Cernelian/Nominals: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Grammatical cases | ! Grammatical cases | ||
! Cernelian name | |||
! Usual endings (singular) | ! Usual endings (singular) | ||
! Usual meanings | ! Usual meanings | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| ''niemię'' | |||
| ''-∅'' | | ''-∅'' | ||
| none | | none | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| ''passywię'' | |||
| ''-ę'', ''-∅'' | | ''-ę'', ''-∅'' | ||
| (object) | | (object) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| ''omieśdzię'' | |||
| ''-ę'' | | ''-ę'' | ||
| (of, 's) | | (of, 's) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| ''siędzię'' | |||
| ''-ę'', ''-ą'' | | ''-ę'', ''-ą'' | ||
| to | | to | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| ''piedzę'' | |||
| ''-so'', ''-sie'', ''-cho'', ''-sze'' | | ''-so'', ''-sie'', ''-cho'', ''-sze'' | ||
| in, on | | in, on | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| ''łożę'' | |||
| ''-sto'', ''-ście'' | | ''-sto'', ''-ście'' | ||
| from | | from | ||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| ''instrumendzię'' | |||
| ''-łe'', ''-le'' | |||
| from | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| ''siedzię'' | |||
| ''-so'', ''-sie'', ''-cho'', ''-sze'' | |||
| (calling, -!) | |||
|} | |} | ||
All of the grammatical case names has the alternative forms in ''-emię póle'', e.g. ''niemię póle''. | |||
== Declensions == | |||
* [[Cernelian/1st declension|1st declension]]: Nominals ending in ''-o'', and it is the largest group of nominal declension by number. | |||
* [[Cernelian/2nd declension|2nd declension]]: Nominals ending in ''-e'', also as the soft variant of 1st declension. | |||
* [[Cernelian/3rd declension|3rd declension]]: Nominals ending in soft ''-∅'' (caused ablaut of preceding ''ę'' and ''o'' to ''ą'' and ''ó''). | |||
* [[Cernelian/4th declension|4th declension]]: Nominals ending in hard ''-∅'' (caused ablaut as it happened in 3rd declension), including sonorants. | |||
* [[Cernelian/5th declension|5th declension]]: Nominals ending in ''-ę'' or ''-ą'' (n-stem). | |||
* [[Cernelian/Irregular nominals|Irregular nominals]]: Numerous nominals that declined irregularly, like long stems, s-stems, and consonantic stems uncovered in 4th declension. | |||
Revision as of 18:49, 11 October 2021
Nominals in Cernelian includes nouns, adjectives, or (demonstrative, personal, interrogative) pronouns. Unlike that of Finnish or Estonian that those have large number of grammatical cases (15 or 14), Cernelian has simplified it to 8 cases. Due to the influence of Slavic languages, Cernelian developed animacy.
Grammatical cases
There are 8 grammatical cases in Cernelian:
| Grammatical cases | Cernelian name | Usual endings (singular) | Usual meanings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | niemię | -∅ | none |
| Accusative | passywię | -ę, -∅ | (object) |
| Genitive | omieśdzię | -ę | (of, 's) |
| Dative | siędzię | -ę, -ą | to |
| Locative | piedzę | -so, -sie, -cho, -sze | in, on |
| Ablative | łożę | -sto, -ście | from |
| Instrumental | instrumendzię | -łe, -le | from |
| Vocative | siedzię | -so, -sie, -cho, -sze | (calling, -!) |
All of the grammatical case names has the alternative forms in -emię póle, e.g. niemię póle.
Declensions
- 1st declension: Nominals ending in -o, and it is the largest group of nominal declension by number.
- 2nd declension: Nominals ending in -e, also as the soft variant of 1st declension.
- 3rd declension: Nominals ending in soft -∅ (caused ablaut of preceding ę and o to ą and ó).
- 4th declension: Nominals ending in hard -∅ (caused ablaut as it happened in 3rd declension), including sonorants.
- 5th declension: Nominals ending in -ę or -ą (n-stem).
- Irregular nominals: Numerous nominals that declined irregularly, like long stems, s-stems, and consonantic stems uncovered in 4th declension.
