Verbs in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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Line 36: Line 36:
| ''paruḫ-ti''
| ''paruḫ-ti''
| ''na-praḫ-ti''
| ''na-praḫ-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''paruḫ-tuwa''
| ''na-praḫ-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''paruḫ-tiya''
| ''na-praḫ-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 66: Line 58:
| ''paruḫ-tin''
| ''paruḫ-tin''
| ''na-praḫ-tin''
| ''na-praḫ-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''paruḫ-tuwan''
| ''na-praḫ-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''paruḫ-tiyan''
| ''na-praḫ-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 111: Line 95:
| ''namir-ti''
| ''namir-ti''
| ''na-nmar-ti''
| ''na-nmar-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''namir-tuwa''
| ''na-nmar-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''namir-tiya''
| ''na-nmar-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 141: Line 117:
| ''namir-tin''
| ''namir-tin''
| ''na-nmar-tin''
| ''na-nmar-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''namir-tuwan''
| ''na-nmar-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''namir-tiyan''
| ''na-nmar-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 186: Line 154:
| ''rabat-ti''
| ''rabat-ti''
| ''na-rbat-ti''
| ''na-rbat-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''rabat-tuwa''
| ''na-rbat-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''rabat-tiya''
| ''na-rbat-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 216: Line 176:
| ''rabat-tin''
| ''rabat-tin''
| ''na-rbat-tin''
| ''na-rbat-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''rabat-tuwan''
| ''na-rbat-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''rabat-tiyan''
| ''na-rbat-tiyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 257: Line 209:
| ''yabul-ti''
| ''yabul-ti''
| ''nī-bal-ti''
| ''nī-bal-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''yabul-tuwa''
| ''nī-bal-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''yabul-tiya''
| ''nī-bal-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 287: Line 231:
| ''yabul-tin''
| ''yabul-tin''
| ''nī-bal-tin''
| ''nī-bal-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''yabul-tuwan''
| ''nī-bal-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''yabul-tiyan''
| ''nī-bal-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 332: Line 268:
| ''waṣiḫ-ti''
| ''waṣiḫ-ti''
| ''nū-ṣaḫ-ti''
| ''nū-ṣaḫ-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''waṣiḫ-tuwa''
| ''nū-ṣaḫ-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''waṣiḫ-tiya''
| ''nū-ṣaḫ-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 362: Line 290:
| ''waṣiḫ-tin''
| ''waṣiḫ-tin''
| ''nū-ṣaḫ-tin''
| ''nū-ṣaḫ-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''waṣiḫ-tuwan''
| ''nū-ṣaḫ-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''waṣiḫ-tiyan''
| ''nū-ṣaḫ-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 407: Line 327:
| ''alat-ti''
| ''alat-ti''
| ''nā-lat-ti''
| ''nā-lat-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''alat-tuwa''
| ''nā-lat-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''alat-tiya''
| ''nā-lat-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 437: Line 349:
| ''alat-tin''
| ''alat-tin''
| ''nā-lat-tin''
| ''nā-lat-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''alat-tuwan''
| ''nā-lat-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''alat-tiyan''
| ''nā-lat-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 482: Line 386:
| ''epet-ti''
| ''epet-ti''
| ''nē-pet-ti''
| ''nē-pet-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''epet-tuwa''
| ''nē-pet-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''epet-tiya''
| ''nē-pet-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 512: Line 408:
| ''epet-tin''
| ''epet-tin''
| ''nē-pet-tin''
| ''nē-pet-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''epet-tuwan''
| ''nē-pet-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''epet-tiyan''
| ''nē-pet-tiyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 553: Line 441:
| ''dūl-ti''
| ''dūl-ti''
| ''na-dūl-ti''
| ''na-dūl-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''dūl-tuwa''
| ''na-dūl-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''dūl-tiya''
| ''na-dūl-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 583: Line 463:
| ''dūl-tin''
| ''dūl-tin''
| ''na-dūl-tin''
| ''na-dūl-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''dūl-tuwan''
| ''na-dūl-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''dūl-tiyan''
| ''na-dūl-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 628: Line 500:
| ''rīb-ti''
| ''rīb-ti''
| ''na-rīb-ti''
| ''na-rīb-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''rīb-tuwa''
| ''na-rīb-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''rīb-tiya''
| ''na-rīb-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 658: Line 522:
| ''rīb-tin''
| ''rīb-tin''
| ''na-rīb-tin''
| ''na-rīb-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''rīb-tuwan''
| ''na-rīb-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''rīb-tiyan''
| ''na-rīb-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 703: Line 559:
| ''ṣāb-ti''
| ''ṣāb-ti''
| ''na-ṣāb-ti''
| ''na-ṣāb-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''ṣāb-tuwa''
| ''na-ṣāb-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''ṣāb-tiya''
| ''na-ṣāb-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 733: Line 581:
| ''ṣāb-tin''
| ''ṣāb-tin''
| ''na-ṣāb-tin''
| ''na-ṣāb-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''ṣāb-tuwan''
| ''na-ṣāb-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''ṣāb-tiyan''
| ''na-ṣāb-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 778: Line 618:
| ''lēb-ti''
| ''lēb-ti''
| ''ne-lēb-ti''
| ''ne-lēb-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''lēb-tuwa''
| ''ne-lēb-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''lēb-tiya''
| ''ne-lēb-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 808: Line 640:
| ''lēb-tin''
| ''lēb-tin''
| ''ne-lēb-tin''
| ''ne-lēb-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''lēb-tuwan''
| ''ne-lēb-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''lēb-tiyan''
| ''ne-lēb-tiyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 849: Line 673:
| ''nadū-si''
| ''nadū-si''
| ''na-ndā-si''
| ''na-ndā-si''
|-
! 4fs
| ''nadū-suwa''
| ''na-ndā-suwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''nadū-siya''
| ''na-ndā-siya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 879: Line 695:
| ''nadū-sin''
| ''nadū-sin''
| ''na-ndā-sin''
| ''na-ndā-sin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''nadū-suwan''
| ''na-ndā-suwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''nadū-siyan''
| ''na-ndā-siyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 924: Line 732:
| ''malī-si''
| ''malī-si''
| ''na-mlā-si''
| ''na-mlā-si''
|-
! 4fs
| ''malī-suwa''
| ''na-mlā-suwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''malī-siya''
| ''na-mlā-siya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 954: Line 754:
| ''malī-sin''
| ''malī-sin''
| ''na-mlā-sin''
| ''na-mlā-sin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''malī-suwan''
| ''na-mlā-suwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''malī-siyan''
| ''na-mlā-siyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 999: Line 791:
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-si''
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-si''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-si''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-si''
|-
! 4fs
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-suwa''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-suwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-siya''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-siya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,029: Line 813:
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-sin''
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-sin''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-sin''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-sin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-suwan''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-suwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-siyan''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-siyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 1,074: Line 850:
| ''kemē-si''
| ''kemē-si''
| ''ne-kmē-si''
| ''ne-kmē-si''
|-
! 4fs
| ''kemē-suwa''
| ''ne-kmē-suwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''kemē-siya''
| ''ne-kmē-siya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,104: Line 872:
| ''kemē-sin''
| ''kemē-sin''
| ''ne-kmē-sin''
| ''ne-kmē-sin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''kemē-suwan''
| ''ne-kmē-suwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''kemē-siyan''
| ''ne-kmē-siyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 1,146: Line 906:
| ''tapruḫ-ti''
| ''tapruḫ-ti''
| ''na-tapraḫ-ti''
| ''na-tapraḫ-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''tapruḫ-tuwa''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''tapruḫ-tiya''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,176: Line 928:
| ''tapruḫ-tin''
| ''tapruḫ-tin''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tin''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''tapruḫ-tuwan''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''tapruḫ-tiyan''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 1,221: Line 965:
| ''tanmir-ti''
| ''tanmir-ti''
| ''na-tanmar-ti''
| ''na-tanmar-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''tanmir-tuwa''
| ''na-tanmar-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''tanmir-tiya''
| ''na-tanmar-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,251: Line 987:
| ''tanmir-tin''
| ''tanmir-tin''
| ''na-tanmar-tin''
| ''na-tanmar-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''tanmir-tuwan''
| ''na-tanmar-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''tanmir-tiyan''
| ''na-tanmar-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 1,296: Line 1,024:
| ''tarbat-ti''
| ''tarbat-ti''
| ''na-tarbat-ti''
| ''na-tarbat-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''tarbat-tuwa''
| ''na-tarbat-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''tarbat-tiya''
| ''na-tarbat-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,326: Line 1,046:
| ''tarbat-tin''
| ''tarbat-tin''
| ''na-tarbat-tin''
| ''na-tarbat-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''tarbat-tuwan''
| ''na-tarbat-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''tarbat-tiyan''
| ''na-tarbat-tiyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 1,343: Line 1,055:
|-
|-
! style="width: 3em;" |
! style="width: 3em;" |
! style="width: 8em;" | Realis
! style="width: 7em;" | Realis
! style="width: 8em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 7em;" | Irrealis
|-
|-
! 1cs
! 1cs
Line 1,365: Line 1,077:
| ''dammab-ti''
| ''dammab-ti''
| ''na-dammab-ti''
| ''na-dammab-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''dammab-tuwa''
| ''na-dammab-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''dammab-tiya''
| ''na-dammab-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,395: Line 1,099:
| ''dammab-tin''
| ''dammab-tin''
| ''na-dammab-tin''
| ''na-dammab-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''dammab-tuwan''
| ''na-dammab-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''dammab-tiyan''
| ''na-dammab-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 1,418: Line 1,114:
|-
|-
! style="width: 3em;" |
! style="width: 3em;" |
! style="width: 8em;" | Realis
! style="width: 7em;" | Realis
! style="width: 8em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 7em;" | Irrealis
|-
|-
! 1cs
! 1cs
Line 1,440: Line 1,136:
| ''sağğal-ti''
| ''sağğal-ti''
| ''na-sağğal-ti''
| ''na-sağğal-ti''
|-
! 4fs
| ''sağğal-tuwa''
| ''na-sağğal-tuwa''
|-
! 4ms
| ''sağğal-tiya''
| ''na-sağğal-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,470: Line 1,158:
| ''sağğal-tin''
| ''sağğal-tin''
| ''na-sağğal-tin''
| ''na-sağğal-tin''
|-
! 4fp
| ''sağğal-tuwan''
| ''na-sağğal-tuwan''
|-
! 4mp
| ''sağğal-tiyan''
| ''na-sağğal-tiyan''
|}
|}
|}
|}
Line 1,486: Line 1,166:


Below is an example, in the active voice:
Below is an example, in the active voice:
:'''Kū rēbam bēdam paltu.'''
:'''Kū rēbam bēdam pāltu.'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Align="center" | ''Kū'' || Align="center" | ''rēb-am'' || Align="center" | ''bēd-am'' || Align="center" | ''pal-tu''  
| Align="center" | ''Kū'' || Align="center" | ''rēb-am'' || Align="center" | ''bēd-am'' || Align="center" | ''pāl-tu''  
|-
|-
| 3fs.NOM || Align="center" | man-OBL.MASC.SG || Align="center" | book-OBL.FEM.SG || Align="center" | give\ACT-3fs
| 3fs.NOM || Align="center" | man-OBL.MASC.SG || Align="center" | book-OBL.FEM.SG || Align="center" | give\ACT-3fs
Line 1,496: Line 1,176:


In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:
In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:
:'''Rēbim bēdam pilti.'''
:'''Rēbim bēdam pīlti.'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Align="center" | ''Rēb-im'' || Align="center" | ''bēd-am'' || Align="center" | ''pil-ti''
| Align="center" | ''Rēb-im'' || Align="center" | ''bēd-am'' || Align="center" | ''pīl-ti''
|-
|-
| man-NOM.MASC.SG || Align="center" | book-OBL.FEM.SG || Align="center" | give\PASS-3ms
| man-NOM.MASC.SG || Align="center" | book-OBL.FEM.SG || Align="center" | give\PASS-3ms

Revision as of 21:00, 19 May 2021

Vrkhazhian verbs are called narīban (singular narība). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root, though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active and passive). There are only two tenses (future and non-future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. Additionally, there are also two moods (indicative and subjunctive) although the indicative is unmarked. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix -am.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called ṣaras because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.

(Triliteral Verbs)

Strong Verbs

u-class
p-r-ḫ (speak, say)
Realis Irrealis
1cs paruḫ-na na-praḫ-na
2fs paruḫ-mu na-praḫ-mu
2ms paruḫ-mi na-praḫ-mi
3fs paruḫ-tu na-praḫ-tu
3ms paruḫ-ti na-praḫ-ti
1cp paruḫ-ta na-praḫ-ta
2fp paruḫ-mun na-praḫ-mun
2mp paruḫ-min na-praḫ-min
3fp paruḫ-tun na-praḫ-tun
3mp paruḫ-tin na-praḫ-tin
i-class
n-m-r (be bad, be immoral)
Realis Irrealis
1cs namir-na na-nmar-na
2fs namir-mu na-nmar-mu
2ms namir-mi na-nmar-mi
3fs namir-tu na-nmar-tu
3ms namir-ti na-nmar-ti
1cp namir-ta na-nmar-ta
2fp namir-mun na-nmar-mun
2mp namir-min na-nmar-min
3fp namir-tun na-nmar-tun
3mp namir-tin na-nmar-tin
a-class
r-b-d (guard, protect)
Realis Irrealis
1cs rabad-na na-rbad-na
2fs rabad-mu na-rbad-mu
2ms rabad-mi na-rbad-mi
3fs rabat-tu na-rbat-tu
3ms rabat-ti na-rbat-ti
1cp rabat-ta na-rbat-ta
2fp rabad-mun na-rbad-mun
2mp rabad-min na-rbad-min
3fp rabat-tun na-rbat-tun
3mp rabat-tin na-rbat-tin

Initial-Weak Verbs

The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???

I-y, u-class
y-b-l (smell)
Realis Irrealis
1cs yabul-na nī-bal-na
2fs yabul-mu nī-bal-mu
2ms yabul-mi nī-bal-mi
3fs yabul-tu nī-bal-tu
3ms yabul-ti nī-bal-ti
1cp yabul-ta nī-bal-ta
2fp yabul-mun nī-bal-mun
2mp yabul-min nī-bal-min
3fp yabul-tun nī-bal-tun
3mp yabul-tin nī-bal-tin
I-w, i-class
w-ṣ-ḫ (be faithful, be loyal)
Realis Irrealis
1cs waṣiḫ-na nū-ṣaḫ-na
2fs waṣiḫ-mu nū-ṣaḫ-mu
2ms waṣiḫ-mi nū-ṣaḫ-mi
3fs waṣiḫ-tu nū-ṣaḫ-tu
3ms waṣiḫ-ti nū-ṣaḫ-ti
1cp waṣiḫ-ta nū-ṣaḫ-ta
2fp waṣiḫ-mun nū-ṣaḫ-mun
2mp waṣiḫ-min nū-ṣaḫ-min
3fp waṣiḫ-tun nū-ṣaḫ-tun
3mp waṣiḫ-tin nū-ṣaḫ-tin
I-ʾ, a-class
ʾ-l-d (fight, battle, oppose)
Realis Irrealis
1cs alad-na nā-lad-na
2fs alad-mu nā-lad-mu
2ms alad-mi nā-lad-mi
3fs alat-tu nā-lat-tu
3ms alat-ti nā-lat-ti
1cp alat-ta nā-lat-ta
2fp alad-mun nā-lad-mun
2mp alad-min nā-lad-min
3fp alat-tun nā-lat-tun
3mp alat-tin nā-lat-tin
I-ʾ, e-class
ʾ-p-d (be young, be new)
Realis Irrealis
1cs eped-na nē-ped-na
2fs eped-mu nē-ped-mu
2ms eped-mi nē-ped-mi
3fs epet-tu nē-pet-tu
3ms epet-ti nē-pet-ti
1cp epet-ta nē-pet-ta
2fp eped-mun nē-ped-mun
2mp eped-min nē-ped-min
3fp epet-tun nē-pet-tun
3mp epet-tin nē-pet-tin

Middle-Weak Verbs

The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???.

II-w
d-w-l (dig, reveal)
Realis Irrealis
1cs dūl-na na-dūl-na
2fs dūl-mu na-dūl-mu
2ms dūl-mi na-dūl-mi
3fs dūl-tu na-dūl-tu
3ms dūl-ti na-dūl-ti
1cp dūl-ta na-dūl-ta
2fp dūl-mun na-dūl-mun
2mp dūl-min na-dūl-min
3fp dūl-tun na-dūl-tun
3mp dūl-tin na-dūl-tin
II-y
r-y-b (plant [seeds, crops])
Realis Irrealis
1cs rīb-na na-rīb-na
2fs rīb-mu na-rīb-mu
2ms rīb-mi na-rīb-mi
3fs rīb-tu na-rīb-tu
3ms rīb-ti na-rīb-ti
1cp rīb-ta na-rīb-ta
2fp rīb-mun na-rīb-mun
2mp rīb-min na-rīb-min
3fp rīb-tun na-rīb-tun
3mp rīb-tin na-rīb-tin
II-ʾ, a-class
ṣ-ʾ-b (kill, slay)
Realis Irrealis
1cs ṣāb-na na-ṣāb-na
2fs ṣāb-mu na-ṣāb-mu
2ms ṣāb-mi na-ṣāb-mi
3fs ṣāb-tu na-ṣāb-tu
3ms ṣāb-ti na-ṣāb-ti
1cp ṣāb-ta na-ṣāb-ta
2fp ṣāb-mun na-ṣāb-mun
2mp ṣāb-min na-ṣāb-min
3fp ṣāb-tun na-ṣāb-tun
3mp ṣāb-tin na-ṣāb-tin
II-ʾ, e-class
l-ʾ-b (yield, give up)
Realis Irrealis
1cs lēb-na ne-lēb-na
2fs lēb-mu ne-lēb-mu
2ms lēb-mi ne-lēb-mi
3fs lēb-tu ne-lēb-tu
3ms lēb-ti ne-lēb-ti
1cp lēb-ta ne-lēb-ta
2fp lēb-mun ne-lēb-mun
2mp lēb-min ne-lēb-min
3fp lēb-tun ne-lēb-tun
3mp lēb-tin ne-lēb-tin

Final-Weak Verbs

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes elided while lengthening the preceding vowel.

III-w
n-d-w (to begin)
Realis Irrealis
1cs nadū-na na-ndā-na
2fs nadū-mu na-ndā-mu
2ms nadū-mi na-ndā-mi
3fs nadū-su na-ndā-su
3ms nadū-si na-ndā-si
1cp nadū-ta na-ndā-ta
2fp nadū-mun na-ndā-mun
2mp nadū-min na-ndā-min
3fp nadū-sun na-ndā-sun
3mp nadū-sin na-ndā-sin
III-y
m-l-y (give)
Realis Irrealis
1cs malī-na na-mlā-na
2fs malī-mu na-mlā-mu
2ms malī-mi na-mlā-mi
3fs malī-su na-mlā-su
3ms malī-si na-mlā-si
1cp malī-ta na-mlā-ta
2fp malī-mun na-mlā-mun
2mp malī-min na-mlā-min
3fp malī-sun na-mlā-sun
3mp malī-sin na-mlā-sin
III-ʾ, a-class
ḫ-ṣ́-ʾ (be correct, be true)
Realis Irrealis
1cs ḫaṣ́ā-na na-ḫṣ́ā-na
2fs ḫaṣ́ā-mu na-ḫṣ́ā-mu
2ms ḫaṣ́ā-mi na-ḫṣ́ā-mi
3fs ḫaṣ́ā-su na-ḫṣ́ā-su
3ms ḫaṣ́ā-si na-ḫṣ́ā-si
1cp ḫaṣ́ā-ta na-ḫṣ́ā-ta
2fp ḫaṣ́ā-mun na-ḫṣ́ā-mun
2mp ḫaṣ́ā-min na-ḫṣ́ā-min
3fp ḫaṣ́ā-sun na-ḫṣ́ā-sun
3mp ḫaṣ́ā-sin na-ḫṣ́ā-sin
III-ʾ, e-class
k-m-ʾ (get up, stand up, rise, ascend)
Realis Irrealis
1cs kemē-na ne-kmē-na
2fs kemē-mu ne-kmē-mu
2ms kemē-mi ne-kmē-mi
3fs kemē-su ne-kmē-su
3ms kemē-si ne-kmē-si
1cp kemē-ta ne-kmē-ta
2fp kemē-mun ne-kmē-mun
2mp kemē-min ne-kmē-min
3fp kemē-sun ne-kmē-sun
3mp kemē-sin ne-kmē-sin

Extensions To the Verb

Causative

Causative
u-class
t-p-r-ḫ (coerce)
Realis Irrealis
1cs tapruḫ-na na-tapraḫ-na
2fs tapruḫ-mu na-tapraḫ-mu
2ms tapruḫ-mi na-tapraḫ-mi
3fs tapruḫ-tu na-tapraḫ-tu
3ms tapruḫ-ti na-tapraḫ-ti
1cp tapruḫ-ta na-tapraḫ-ta
2fp tapruḫ-mun na-tapraḫ-mun
2mp tapruḫ-min na-tapraḫ-min
3fp tapruḫ-tun na-tapraḫ-tun
3mp tapruḫ-tin na-tapraḫ-tin
i-class
t-n-m-r (spoil, corrupt)
Realis Irrealis
1cs tanmir-na na-tanmar-na
2fs tanmir-mu na-tanmar-mu
2ms tanmir-mi na-tanmar-mi
3fs tanmir-tu na-tanmar-tu
3ms tanmir-ti na-tanmar-ti
1cp tanmir-ta na-tanmar-ta
2fp tanmir-mun na-tanmar-mun
2mp tanmir-min na-tanmar-min
3fp tanmir-tun na-nmar-tun
3mp tanmir-tin na-tanmar-tin
a-class
t-r-b-d (station, employ)
Realis Irrealis
1cs tarbad-na na-tarbad-na
2fs tarbad-mu na-tarbad-mu
2ms tarbad-mi na-tarbad-mi
3fs tarbat-tu na-tarbat-tu
3ms tarbat-ti na-tarbat-ti
1cp tarbat-ta na-tarbat-ta
2fp tarbad-mun na-tarbad-mun
2mp tarbad-min na-tarbad-min
3fp tarbat-tun na-tarbat-tun
3mp tarbat-tin na-tarbat-tin
Factitive
d-m-m-b (enslave) < dambum (slave)
Realis Irrealis
1cs dammab-na na-dammab-na
2fs dammab-mu na-dammab-mu
2ms dammab-mi na-dammab-mi
3fs dammab-tu na-dammab-tu
3ms dammab-ti na-dammab-ti
1cp dammab-ta na-dammab-ta
2fp dammab-mun na-dammab-mun
2mp dammab-min na-dammab-min
3fp dammab-tun na-dammab-tun
3mp dammab-tin na-dammab-tin
s-ğ-ğ-l (age) < s-ğ-l (be old)
Realis Irrealis
1cs sağğal-na na-sağğal-na
2fs sağğal-mu na-sağğal-mu
2ms sağğal-mi na-sağğal-mi
3fs sağğal-tu na-sağğal-tu
3ms sağğal-ti na-sağğal-ti
1cp sağğal-ta na-sağğal-ta
2fp sağğal-mun na-sağğal-mun
2mp sağğal-min na-sağğal-min
3fp sağğal-tun na-sağğal-tun
3mp sağğal-tin na-sağğal-tin

The Applicative

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Kū rēbam bēdam pāltu.
Kū rēb-am bēd-am pāl-tu
3fs.NOM man-OBL.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG give\ACT-3fs
"She gives a man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

Rēbim bēdam pīlti.
Rēb-im bēd-am pīl-ti
man-NOM.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG give\PASS-3ms
"A man is given a book."

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