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| * If they end with '''-ja''', '''-je''': they drop them and add '''''-ji''''' | | * If they end with '''-ja''', '''-je''': they drop them and add '''''-ji''''' |
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| ====Case==== | | ====Gender==== |
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| The '''case''' indicates the role the word plays in the sentence, without prepositions. Lišěč has '''''29 cases''''', many more of any Indo-european language, but a large number of cases is normal for Uralic languages.
| | Slevian substantives can be '''''masculine''''', '''''feminine''''' or '''''neuter'''''. |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
| | * If the substantive ends with a '''consonant''', it is '''masculine''' |
| !bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Case||Latin||Cyrillic||Case function
| | * If it ends with '''-a''', it is '''feminine''' |
| |-
| | * If it ends with '''-o''', it is '''neuter''' |
| |''Nominative''||<center>'''-'''</center>||<center>'''-'''</center>||<center>Case of '''subject'''</center>
| | * If it ends with '''-e''', it can be '''feminine''' or '''neuter''': |
| |-
| | :* ''Normal consonant'' + ''-e'', it is '''neuter''' |
| |''Genitive''||<center>'''-al/el/ol'''</center>||<center>'''-ал/ел/ол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''possession'''</center>
| | :* ''Soft consonant'' + ''-e'', it is ''feminine'' |
| |-
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| |''Dative''||<center>'''-am/em/om'''</center>||<center>'''-ам/ем/ом'''</center>||<center>Case of '''indirect object'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Accusative''||<center>'''-an/en/on'''</center>||<center>'''-ан/ен/он'''</center>||<center>Case of '''direct object'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Partitive''||<center>'''-a/e/o'''</center>||<center>'''-а/е/о'''</center>||<center>Case of '''ripartition'''<br>It can be translated with the adjectives ''some'' ''any''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Essive''||<center>'''-as/es/os'''</center>||<center>'''-ас/ес/ос'''</center>||<center>Case of '''existence'''<br>It can be translated with the word ''as''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Causal''||<center>'''-fal/fel/fol'''</center>||<center>'''-фал/фел/фол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''causes'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''because of'' ''for''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Originative''||<center>'''-dala/dele/dolo'''</center>||<center>'''-дала/деле/доло'''</center>||<center>Case of '''origin'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''from'' ''of''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Instrumental''||<center>'''-kam/kem/kom'''</center>||<center>'''-кам/кем/ком'''</center>||<center>Case of '''instrument'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''with'' ''by''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Comitative''||<center>'''-sam/sem/som'''</center>||<center>'''-сам/сем/сом'''</center>||<center>Case of '''company'''<br>It can be translated with preposition (''together'') ''with''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Agentive''||<center>'''-õlna/õlne/õlno'''</center>||<center>'''-õлна/õлне/õлно'''</center>||<center>Case of '''agent'''<br>It can be translated with the adjectives ''some'' ''any''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Finalitative-<br>benefactive''||<center>'''-ossa/osse/osso'''</center>||<center>'''-осса/оссе/оссо'''</center>||<center>Case of '''finality''' and '''benefice'''<br>It can be translated with preposition ''for''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Abessive''||<center>'''-baś/beś/boś'''</center>||<center>'''-баз/без/боз'''</center>||<center>Case of '''absence'''<br>It can be translated with preposition ''without''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Temporal''||<center>'''-ňal/ňel/ňol'''</center>||<center>'''-њал/њел/њол'''</center>||<center>Case of '''time'''<br>It can be translated with prepositions ''at'' ''during''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Terminative''||<center>'''-õňa/õňe/õňo'''</center>||<center>'''-õња/õње/õњо'''</center>||<center>Case of '''end'''<br>It can be translated with preposition ''until''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Inessive''||<center>'''-ka/ke/ko'''</center>||<center>'''-ка/ке/ко'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Elative''||<center>'''-kaňa/keňe/koňo'''</center>||<center>'''-кања/кење/коњо'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Superessive''||<center>'''-kaţun/keţun/koţun'''</center>||<center>'''-каөун/кеөун/коөун'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Delative''||<center>'''-sõda/sõde/sõdo'''</center>||<center>'''-сõда/сõде/сõдо'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Sublative''||<center>'''-šanë/šenë/šonë'''</center>||<center>'''-шанë/шенë/шонë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Adessive''||<center>'''-đyna/đyne/đyno'''</center>||<center>'''-ћына/ћыне/ћыно'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Ablative''||<center>'''-daţë/deţë/doţë'''</center>||<center>'''-даөë/деөë/доөë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Allative''||<center>'''-adanë/edenë/odonë'''</center>||<center>'''-аданë/еденë/одонë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Interjective''||<center>'''-rağä/reğä/roğä'''</center>||<center>'''-рађä/ређä/рођä'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Transitive''||<center>'''-rakä/rekä/rokä'''</center>||<center>'''-ракä/рекä/рокä'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |''Translative''||<center>'''-arykë/erykë/orykë'''</center>||<center>'''-арыкë/ерыкë/орыкë'''</center>||<center>''See table below''</center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| The last 12 cases in table above are '''''Locative cases'''''. The locative system of Lišĕč language is highly developed, with indication for '''interior''' (''inside''), '''surface''' (''on, above'') and '''adjacency''' (''near''), and with the four locative complements: ''statement in'', ''movement to'', ''movement from'' and ''movement across''.
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| So, for example, the ''sublative case'' means a movement ''towards above'', or a ''movement over a surface''.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
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| !bgcolor="#E0E0FF"|Case System
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| |||<center>''interior''</center>||<center>''surface''</center>||<center>''adjacency''</center>
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| |''statement in''||<center>'''inessive'''</center>||<center>'''superessive'''</center>||<center>'''adessive'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''movement to''||<center>'''illative'''</center>||<center>'''sublative'''</center>||<center>'''allative'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''movement from''||<center>'''elative'''</center>||<center>'''delative'''</center>||<center>'''ablative'''</center>
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| |-
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| |''movement across''||<center>'''interjective'''</center>||<center>'''transitive'''</center>||<center>'''translative'''</center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Adjectives=== | | ===Adjectives=== |
Slevian is a costructed language, created to be related to the Slavic languages' family.
Differently from most Slavic languages, but similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, it losts all the original cases, and developed a definite and indefinite article (but set before its substantive). Differently from Bulgarian and Macedonian it has a semplified verbal system.
It is written with the Latin Alphabet, but can be adapted to the Cyrillic one.
Phonology
Vowels
Slevian has a reduced vocalic system, with only six vowels:
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Front
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Near-front
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Central
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Near-back
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Back
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Close
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Close-mid
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Mid
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Open-mid
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Near-open
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Open
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Consonants
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Bilabial
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Labio- dental
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Dental
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Alveolar
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Post- alveolar
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Palatal
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Velar
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Plosive
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p b
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t d
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k ɡ
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Nasal
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m
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ɱ
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n
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ɲ
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Vibrant
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r
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Fricative
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f v
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s z
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ʃ ʒ
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Affricate
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ʦ
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ʧ
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Approximant
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j
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ɰ
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Lateral approximant
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l
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Alphabet
IPA consonant
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Latin
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/p/ |
p
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/b/ |
b
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/t/ |
t
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/d/ |
d
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/k/ |
k
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/g/ |
g
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/m/ |
m
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/n/ |
n
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/ʦ/ |
c
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/ʧ/ |
č
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/ʒ/ |
ž
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/f/ |
f
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/v/ |
v
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/s/ |
s
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/z/ |
z
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/ʃ/ |
š
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/r/ |
r
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/j/ |
j
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/ɰ/ |
u
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/l/ |
l
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Š, ž, č, s, z, l, j are called soft consonants and they tend to modify the use of the morphological endings.
IPA vowel
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Latin
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/i/ |
i
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/ɨ/ |
y
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/u/ |
u
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/ɛ/ |
e
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/a/ |
a
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/ɔ/ |
o
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Morphology
Slevian has a semplified morphology, in contrast with other Slavic languages.
Substantives
Substantives have three genres (masculine, feminine and neuter) and two numbers (singular and 'plural)
Number
Substantives form their plural by modifying their endings oder by adding a new one:
- If they end with normal consonants, they add -y
- If they end with -š, -ž, -č, -s, -z, -l, -j (called soft consonants): they add -i
- If they end with -a, -e, -u: they drop these vowels and add -y
- If -a, -e, -u, are preceded by a soft consonant, they add -i instead of -y.
- If they end with -o: they drop it and add -a
- If they end with -ja, -je: they drop them and add -ji
Gender
Slevian substantives can be masculine, feminine or neuter.
- If the substantive ends with a consonant, it is masculine
- If it ends with -a, it is feminine
- If it ends with -o, it is neuter
- If it ends with -e, it can be feminine or neuter:
- Normal consonant + -e, it is neuter
- Soft consonant + -e, it is feminine
Adjectives
Adjectives act like substantives, they take the same endings of case and number. Adjectives in attributive function are placed always before their substantives. Only past participles (which are adjectives) can be placed after the substantive.
There is no article at all.
Adverbs
Adverbs derived from adjectives are built by adding to adjectives’ base form the adverbial ending: -õkša/õkše/õkšo,-õкша/õкше/õкшо
Locative adverbs
Lišĕč locative adverbs have a particular feature, which makes them different from the other languages‘ adverbs: they decline. They take the same locative endings of substantives, to indicate what kind of movement or statement they express, according to the locative system, explained in the table above. For example:
Sinaan/Синаан has the unspecified meaning of there, but its role can be specified by adding the locative endings:
With the elative ending, Sinaankaňa/Синаанкања, it specifies its meaning in from there inside
With the adessive ending, Sinaanđyna/Синаанћына, it specifies its meaning in there (statement) near.
And so the other locative adverbs decline.