User:Masako/Kalo

introduction

• Kalo (taken from caló) is intended to be a minimalist artlang, not an auxlang. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic (Hindi is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession. The goal is to have around 1000 words.

• Notable features:

Subject-Verb-Object

highly analytical grammar

invariance between word types

only 14 (base) sounds, 9 consonants, and 5 vowels

simple phonotactics, or syllable structure (C)V(N)

only ~1000 core words

easy-to-follow word compounding

phonology

Kalo has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.

alphabetical order

Kalo uses English alphabetical order: a e i k l m n o p s t u w y

consonants

	Labial	Coronal	Dorsal
Nasal	m	n
Plosive	p	t	k
Fricative		s
Approximant	w	l	j (y)

vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Mid	e	o
Open	a

diphthongs

There are two diphthongs [ai̯] ai, and [au̯] au. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.

syllable structure

All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.

syntax

Classical Arabic is primarily VSO, but MSA (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be SVO, favoring full agreement over partial.

Chinese is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb.

Spanish unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable.

English word order is almost exclusively SVO.

Hindi is primarily an SOV language.

Based on the above information about the main source languages for Kalo, it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.

• wa toma - 1S consume - I eat. (SV)

• wa amo ko - 1S love 3S - I love her. (SVO)

• o pan toma - DO food consume - The bread is eaten. (OV)

lexicon

Words in Kalo tend to function in multiple roles. * elefen.org/vocabulo_fundal.html

• ARA - Arabic
• ELL - Greek
• ENG - English
• FRE - French
• GER - German
• HEB - Hebrew
• HIN - Hindi

• JPN - Japanese
• KOR - Korean
• PIE - Proto-Indo-European
• SPA - Spanish
• TUR - Turkish
• ZHO - Mandarin

• adj - adjective
• n - noun
• num - number/numeral
• part - particle
• prep - preposition
• pro - pronoun
• v - verb

particles

• ke - number marker (ZHO 個)
• le - past tense marker [PST] (ZHO 了)

wa toma le - 1s consume PST - I ate.

• ma - what; which; question marker [Q] (ARA/ZHO ما/嗎)
• ne - no; not; negative; neither (ENG nay)
• o - direct object marker [DO] (JPN を)
• sa - future tense marker [FUT] (ARA سَـ)

nilo ne wite sa ko - 2pl NEG see FUT 3sg - You all will not see her.

determiners

• pu - this; these (TUR bu)
• su - that; those (TUR şu)

pronouns

• wa - I; me [1sg] (ZHO 我)
• ni - you [2sg] (ZHO 你)
• ko - person; individual; adult / he; she [3sg] (ZHO 個)

possession

• Possession is shown with the particle te - of; from, or with the suffix -yo - have; possess
• Plurality is marked with the suffix -lo - a pile

• kasalo te ko

house-PL of 3sg

His homes

• kasa te walo

house of 1sg-PL

Our home

• ipin wayo

child 1sg.POSS

my child

conjunctions

• awa - or; either; other (ARA أو)
• e - and; also; too; as well (SPA/ZHO e/和)
• ita - if; whether (ARA إذا)
• me - but; however; although; yet (FRE mais)

common verbs

• kan(a) - yes; be; exist; live; occur; thus (ARA/HEB كان/כן)
• maka - do; make; cause; happen (ENG make)
• nesi - need; require; necessity; a must (SPA necesitar)
• pote - be able; can; possible; potential (SPA poder)
• wan - want; desire; wish (for) (ENG want)
• yo - have; possess (ZHO 有)

quantity

• laka (ARA رقم) - v - count; number; enumerate | n - numeral; digit; number; amount; sum
• lo - plural marker [PL] (ZHO 摞)

numbers

• nulu (SPA nulo) - v/num - zero; empty; nothing
• wa (ARA واحد) - num - one; single; singular; alone
• li (ZHO 两) - num - two; double; duo
• san (ZHO 三) - num - three; triple
• si (ZHO 四) - num - four
• pen (ELL πέντε) - num - five
• we (PIE swéḱs) - num - six; 6
• na (JPN なな) - num - seven; 7
• pa (ZHO 八) - num - eight
• nun (PIE h₁néwn̥) - num - nine; 9
• ye (KOR 열) - num - 10; ten
• aku [-ku] (JPN ひゃく) - num - hundred; 100 | n - many; much; a lot
• mila (SPA mil) - num - thousand; 1000

higher numbers

• yewa - 11; eleven
• yeli - 12; twelve
• liye - 20; twenty
• liyesi - 24; twenty-four
• kuyeli - 112; one-hundred-twelve
• sankuweyepen (sanwepen) - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five

fixes

• "sunya" > nulu - zero; empty; nothing
• lavar#Spanish > lawa - wash; clean
• water > wata - water; be wet; liquid
• 爸 / ʔabw- / ph₂tḗr
• 媽 / ʔimm- / méh₂tēr
• se - reflexive se#Spanish
• sai - color; shade; hue 色
• linya - order; sequence; line; border linea#Spanish

phrases

• wikitravel.org/en/Category:Phrasebooks

• Hello - salama (formal)

ola (informal)

• How are you? - moto ni ma?

• Please (used to make a polite request) - po tipa ("for good")

• Thank you (very much) - tanka (ta)

• Yes - kan(a) (it is)

• No - ne

• Maybe - kisa