User:Masako/Kalo: Difference between revisions

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= phonology =
'''Kalo''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.
== consonants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dorsal
|-align=center
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|-align=center
! Plosive
| p
| t
| k
|-align=center
! Fricative
|
| s
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
| w
| l
| j ('''y''')
|}
== vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !!Front!!Back
|- align="center"
!Close
|i||u
|- align="center"
!Mid
|e||o
|- align="center"
!Open
| colspan="2" |a
|}
=== diphthongs ===
There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.
== syllable structure ==
All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.
= syntax =
: [[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial.
: [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb.
: [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable.
: [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO.
: [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.
Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Kalo''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
* '''wa toma''' - <small>1S consume</small> - ''I eat.'' (SV)
:
* '''wa amo ko''' - <small>1S love 3S</small> - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
:
* '''o pan toma''' - <small>DO food consume</small> - ''The bread is eaten.'' (OV)
= nouns =
= nouns =


Revision as of 06:22, 6 October 2021

phonology

Kalo has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.

consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal
Nasal m n
Plosive p t k
Fricative s
Approximant w l j (y)

vowels

Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

diphthongs

There are two diphthongs [ai̯] ai, and [au̯] au. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.

syllable structure

All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.

syntax

Classical Arabic is primarily VSO, but MSA (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be SVO, favoring full agreement over partial.
Chinese is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb.
Spanish unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable.
English word order is almost exclusively SVO.
Hindi is primarily an SOV language.

Based on the above information about the main source languages for Kalo, it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.

  • wa toma - 1S consume - I eat. (SV)
  • wa amo ko - 1S love 3S - I love her. (SVO)
  • o pan toma - DO food consume - The bread is eaten. (OV)

nouns

...

pronouns

  • wa - I; me [1sg] - (ZHO) 我
  • ni - you [2sg] - (ZHO) 你
  • ko - he; she [3sg] - (ZHO) 個

possession

  • Possession is shown with the suffix -yo - have; possess - (ZHO) 有
  • Plurality is marked with the particle lo - a pile - (ZHO) 摞
  • kasa lo koyo
house PL 3sg-POSS
His homes
  • kasa wayo lo
house 1sg-POSS PL
Our home
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