Cernelian/Sound changes: Difference between revisions

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== Proto-Finnic to Proto-Balto-Slavic parallel (early Proto-Cernelian) ==
== Proto-Finnic to Proto-Balto-Slavic parallel (early Proto-Cernelian) ==
* Secondary stress becomes the primary stress, and the old stress lost
{| class="wikitable"
| Fricative loss: intervocalic ''*-b-'', ''*-d-'', and ''*-g-'' were lost except before front vowels, or after nasals
:''*jalaga'' → ''*jálā'' → ''*jě̏la'' → ''jała'' "elm"
:''*jabat'' → ''*jā'' → ''*jě̏'' → ''je'' "oars"
:''*kuuldak'' → ''*kū́llaˀ'' → ''*kylò'' → ''kiło'' "to hear"
* Intervocalic ''*-b-'' before front vowels become ''*-w-''
:''*häbäs'' → ''*éˀwes'' → ''*jève'' → ''jewie'' "withers"
* Otherwise, ''*-b-'', ''*-d-'', and ''*-g'' retain their phonological quality after nasal
:''*lamba'' → ''*lámba'' → ''*lǫ̏bo'' → ''łębo'' "sheep"
|-
| Secondary stress becomes the primary stress, and the old stress lost
:Proto-Finnic ''*ármastàdak'' → Early Proto-Cernelian ''*armastā́ˀ'' → Late Proto-Cernelian ''*ormostà'' → Modern Cernelian ''romosta'' "to love"
:Proto-Finnic ''*ármastàdak'' → Early Proto-Cernelian ''*armastā́ˀ'' → Late Proto-Cernelian ''*ormostà'' → Modern Cernelian ''romosta'' "to love"
:The secondary stress is expected from non-final odd-numbered syllables
:The secondary stress is expected from non-final odd-numbered syllables
 
* The secondary stress pattern still remained after fricative loss (see above for examples)
* ''*h-'', ''*-h'', and ''*-k'' become early Proto-Cernelian glottalized acute ''-ˀ'' (final ''*-h'' caused lengthening of the preceding vowel)
|-
| Glottalization: ''*h-'', ''*-h'', and ''*-k'' become early Proto-Cernelian glottalized acute ''-ˀ'' (final ''*-h'' caused lengthening of the preceding vowel)
:''*habukka'' → ''*áuˀka'' → ''*ùko'' → ''uko'' "hawk"
:''*habukka'' → ''*áuˀka'' → ''*ùko'' → ''uko'' "hawk"
:''*hameh'' → ''*áˀmē'' → ''*ámě'' → ''amie'' "shirt"
:''*hameh'' → ''*áˀmē'' → ''*òmě'' → ''omie'' "shirt"
:''*raha'' → ''*ráˀa'' → ''*rȏ'' → ''ro'' "money"
:''*raha'' → ''*ráˀa'' → ''*rȏ'' → ''ro'' "money"
 
|-
* Intervocalic ''*-b-'', ''*-d-'', and ''*-g-'' were lost except before front vowels
| Proto-Finnic front vowels ''*e'', ''*ö'', ''*ü'' → ''*e'', ''*e'', ''*i''
:''*jalaga'' → ''*jálā'' → ''*jě̏la'' → ''jała'' "elm"
:''*räüstäs'' → ''*rèistes'' → ''*rȉste'' → ''rzyście''
:''*jabat'' → ''*jā'' → ''*jě̏'' → ''je'' "oars"
* This development also followed by fronting of ''*o'' after front vowels to ''*ö''
**Intervocalic ''*-b-'' before front vowels become ''*-w-''
:''*vabarna'' → ''*wáwarna'' → ''*vȍvorno'' → ''wowrono'' "raspberry"
**Otherwise, ''*-b-'', ''*-d-'', and ''*-g'' retain their phonological quality after consonants
:''*lamba'' → ''*lámba'' → ''*lǫ̏bo'' → ''łębo'' "sheep"
* Proto-Finnic front vowels ''*e'', ''*ö'', ''*ü'' → ''*e'', ''*e'', ''*i''
:''*räüstäs'' → ''*rèistes'' → ''*rȅjьste'' → ''rzejście''
**This development also followed by fronting of ''*o'' after front vowels to ''*ö''
::''*näko'', alternative ''*näkö'' → ''*néke'' → ''*nȅče'' → ''niecze''
::''*näko'', alternative ''*näkö'' → ''*néke'' → ''*nȅče'' → ''niecze''
* Proto-Finnic ''*c'' → ''*s''
|-
| Proto-Finnic ''*c'' → ''*s''
:''*kecrä'' → ''*késre'' → ''*čȅre'' → ''czerze'' "wheel"
:''*kecrä'' → ''*késre'' → ''*čȅre'' → ''czerze'' "wheel"
* Proto-Finnic short ''*o'' → ''*a'', but ''*oo'' → ''*ō''
|-
| Proto-Finnic short ''*o'' → ''*a'', but ''*oo'' → ''*ō''
:''*ilo'' → ''*íla'' → ''*jьlõ'' → ''iłó'' "joy"
:''*ilo'' → ''*íla'' → ''*jьlõ'' → ''iłó'' "joy"
|-
| [[wikipedia:Ruki sound law|Ruki sound law]]: ''-s-'' becomes ''-š-'' after velars, ''-i-'', ''-r-'', and ''-u-'' except preceding consonants
:''*ükci'' → ''*iˀsi'' → ''*iˀši'' → ''*jь̀šь'' → ''isz'' "one"
:''*karcina'' → ''*káršina'' → ''*kȍršьno'' → ''krószno'' "pen of animals"
|-
| Increasing stress phonemicization
* Stress in medial open syllables moved one syllable to the left
:''*ínhimìnen'' → ''*iníˀminen'' from ''*iniˀmínen'' → ''jьnьmьnę̃'' → ''iniemnią'' "person"
* When the stress in words with 4 syllable or more retracted to the initial syllable, the stress moved to the last syllable
:''*mágatkàtemek'' → ''*mātkateméˀ'' from ''*mā́tkatemeˀ'' → ''*makotemè'' → ''makociemie'' "let's sleep"
|}


* [[wikipedia:Ruki sound law|Ruki sound law]]: ''-s-'' becomes ''-š-'' after velars, ''-i-'', ''-r-'', and ''-u-'' except preceding consonants
== Early Proto-Cernelian to Proto-Slavic parallel ==
:''*ükci'' → ''*iˀsi'' → ''*iˀši→ ''*jь̀šь'' → ''isz'' "one"
* Tonal developments
:''*karcina'' → ''*káršina'' → ''*kȍršьno'' → ''krószno'' "pen of animals"
** Glottals are lost except in stressed ones
 
== Examples of sound changes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
! one
! two
! three
! four
! five
! six
! seven
! mother
! heart
! hear
! foot
|-
! Proto-Finnic
| ''*ükci''
| ''*kakci''
| ''*kolme''
| ''*neljä''
| ''*viici''
| ''*kuuci''
| ''*säic'en''
| ''*emä''
| ''*südän''
| ''*kuuldak''
| ''*jalka''
|-
! Fricative loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ''*kū́llak''
|
|-
! ''o'' → ''a''
|
|
| ''*kálme''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Deumlautization
| ''*íksi''
|
|
| ''*nélje''
|
|
| ''*séic'en''
| ''*éme''
| ''*síden''
|
|
|-
! ''c'' → ''s''
| ''*íksi''
| ''*káksi''
|
|
| ''*vī́si''
| ''*kū́si''
| ''*séis'en''
|
|
|
|
|-
! Semilong → single
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ''*séisen''
|
|
|
|
|-
! Gradation analogy
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ''*séihen''
|
|
|
|
|-
! Ruki law
| ''*íkši''
| ''*kákši''
|
|
| ''*vī́ši''
| ''*kū́ši''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Glottalization
| ''*íˀši''
| ''*káˀši''
|
|
|
|
| ''*séˀjen''
|
|
| ''*kū́llaˀ''
|
|-
! colspan="12" |
|-
! ''š'' → ''x''
| ''*íˀxi''
| ''*káˀxi''
|
|
| ''*vī́xi''
| ''*kū́xi''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Nasalization
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ''*séˀję''
|
| ''*sídę''
|
|
|-
! Tone developments
| ''*ìši''
| ''*kàši''
| ''*kȁlme''
| ''*nȅlje''
|-
! colspan="12" |
|-
! Cernelian
| ''isz''
| ''kósz''
| ''kiełmie''
| ''niele''
| ''wisz''
| ''kisz''
| ''sią''
| ''jemie''
| ''sidzię''
| ''kiło''
| ''jałko''
|-
! Finnish
| ''yksi''
| ''kaksi''
| ''kolme''
| ''neljä''
| ''viisi''
| ''kuusi''
| ''seitsemän''
| ''äiti'' (old ''emä'')
| ''sydän''
| ''kuulla''
| ''jalka''
|}

Latest revision as of 03:33, 20 October 2021

Proto-Finnic to Proto-Balto-Slavic parallel (early Proto-Cernelian)

Fricative loss: intervocalic *-b-, *-d-, and *-g- were lost except before front vowels, or after nasals
*jalaga → *jálā → *jě̏la → jała "elm"
*jabat → *jā → *jě̏ → je "oars"
*kuuldak → *kū́llaˀ → *kylò → kiło "to hear"
  • Intervocalic *-b- before front vowels become *-w-
*häbäs → *éˀwes → *jève → jewie "withers"
  • Otherwise, *-b-, *-d-, and *-g retain their phonological quality after nasal
*lamba → *lámba → *lǫ̏bo → łębo "sheep"
Secondary stress becomes the primary stress, and the old stress lost
Proto-Finnic *ármastàdak → Early Proto-Cernelian *armastā́ˀ → Late Proto-Cernelian *ormostà → Modern Cernelian romosta "to love"
The secondary stress is expected from non-final odd-numbered syllables
  • The secondary stress pattern still remained after fricative loss (see above for examples)
Glottalization: *h-, *-h, and *-k become early Proto-Cernelian glottalized acute -ˀ (final *-h caused lengthening of the preceding vowel)
*habukka → *áuˀka → *ùko → uko "hawk"
*hameh → *áˀmē → *òmě → omie "shirt"
*raha → *ráˀa → *rȏ → ro "money"
Proto-Finnic front vowels *e, *ö, *ü → *e, *e, *i
*räüstäs → *rèistes → *rȉste → rzyście
  • This development also followed by fronting of *o after front vowels to *ö
*näko, alternative *näkö → *néke → *nȅče → niecze
Proto-Finnic *c → *s
*kecrä → *késre → *čȅre → czerze "wheel"
Proto-Finnic short *o → *a, but *oo → *ō
*ilo → *íla → *jьlõ → iłó "joy"
Ruki sound law: -s- becomes -š- after velars, -i-, -r-, and -u- except preceding consonants
*ükci → *iˀsi → *iˀši → *jь̀šь → isz "one"
*karcina → *káršina → *kȍršьno → krószno "pen of animals"
Increasing stress phonemicization
  • Stress in medial open syllables moved one syllable to the left
*ínhimìnen → *iníˀminen from *iniˀmínen → jьnьmьnę̃ → iniemnią "person"
  • When the stress in words with 4 syllable or more retracted to the initial syllable, the stress moved to the last syllable
*mágatkàtemek → *mātkateméˀ from *mā́tkatemeˀ → *makotemè → makociemie "let's sleep"

Early Proto-Cernelian to Proto-Slavic parallel

  • Tonal developments
    • Glottals are lost except in stressed ones

Examples of sound changes

one two three four five six seven mother heart hear foot
Proto-Finnic *ükci *kakci *kolme *neljä *viici *kuuci *säic'en *emä *südän *kuuldak *jalka
Fricative loss *kū́llak
o → a *kálme
Deumlautization *íksi *nélje *séic'en *éme *síden
c → s *íksi *káksi *vī́si *kū́si *séis'en
Semilong → single *séisen
Gradation analogy *séihen
Ruki law *íkši *kákši *vī́ši *kū́ši
Glottalization *íˀši *káˀši *séˀjen *kū́llaˀ
š → x *íˀxi *káˀxi *vī́xi *kū́xi
Nasalization *séˀję *sídę
Tone developments *ìši *kàši *kȁlme *nȅlje
Cernelian isz kósz kiełmie niele wisz kisz sią jemie sidzię kiło jałko
Finnish yksi kaksi kolme neljä viisi kuusi seitsemän äiti (old emä) sydän kuulla jalka
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