *emä *südän *kuuldak *jalka
Fricative loss *kū́llak
oa *kálme
Deumlautization *íksi *nélje *séic'en *éme *síden
cs *íksi *káksi *vī́si *kū́si *séis'en
Semilong → single *séisen
Gradation analogy *séihen
Ruki law *íkši *kákši *vī́ši *kū́ši
Glottalization *íˀši *káˀši *séˀjen *kū́llaˀ
šx *íˀxi *káˀxi *vī́xi *kū́xi
Nasalization *séˀję *sídę
Tone developments *ìši *kàši *kȁlme *nȅlje
Cernelian isz kósz kiełmie niele wisz kisz sią jemie sidzię kiło jałko
Finnish yksi kaksi kolme neljä viisi kuusi seitsemän äiti (old emä) sydän kuulla jalka