User:Masako/Kalo: Difference between revisions
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: <small>house 1sg-POSS PL</small> | : <small>house 1sg-POSS PL</small> | ||
: ''Our home'' | : ''Our home'' | ||
= number = | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
! Kalo | |||
! number | |||
! English | |||
! Kalo | |||
! number | |||
! English | |||
|- | |||
| '''nulu''' (SPA) [[Wiktionary:nulo#Spanish|nulo]] || 0 || zero || '''na''' (JPN) [[Wiktionary:なな|なな]] || 7 || seven | |||
|- | |||
| '''wa''' (ARA) [[Wiktionary:واحد|واحد]] || 1 || one || '''pa''' (ZHO) [[Wiktionary:八#Definitions|八]] || 8 || eight | |||
|- | |||
| '''li''' (SPA) [[Wiktionary:两|两]] || 2 || two || '''nun''' (SPA) [[Wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥]] || 9 || nine | |||
|- | |||
| '''san''' (ZHO) [[Wiktionary:三|三]] || 3 || three || '''ye''' (KOR) [[Wiktionary:열#Etymology_1|열]] || 10 || ten | |||
|- | |||
| '''si''' (ZHO) [[Wiktionary:四|四]] || 4 || four || '''aku''' / '''-ku''' (JPN) [[Wiktionary:ひゃく|ひゃく]] || 100 || (one) hundred | |||
|- | |||
| '''pen''' (ELL) [[Wiktionary:πέντε|πέντε]] || 5 || five || '''mila''' (ELL) [[Wiktionary:mil#Spanish|mil]] || 1000 || (one) thousand | |||
|- | |||
| '''we''' (ELL) [[Wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱs|swéḱs]] || 6 || six || '' '' || '' '' || '' '' | |||
|} | |||
When numbers one through ten occur independently, the number marker "'''ke'''" precedes the number. | |||
* '''ko yo le kasa ke li''' | |||
: <small>3s have PST house NUM two</small> | |||
: ''She had two houses.'' | |||
* '''wa wite apa ke si''' | |||
: <small>1s see man NUM four</small> | |||
: ''I see four men.'' | |||
== higher numbers == | |||
* '''yewa''' - 11; eleven | |||
* '''yeli''' - 12; twelve | |||
* '''liye''' - 20; twenty | |||
* '''liyesi''' - 24; twenty-four | |||
* '''kuyeli''' - 112; one-hundred-twelve | |||
* '''sankuweyepen''' ('''sanwepen''') - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five | |||
Revision as of 11:58, 6 October 2021
phonology
Kalo has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.
consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |
| Plosive | p | t | k |
| Fricative | s | ||
| Approximant | w | l | j (y) |
vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
diphthongs
There are two diphthongs [ai̯] ai, and [au̯] au. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.
syllable structure
All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.
syntax
- Classical Arabic is primarily VSO, but MSA (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be SVO, favoring full agreement over partial.
- Chinese is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb.
- Spanish unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable.
- English word order is almost exclusively SVO.
- Hindi is primarily an SOV language.
Based on the above information about the main source languages for Kalo, it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
- wa toma - 1S consume - I eat. (SV)
- wa amo ko - 1S love 3S - I love her. (SVO)
- o pan toma - DO food consume - The bread is eaten. (OV)
nouns
...
pronouns
possession
- Possession is shown with the suffix -yo - have; possess - (ZHO) 有
- Plurality is marked with the particle lo - a pile - (ZHO) 摞
- kasa lo koyo
- house PL 3sg-POSS
- His homes
- kasa wayo lo
- house 1sg-POSS PL
- Our home
number
| Kalo | number | English | Kalo | number | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nulu (SPA) nulo | 0 | zero | na (JPN) なな | 7 | seven |
| wa (ARA) واحد | 1 | one | pa (ZHO) 八 | 8 | eight |
| li (SPA) 两 | 2 | two | nun (SPA) h₁néwn̥ | 9 | nine |
| san (ZHO) 三 | 3 | three | ye (KOR) 열 | 10 | ten |
| si (ZHO) 四 | 4 | four | aku / -ku (JPN) ひゃく | 100 | (one) hundred |
| pen (ELL) πέντε | 5 | five | mila (ELL) mil | 1000 | (one) thousand |
| we (ELL) swéḱs | 6 | six |
When numbers one through ten occur independently, the number marker "ke" precedes the number.
- ko yo le kasa ke li
- 3s have PST house NUM two
- She had two houses.
- wa wite apa ke si
- 1s see man NUM four
- I see four men.
higher numbers
- yewa - 11; eleven
- yeli - 12; twelve
- liye - 20; twenty
- liyesi - 24; twenty-four
- kuyeli - 112; one-hundred-twelve
- sankuweyepen (sanwepen) - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five
