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'''Š, ž, č, s, z, l, j''' are called ''soft consonants'' and they tend to modify the use of the morphological endings. | |||
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Revision as of 07:21, 26 September 2006
Slevian is a costructed language, created to be related to the Slavic languages' family.
Differently from most Slavic languages, but similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, it losts all the original cases, and developed a definite and indefinite article (but set before its substantive). Differently from Bulgarian and Macedonian it has a semplified verbal system.
It is written with the Latin Alphabet, but can be adapted to the Cyrillic one.
Phonology
Vowels
Slevian has a reduced vocalic system, with only six vowels:
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
Close |
| |||||
Close-mid | ||||||
Mid | ||||||
Open-mid | ||||||
Near-open | ||||||
Open |
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | |||||||
Nasal | |||||||
Vibrant | |||||||
Fricative | |||||||
Affricate | |||||||
Approximant | |||||||
Lateral approximant |
Alphabet
Š, ž, č, s, z, l, j are called soft consonants and they tend to modify the use of the morphological endings.
Morphology
Slevian has a semplified morphology, in contrast with other Slavic languages.
Substantives
Substantives have three genres (masculine, feminine and neuter) and two numbers (singular and 'plural)
Number
Substantives form their plural by modifying their endings oder by adding a new one:
- If they end with normal consonants, they add -y
- If they end with -š, -ž, -č, -s, -z, -l, -j (called soft consonants): they add -i
- If they end with -a, -e, -u: they drop these vowels and add -y
- If -a, -e, -u, are preceded by a soft consonant, they add -i instead of -y.
- If they end with -o: they drop it and add -a
- If they end with -ja, -je: they drop them and add -ji
Case
The case indicates the role the word plays in the sentence, without prepositions. Lišěč has 29 cases, many more of any Indo-european language, but a large number of cases is normal for Uralic languages.
Case | Latin | Cyrillic | Case function |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | |||
Genitive | |||
Dative | |||
Accusative | |||
Partitive | It can be translated with the adjectives some any | ||
Essive | It can be translated with the word as | ||
Causal | It can be translated with prepositions because of for | ||
Originative | It can be translated with prepositions from of | ||
Instrumental | It can be translated with prepositions with by | ||
Comitative | It can be translated with preposition (together) with | ||
Agentive | It can be translated with the adjectives some any | ||
Finalitative- benefactive |
It can be translated with preposition for | ||
Abessive | It can be translated with preposition without | ||
Temporal | It can be translated with prepositions at during | ||
Terminative | It can be translated with preposition until | ||
Inessive | |||
Elative | |||
Superessive | |||
Delative | |||
Sublative | |||
Adessive | |||
Ablative | |||
Allative | |||
Interjective | |||
Transitive | |||
Translative |
The last 12 cases in table above are Locative cases. The locative system of Lišĕč language is highly developed, with indication for interior (inside), surface (on, above) and adjacency (near), and with the four locative complements: statement in, movement to, movement from and movement across.
So, for example, the sublative case means a movement towards above, or a movement over a surface.
Case System | |||
---|---|---|---|
statement in | |||
movement to | |||
movement from | |||
movement across |
Adjectives
Adjectives act like substantives, they take the same endings of case and number. Adjectives in attributive function are placed always before their substantives. Only past participles (which are adjectives) can be placed after the substantive.
There is no article at all.
Adverbs
Adverbs derived from adjectives are built by adding to adjectives’ base form the adverbial ending: -õkša/õkše/õkšo,-õкша/õкше/õкшо
Locative adverbs
Lišĕč locative adverbs have a particular feature, which makes them different from the other languages‘ adverbs: they decline. They take the same locative endings of substantives, to indicate what kind of movement or statement they express, according to the locative system, explained in the table above. For example:
Sinaan/Синаан has the unspecified meaning of there, but its role can be specified by adding the locative endings:
With the elative ending, Sinaankaňa/Синаанкања, it specifies its meaning in from there inside
With the adessive ending, Sinaanđyna/Синаанћына, it specifies its meaning in there (statement) near.
And so the other locative adverbs decline.