Cernelian/Phonetics and orthography: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
| ⟨Ć ć⟩ | | ⟨Ć ć⟩ | ||
| {{IPA|/ | | {{IPA|/d͡ʑ/}} | ||
| '''{{IPA|/ | | '''{{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}}''' | ||
| always as ⟨c⟩ | | always as ⟨c⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 180: | Line 180: | ||
| {{IPA|/t/}} | | {{IPA|/t/}} | ||
| {{IPA|/d/}} | | {{IPA|/d/}} | ||
|- | |||
| ⟨Dź dź⟩ | |||
| '''{{IPA|/d͡ʑ/}}''' | |||
| {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}} | |||
| always as ⟨dz⟩ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ⟨F f⟩ | | ⟨F f⟩ | ||
| Line 187: | Line 192: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ⟨G g⟩ | | ⟨G g⟩ | ||
| '''{{IPA|/ɡ/}}''' | |||
| {{IPA|/k/}} | | {{IPA|/k/}} | ||
| {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ⟨H h⟩ | | ⟨H h⟩ | ||
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} | |||
| '''{{IPA|/x/}}''' | | '''{{IPA|/x/}}''' | ||
| {{IPA|/xʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/xʲ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 200: | Line 205: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ⟨K k⟩ | | ⟨K k⟩ | ||
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} | |||
| '''{{IPA|/k/}}''' | | '''{{IPA|/k/}}''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ | | {{IPA|/kʲ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ⟨L l⟩ | | ⟨L l⟩ | ||
| colspan="3" | '''{{IPA|/l/}}''' | | colspan="3" | '''{{IPA|/l/}}''' | ||
|- | |||
| ⟨Ł ł⟩ | |||
| colspan="3" | '''{{IPA|/w/}}''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ⟨M m⟩ | | ⟨M m⟩ | ||
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|/m/}}''' | | colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|/m/}}''' | ||
| {{IPA|/mʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/mʲ/}} | ||
|- | |||
| ⟨N n⟩ | |||
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|/n/}}''' | |||
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}} | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨Ń ń⟩ | |||
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|/ɲ/}}''' | |||
| Always as ⟨n⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨P p⟩ | |||
| {{IPA|/b/}} | |||
| '''{{IPA|/p/}}''' | |||
| {{IPA|/pʲ/}} | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨R r⟩ | |||
| colspan="3" | '''{{IPA|/r/}}''' | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨Rz rz⟩ | |||
| colspan="3" | '''{{IPA|/ʐ/}}''' | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨S s⟩ | |||
| {{IPA|/z/}} | |||
| '''{{IPA|/s/}}''' | |||
| {{IPA|/ɕ/}} | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨Ś ś⟩ | |||
| {{IPA|/ʑ/}} | |||
| '''{{IPA|/ɕ/}}''' | |||
| Always as ⟨s⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨T t⟩ | |||
| {{IPA|/d/}} | |||
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|/t/}}''' | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨W w⟩ | |||
| '''{{IPA|/v/}}''' | |||
| {{IPA|/f/}} | |||
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}} | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨Z z⟩ | |||
| '''{{IPA|/z/}}''' | |||
| {{IPA|/s/}} | |||
| {{IPA|/ʑ/}} | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨Ź ź⟩ | |||
| '''{{IPA|/ʑ/}}''' | |||
| {{IPA|/ɕ/}} | |||
| Always as ⟨z⟩ | |||
|} | |} | ||
''-V-'' in this context are all vowels except ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩. In ''-iV-'' sequences, plosives are inserted with preceding {{IPA|/j/}} before vowels, but velars not (''Stamiece'' {{IPA|/stamʲjɛtsɛ/}} "Cernelia"). | ''-V-'' in this context are all vowels except ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩. In ''-iV-'' sequences, plosives are inserted with preceding {{IPA|/j/}} before vowels, but velars not (''Stamiece'' {{IPA|/stamʲjɛtsɛ/}} "Cernelia"). | ||
Revision as of 05:39, 11 October 2021
Phonetics
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Post-alveolar | Alveo-palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Palatal | Plain | Palatal | |||||
| Nasal | /m/ | /mʲ/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | |||
| Plosive | /p b/ | /pʲ bʲ/ | /t d/ | /k ɡ/ | /kʲ ɡʲ/ | (/ʔ/) | ||
| Affricate | /t͡s d͡z/ | /t͡ʂ d͡ʐ/ | /t͡ɕ d͡ʑ/ | |||||
| Fricative | /f v/ | /fʲ vʲ/ | /s z/ | /ʂ ʐ/ | /ɕ ʑ/ | /x/ | /xʲ/ | |
| Tap | /r/ | |||||||
| Approximant | /l/ | /j/ | /w/ | |||||
Cernelian has the phoneme /ʔ/ that arose between vowels to avoid hiatus (jeócmie /jɛˈʔutsmʲjɛ/ "if we share"), but this was actually not phonemic.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ | /ɨ/ | /u/ | |
| Mid | Plain | /ɛ/ | /ɔ/ | |
| Nasal | /ɛ̃/ | /ɔ̃/ | ||
| Open | /a/ | |||
Extreme northern dialects has phonemic vowel length, denoted by acute accent (ác /aːts/ "boat", íłmo "air, sky"). Standard Cernelian have ⟨ó⟩, but only for etymological reasons.
Cernelian reflects limited vowel harmony between the vowels -o- (back) and -e- (front), otherwise the Proto-Finnic vowel harmonies *o : *ö displaced by Cernelian o : e, and *u : *y become Proto-Cernelian yers *ъ and *ь that often deleted in some positions.
The nasal vowels become /ɛn, ɔn/ before plosives and affricates, /ɛm, ɔm/ before labials, /ɛŋ, ɔŋ/ before post-alveolars and velars, /ɛɲ, ɔɲ/ before alveo-palatals, and /ɛ, ɔ/ before l or ł and word-finally in the case of ę.
Stress
Like Polish, Cernelian words are almost always stressed in penultimate (second-from-last) syllable. However, some conservative eastern and southern dialects influenced by Russian and Ukrainian, have unpredictable stress (iję̀ "I grinded" vs. ìję "of the horsehair").
- Proto-Finnic *áivastàdak → jawostà vs. standard jawòsta "to sneeze"
- Proto-Finnic *áutugas → ùto "blessed, wealthy" (same in standard patterns)
Note that Proto-Finnic stress is originally non-phonemic, with secondary stress existed in last non-final odd-numbered syllables.
Orthography
The Cernelian orthography is written in Latin, and definitely same as that of Polish.
| Letter | IPA value |
|---|---|
| ⟨A a⟩ | /a/ |
| ⟨Ą ą⟩ | /ɔ̃/ (see above) |
| ⟨E e⟩ | /ɛ/ |
| ⟨Ę ę⟩ | /ɛ̃/ (see above) |
| ⟨I i⟩ | /(ʲ)i/ (see below) |
| ⟨O o⟩ | /ɔ/ |
| ⟨Ó ó⟩ | /u/ |
| ⟨U u⟩ | |
| ⟨Y y⟩ | /ɨ/ |
| Letter | IPA value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Elsewhere | Before -i- and -iV | ||
| Voiced | Unvoiced | ||
| ⟨B b⟩ | /b/ | /p/ | /bʲ/ |
| ⟨C c⟩ | /dz/ | /ts/ | /tɕ/ |
| ⟨Ć ć⟩ | /d͡ʑ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | always as ⟨c⟩ |
| ⟨D d⟩ | /d/ | /t/ | /d/ |
| ⟨Dź dź⟩ | /d͡ʑ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | always as ⟨dz⟩ |
| ⟨F f⟩ | /f/ | /v/ | /fʲ/ |
| ⟨G g⟩ | /ɡ/ | /k/ | /ɡʲ/ |
| ⟨H h⟩ | /ɣ/ | /x/ | /xʲ/ |
| ⟨J j⟩ | /j/ | ||
| ⟨K k⟩ | /ɡ/ | /k/ | /kʲ/ |
| ⟨L l⟩ | /l/ | ||
| ⟨Ł ł⟩ | /w/ | ||
| ⟨M m⟩ | /m/ | /mʲ/ | |
| ⟨N n⟩ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | |
| ⟨Ń ń⟩ | /ɲ/ | Always as ⟨n⟩ | |
| ⟨P p⟩ | /b/ | /p/ | /pʲ/ |
| ⟨R r⟩ | /r/ | ||
| ⟨Rz rz⟩ | /ʐ/ | ||
| ⟨S s⟩ | /z/ | /s/ | /ɕ/ |
| ⟨Ś ś⟩ | /ʑ/ | /ɕ/ | Always as ⟨s⟩ |
| ⟨T t⟩ | /d/ | /t/ | |
| ⟨W w⟩ | /v/ | /f/ | /vʲ/ |
| ⟨Z z⟩ | /z/ | /s/ | /ʑ/ |
| ⟨Ź ź⟩ | /ʑ/ | /ɕ/ | Always as ⟨z⟩ |
-V- in this context are all vowels except ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩. In -iV- sequences, plosives are inserted with preceding /j/ before vowels, but velars not (Stamiece /stamʲjɛtsɛ/ "Cernelia").
