Verbs in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''paruḫ-tūwa''
| ''paruḫ-tuwa''
| ''na-praḫ-tūwa''
| ''na-praḫ-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''paruḫ-tīya''
| ''paruḫ-tiya''
| ''na-praḫ-tīya''
| ''na-praḫ-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 68: Line 68:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''paruḫ-tūwan''
| ''paruḫ-tuwan''
| ''na-praḫ-tūwan''
| ''na-praḫ-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''paruḫ-tīyan''
| ''paruḫ-tiyan''
| ''na-praḫ-tīyan''
| ''na-praḫ-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 113: Line 113:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''namir-tūwa''
| ''namir-tuwa''
| ''na-nmar-tūwa''
| ''na-nmar-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''namir-tīya''
| ''namir-tiya''
| ''na-nmar-tīya''
| ''na-nmar-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 143: Line 143:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''namir-tūwan''
| ''namir-tuwan''
| ''na-nmar-tūwan''
| ''na-nmar-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''namir-tīyan''
| ''namir-tiyan''
| ''na-nmar-tīyan''
| ''na-nmar-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 188: Line 188:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''rabat-tūwa''
| ''rabat-tuwa''
| ''na-rbat-tūwa''
| ''na-rbat-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''rabat-tīya''
| ''rabat-tiya''
| ''na-rbat-tīya''
| ''na-rbat-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 218: Line 218:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''rabat-tūwan''
| ''rabat-tuwan''
| ''na-rbat-tūwan''
| ''na-rbat-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''rabat-tīyan''
| ''rabat-tiyan''
| ''na-rbat-tīyan''
| ''na-rbat-tiyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 259: Line 259:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''yabul-tūwa''
| ''yabul-tuwa''
| ''nē-bel-tūwa''
| ''nē-bel-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''yabul-tīya''
| ''yabul-tiya''
| ''nē-bel-tīya''
| ''nē-bel-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 289: Line 289:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''yabul-tūwan''
| ''yabul-tuwan''
| ''nē-bel-tūwan''
| ''nē-bel-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''yabul-tīyan''
| ''yabul-tiyan''
| ''nē-bel-tīyan''
| ''nē-bel-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 334: Line 334:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''waṣiḫ-tūwa''
| ''waṣiḫ-tuwa''
| ''nā-ṣaḫ-tūwa''
| ''nā-ṣaḫ-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''waṣiḫ-tīya''
| ''waṣiḫ-tiya''
| ''nā-ṣaḫ-tīya''
| ''nā-ṣaḫ-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 364: Line 364:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''waṣiḫ-tūwan''
| ''waṣiḫ-tuwan''
| ''nā-ṣaḫ-tūwan''
| ''nā-ṣaḫ-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''waṣiḫ-tīyan''
| ''waṣiḫ-tiyan''
| ''nā-ṣaḫ-tīyan''
| ''nā-ṣaḫ-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 409: Line 409:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''alat-tūwa''
| ''alat-tuwa''
| ''nā-lat-tūwa''
| ''nā-lat-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''alat-tīya''
| ''alat-tiya''
| ''nā-lat-tīya''
| ''nā-lat-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 439: Line 439:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''alat-tūwan''
| ''alat-tuwan''
| ''nā-lat-tūwan''
| ''nā-lat-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''alat-tīyan''
| ''alat-tiyan''
| ''nā-lat-tīyan''
| ''nā-lat-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 484: Line 484:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''epet-tūwa''
| ''epet-tuwa''
| ''nē-pet-tūwa''
| ''nē-pet-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''epet-tīya''
| ''epet-tiya''
| ''nē-pet-tīya''
| ''nē-pet-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 514: Line 514:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''epet-tūwan''
| ''epet-tuwan''
| ''nē-pet-tūwan''
| ''nē-pet-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''epet-tīyan''
| ''epet-tiyan''
| ''nē-pet-tīyan''
| ''nē-pet-tiyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 555: Line 555:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''dūl-tūwa''
| ''dūl-tuwa''
| ''na-dūl-tūwa''
| ''na-dūl-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''dūl-tīya''
| ''dūl-tiya''
| ''na-dūl-tīya''
| ''na-dūl-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 585: Line 585:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''dūl-tūwan''
| ''dūl-tuwan''
| ''na-dūl-tūwan''
| ''na-dūl-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''dūl-tīyan''
| ''dūl-tiyan''
| ''na-dūl-tīyan''
| ''na-dūl-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 630: Line 630:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''rīb-tūwa''
| ''rīb-tuwa''
| ''na-rīb-tūwa''
| ''na-rīb-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''rīb-tīya''
| ''rīb-tiya''
| ''na-rīb-tīya''
| ''na-rīb-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 660: Line 660:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''rīb-tūwan''
| ''rīb-tuwan''
| ''na-rīb-tūwan''
| ''na-rīb-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''rīb-tīyan''
| ''rīb-tiyan''
| ''na-rīb-tīyan''
| ''na-rīb-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 705: Line 705:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''ṣāb-tūwa''
| ''ṣāb-tuwa''
| ''na-ṣāb-tūwa''
| ''na-ṣāb-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''ṣāb-tīya''
| ''ṣāb-tiya''
| ''na-ṣāb-tīya''
| ''na-ṣāb-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 735: Line 735:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''ṣāb-tūwan''
| ''ṣāb-tuwan''
| ''na-ṣāb-tūwan''
| ''na-ṣāb-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''ṣāb-tīyan''
| ''ṣāb-tiyan''
| ''na-ṣāb-tīyan''
| ''na-ṣāb-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 780: Line 780:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''lēb-tūwa''
| ''lēb-tuwa''
| ''ne-lēb-tūwa''
| ''ne-lēb-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''lēb-tīya''
| ''lēb-tiya''
| ''ne-lēb-tīya''
| ''ne-lēb-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
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|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''lēb-tūwan''
| ''lēb-tuwan''
| ''ne-lēb-tūwan''
| ''ne-lēb-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''lēb-tīyan''
| ''lēb-tiyan''
| ''ne-lēb-tīyan''
| ''ne-lēb-tiyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 851: Line 851:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''nadū-sūwa''
| ''nadū-suwa''
| ''na-ndā-sūwa''
| ''na-ndā-suwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''nadū-sīya''
| ''nadū-siya''
| ''na-ndā-sīya''
| ''na-ndā-siya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
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|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''nadū-sūwan''
| ''nadū-suwan''
| ''na-ndā-sūwan''
| ''na-ndā-suwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''nadū-sīyan''
| ''nadū-siyan''
| ''na-ndā-sīyan''
| ''na-ndā-siyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 926: Line 926:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''malī-sūwa''
| ''malī-suwa''
| ''na-mlā-sūwa''
| ''na-mlā-suwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''malī-sīya''
| ''malī-siya''
| ''na-mlā-sīya''
| ''na-mlā-siya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
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|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''malī-sūwan''
| ''malī-suwan''
| ''na-mlā-sūwan''
| ''na-mlā-suwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''malī-sīyan''
| ''malī-siyan''
| ''na-mlā-sīyan''
| ''na-mlā-siyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 1,001: Line 1,001:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-sūwa''
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-suwa''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-sūwa''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-suwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-sīya''
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-siya''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-sīya''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-siya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,031: Line 1,031:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-sūwan''
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-suwan''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-sūwan''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-suwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-sīyan''
| ''ḫaṣ́ā-siyan''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-sīyan''
| ''na-ḫṣ́ā-siyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 1,076: Line 1,076:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''kemē-sūwa''
| ''kemē-suwa''
| ''ne-kmē-sūwa''
| ''ne-kmē-suwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''kemē-sīya''
| ''kemē-siya''
| ''ne-kmē-sīya''
| ''ne-kmē-siya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,106: Line 1,106:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''kemē-sūwan''
| ''kemē-suwan''
| ''ne-kmē-sūwan''
| ''ne-kmē-suwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''kemē-sīyan''
| ''kemē-siyan''
| ''ne-kmē-sīyan''
| ''ne-kmē-siyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 1,148: Line 1,148:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''tapruḫ-tūwa''
| ''tapruḫ-tuwa''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tūwa''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''tapruḫ-tīya''
| ''tapruḫ-tiya''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tīya''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,178: Line 1,178:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''tapruḫ-tūwan''
| ''tapruḫ-tuwan''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tūwan''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''tapruḫ-tīyan''
| ''tapruḫ-tiyan''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tīyan''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 1,223: Line 1,223:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''tanmir-tūwa''
| ''tanmir-tuwa''
| ''na-tanmar-tūwa''
| ''na-tanmar-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''tanmir-tīya''
| ''tanmir-tiya''
| ''na-tanmar-tīya''
| ''na-tanmar-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,253: Line 1,253:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''tanmir-tūwan''
| ''tanmir-tuwan''
| ''na-tanmar-tūwan''
| ''na-tanmar-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''tanmir-tīyan''
| ''tanmir-tiyan''
| ''na-tanmar-tīyan''
| ''na-tanmar-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 1,298: Line 1,298:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''tarbat-tūwa''
| ''tarbat-tuwa''
| ''na-tarbat-tūwa''
| ''na-tarbat-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''tarbat-tīya''
| ''tarbat-tiya''
| ''na-tarbat-tīya''
| ''na-tarbat-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,328: Line 1,328:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''tarbat-tūwan''
| ''tarbat-tuwan''
| ''na-tarbat-tūwan''
| ''na-tarbat-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''tarbat-tīyan''
| ''tarbat-tiyan''
| ''na-tarbat-tīyan''
| ''na-tarbat-tiyan''
|}
|}
  |}
  |}
Line 1,367: Line 1,367:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''dammab-tūwa''
| ''dammab-tuwa''
| ''na-dammab-tūwa''
| ''na-dammab-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''dammab-tīya''
| ''dammab-tiya''
| ''na-dammab-tīya''
| ''na-dammab-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,397: Line 1,397:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''dammab-tūwan''
| ''dammab-tuwan''
| ''na-dammab-tūwan''
| ''na-dammab-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''dammab-tīyan''
| ''dammab-tiyan''
| ''na-dammab-tīyan''
| ''na-dammab-tiyan''
|}
|}
|
|
Line 1,442: Line 1,442:
|-
|-
! 4fs
! 4fs
| ''sağğal-tūwa''
| ''sağğal-tuwa''
| ''na-sağğal-tūwa''
| ''na-sağğal-tuwa''
|-
|-
! 4ms
! 4ms
| ''sağğal-tīya''
| ''sağğal-tiya''
| ''na-sağğal-tīya''
| ''na-sağğal-tiya''
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
Line 1,472: Line 1,472:
|-
|-
! 4fp
! 4fp
| ''sağğal-tūwan''
| ''sağğal-tuwan''
| ''na-sağğal-tūwan''
| ''na-sağğal-tuwan''
|-
|-
! 4mp
! 4mp
| ''sağğal-tīyan''
| ''sağğal-tiyan''
| ''na-sağğal-tīyan''
| ''na-sağğal-tiyan''
|}
|}
|}
|}

Revision as of 16:39, 7 April 2021

Vrkhazhian verbs are called narīban (singular narība). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root, though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active and passive). There are only two tenses (future and non-future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. Additionally, there are also two moods (indicative and subjunctive) although the indicative is unmarked. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix -am.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called ṣaras because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.

(Triliteral Verbs)

Strong Verbs

u-class
p-r-ḫ (speak, say)
Realis Irrealis
1cs paruḫ-na na-praḫ-na
2fs paruḫ-mu na-praḫ-mu
2ms paruḫ-mi na-praḫ-mi
3fs paruḫ-tu na-praḫ-tu
3ms paruḫ-ti na-praḫ-ti
4fs paruḫ-tuwa na-praḫ-tuwa
4ms paruḫ-tiya na-praḫ-tiya
1cp paruḫ-ta na-praḫ-ta
2fp paruḫ-mun na-praḫ-mun
2mp paruḫ-min na-praḫ-min
3fp paruḫ-tun na-praḫ-tun
3mp paruḫ-tin na-praḫ-tin
4fp paruḫ-tuwan na-praḫ-tuwan
4mp paruḫ-tiyan na-praḫ-tiyan
i-class
n-m-r (be bad, be immoral)
Realis Irrealis
1cs namir-na na-nmar-na
2fs namir-mu na-nmar-mu
2ms namir-mi na-nmar-mi
3fs namir-tu na-nmar-tu
3ms namir-ti na-nmar-ti
4fs namir-tuwa na-nmar-tuwa
4ms namir-tiya na-nmar-tiya
1cp namir-ta na-nmar-ta
2fp namir-mun na-nmar-mun
2mp namir-min na-nmar-min
3fp namir-tun na-nmar-tun
3mp namir-tin na-nmar-tin
4fp namir-tuwan na-nmar-tuwan
4mp namir-tiyan na-nmar-tiyan
a-class
r-b-d (guard, protect)
Realis Irrealis
1cs rabad-na na-rbad-na
2fs rabad-mu na-rbad-mu
2ms rabad-mi na-rbad-mi
3fs rabat-tu na-rbat-tu
3ms rabat-ti na-rbat-ti
4fs rabat-tuwa na-rbat-tuwa
4ms rabat-tiya na-rbat-tiya
1cp rabat-ta na-rbat-ta
2fp rabad-mun na-rbad-mun
2mp rabad-min na-rbad-min
3fp rabat-tun na-rbat-tun
3mp rabat-tin na-rbat-tin
4fp rabat-tuwan na-rbat-tuwan
4mp rabat-tiyan na-rbat-tiyan

Initial-Weak Verbs

The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???

I-y, u-class
y-b-l (smell)
Realis Irrealis
1cs yabul-na nē-bel-na
2fs yabul-mu nē-bel-mu
2ms yabul-mi nē-bel-mi
3fs yabul-tu nē-bel-tu
3ms yabul-ti nē-bel-ti
4fs yabul-tuwa nē-bel-tuwa
4ms yabul-tiya nē-bel-tiya
1cp yabul-ta nē-bel-ta
2fp yabul-mun nē-bel-mun
2mp yabul-min nē-bel-min
3fp yabul-tun nē-bel-tun
3mp yabul-tin nē-bel-tin
4fp yabul-tuwan nē-bel-tuwan
4mp yabul-tiyan nē-bel-tiyan
I-w, i-class
w-ṣ-ḫ (be faithful, be loyal)
Realis Irrealis
1cs waṣiḫ-na nā-ṣaḫ-na
2fs waṣiḫ-mu nā-ṣaḫ-mu
2ms waṣiḫ-mi nā-ṣaḫ-mi
3fs waṣiḫ-tu nā-ṣaḫ-tu
3ms waṣiḫ-ti nā-ṣaḫ-ti
4fs waṣiḫ-tuwa nā-ṣaḫ-tuwa
4ms waṣiḫ-tiya nā-ṣaḫ-tiya
1cp waṣiḫ-ta nā-ṣaḫ-ta
2fp waṣiḫ-mun nā-ṣaḫ-mun
2mp waṣiḫ-min nā-ṣaḫ-min
3fp waṣiḫ-tun nā-ṣaḫ-tun
3mp waṣiḫ-tin nā-ṣaḫ-tin
4fp waṣiḫ-tuwan nā-ṣaḫ-tuwan
4mp waṣiḫ-tiyan nā-ṣaḫ-tiyan
I-ʾ, a-class
ʾ-l-d (fight, battle, oppose)
Realis Irrealis
1cs alad-na nā-lad-na
2fs alad-mu nā-lad-mu
2ms alad-mi nā-lad-mi
3fs alat-tu nā-lat-tu
3ms alat-ti nā-lat-ti
4fs alat-tuwa nā-lat-tuwa
4ms alat-tiya nā-lat-tiya
1cp alat-ta nā-lat-ta
2fp alad-mun nā-lad-mun
2mp alad-min nā-lad-min
3fp alat-tun nā-lat-tun
3mp alat-tin nā-lat-tin
4fp alat-tuwan nā-lat-tuwan
4mp alat-tiyan nā-lat-tiyan
I-ʾ, e-class
ʾ-p-d (be young, be new)
Realis Irrealis
1cs eped-na nē-ped-na
2fs eped-mu nē-ped-mu
2ms eped-mi nē-ped-mi
3fs epet-tu nē-pet-tu
3ms epet-ti nē-pet-ti
4fs epet-tuwa nē-pet-tuwa
4ms epet-tiya nē-pet-tiya
1cp epet-ta nē-pet-ta
2fp eped-mun nē-ped-mun
2mp eped-min nē-ped-min
3fp epet-tun nē-pet-tun
3mp epet-tin nē-pet-tin
4fp epet-tuwan nē-pet-tuwan
4mp epet-tiyan nē-pet-tiyan

Middle-Weak Verbs

The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???.

II-w
d-w-l (dig, reveal)
Realis Irrealis
1cs dūl-na na-dūl-na
2fs dūl-mu na-dūl-mu
2ms dūl-mi na-dūl-mi
3fs dūl-tu na-dūl-tu
3ms dūl-ti na-dūl-ti
4fs dūl-tuwa na-dūl-tuwa
4ms dūl-tiya na-dūl-tiya
1cp dūl-ta na-dūl-ta
2fp dūl-mun na-dūl-mun
2mp dūl-min na-dūl-min
3fp dūl-tun na-dūl-tun
3mp dūl-tin na-dūl-tin
4fp dūl-tuwan na-dūl-tuwan
4mp dūl-tiyan na-dūl-tiyan
II-y
r-y-b (???)
Realis Irrealis
1cs rīb-na na-rīb-na
2fs rīb-mu na-rīb-mu
2ms rīb-mi na-rīb-mi
3fs rīb-tu na-rīb-tu
3ms rīb-ti na-rīb-ti
4fs rīb-tuwa na-rīb-tuwa
4ms rīb-tiya na-rīb-tiya
1cp rīb-ta na-rīb-ta
2fp rīb-mun na-rīb-mun
2mp rīb-min na-rīb-min
3fp rīb-tun na-rīb-tun
3mp rīb-tin na-rīb-tin
4fp rīb-tuwan na-rīb-tuwan
4mp rīb-tiyan na-rīb-tiyan
II-ʾ, a-class
ṣ-ʾ-b (kill, slay)
Realis Irrealis
1cs ṣāb-na na-ṣāb-na
2fs ṣāb-mu na-ṣāb-mu
2ms ṣāb-mi na-ṣāb-mi
3fs ṣāb-tu na-ṣāb-tu
3ms ṣāb-ti na-ṣāb-ti
4fs ṣāb-tuwa na-ṣāb-tuwa
4ms ṣāb-tiya na-ṣāb-tiya
1cp ṣāb-ta na-ṣāb-ta
2fp ṣāb-mun na-ṣāb-mun
2mp ṣāb-min na-ṣāb-min
3fp ṣāb-tun na-ṣāb-tun
3mp ṣāb-tin na-ṣāb-tin
4fp ṣāb-tuwan na-ṣāb-tuwan
4mp ṣāb-tiyan na-ṣāb-tiyan
II-ʾ, e-class
l-ʾ-b (yield, give up)
Realis Irrealis
1cs lēb-na ne-lēb-na
2fs lēb-mu ne-lēb-mu
2ms lēb-mi ne-lēb-mi
3fs lēb-tu ne-lēb-tu
3ms lēb-ti ne-lēb-ti
4fs lēb-tuwa ne-lēb-tuwa
4ms lēb-tiya ne-lēb-tiya
1cp lēb-ta ne-lēb-ta
2fp lēb-mun ne-lēb-mun
2mp lēb-min ne-lēb-min
3fp lēb-tun ne-lēb-tun
3mp lēb-tin ne-lēb-tin
4fp lēb-tuwan ne-lēb-tuwan
4mp lēb-tiyan ne-lēb-tiyan

Final-Weak Verbs

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes elided while lengthening the preceding vowel.

III-w
n-d-w (???)
Realis Irrealis
1cs nadū-na na-ndā-na
2fs nadū-mu na-ndā-mu
2ms nadū-mi na-ndā-mi
3fs nadū-su na-ndā-su
3ms nadū-si na-ndā-si
4fs nadū-suwa na-ndā-suwa
4ms nadū-siya na-ndā-siya
1cp nadū-ta na-ndā-ta
2fp nadū-mun na-ndā-mun
2mp nadū-min na-ndā-min
3fp nadū-sun na-ndā-sun
3mp nadū-sin na-ndā-sin
4fp nadū-suwan na-ndā-suwan
4mp nadū-siyan na-ndā-siyan
III-y
m-l-y (give)
Realis Irrealis
1cs malī-na na-mlā-na
2fs malī-mu na-mlā-mu
2ms malī-mi na-mlā-mi
3fs malī-su na-mlā-su
3ms malī-si na-mlā-si
4fs malī-suwa na-mlā-suwa
4ms malī-siya na-mlā-siya
1cp malī-ta na-mlā-ta
2fp malī-mun na-mlā-mun
2mp malī-min na-mlā-min
3fp malī-sun na-mlā-sun
3mp malī-sin na-mlā-sin
4fp malī-suwan na-mlā-suwan
4mp malī-siyan na-mlā-siyan
III-ʾ, a-class
ḫ-ṣ́-ʾ (be correct, be true)
Realis Irrealis
1cs ḫaṣ́ā-na na-ḫṣ́ā-na
2fs ḫaṣ́ā-mu na-ḫṣ́ā-mu
2ms ḫaṣ́ā-mi na-ḫṣ́ā-mi
3fs ḫaṣ́ā-su na-ḫṣ́ā-su
3ms ḫaṣ́ā-si na-ḫṣ́ā-si
4fs ḫaṣ́ā-suwa na-ḫṣ́ā-suwa
4ms ḫaṣ́ā-siya na-ḫṣ́ā-siya
1cp ḫaṣ́ā-ta na-ḫṣ́ā-ta
2fp ḫaṣ́ā-mun na-ḫṣ́ā-mun
2mp ḫaṣ́ā-min na-ḫṣ́ā-min
3fp ḫaṣ́ā-sun na-ḫṣ́ā-sun
3mp ḫaṣ́ā-sin na-ḫṣ́ā-sin
4fp ḫaṣ́ā-suwan na-ḫṣ́ā-suwan
4mp ḫaṣ́ā-siyan na-ḫṣ́ā-siyan
III-ʾ, e-class
k-m-ʾ (get up, stand up, rise, ascend)
Realis Irrealis
1cs kemē-na ne-kmē-na
2fs kemē-mu ne-kmē-mu
2ms kemē-mi ne-kmē-mi
3fs kemē-su ne-kmē-su
3ms kemē-si ne-kmē-si
4fs kemē-suwa ne-kmē-suwa
4ms kemē-siya ne-kmē-siya
1cp kemē-ta ne-kmē-ta
2fp kemē-mun ne-kmē-mun
2mp kemē-min ne-kmē-min
3fp kemē-sun ne-kmē-sun
3mp kemē-sin ne-kmē-sin
4fp kemē-suwan ne-kmē-suwan
4mp kemē-siyan ne-kmē-siyan

Extensions To the Verb

Causative

Causative
u-class
t-p-r-ḫ (coerce)
Realis Irrealis
1cs tapruḫ-na na-tapraḫ-na
2fs tapruḫ-mu na-tapraḫ-mu
2ms tapruḫ-mi na-tapraḫ-mi
3fs tapruḫ-tu na-tapraḫ-tu
3ms tapruḫ-ti na-tapraḫ-ti
4fs tapruḫ-tuwa na-tapraḫ-tuwa
4ms tapruḫ-tiya na-tapraḫ-tiya
1cp tapruḫ-ta na-tapraḫ-ta
2fp tapruḫ-mun na-tapraḫ-mun
2mp tapruḫ-min na-tapraḫ-min
3fp tapruḫ-tun na-tapraḫ-tun
3mp tapruḫ-tin na-tapraḫ-tin
4fp tapruḫ-tuwan na-tapraḫ-tuwan
4mp tapruḫ-tiyan na-tapraḫ-tiyan
i-class
t-n-m-r (spoil, corrupt)
Realis Irrealis
1cs tanmir-na na-tanmar-na
2fs tanmir-mu na-tanmar-mu
2ms tanmir-mi na-tanmar-mi
3fs tanmir-tu na-tanmar-tu
3ms tanmir-ti na-tanmar-ti
4fs tanmir-tuwa na-tanmar-tuwa
4ms tanmir-tiya na-tanmar-tiya
1cp tanmir-ta na-tanmar-ta
2fp tanmir-mun na-tanmar-mun
2mp tanmir-min na-tanmar-min
3fp tanmir-tun na-nmar-tun
3mp tanmir-tin na-tanmar-tin
4fp tanmir-tuwan na-tanmar-tuwan
4mp tanmir-tiyan na-tanmar-tiyan
a-class
t-r-b-d (station, employ)
Realis Irrealis
1cs tarbad-na na-tarbad-na
2fs tarbad-mu na-tarbad-mu
2ms tarbad-mi na-tarbad-mi
3fs tarbat-tu na-tarbat-tu
3ms tarbat-ti na-tarbat-ti
4fs tarbat-tuwa na-tarbat-tuwa
4ms tarbat-tiya na-tarbat-tiya
1cp tarbat-ta na-tarbat-ta
2fp tarbad-mun na-tarbad-mun
2mp tarbad-min na-tarbad-min
3fp tarbat-tun na-tarbat-tun
3mp tarbat-tin na-tarbat-tin
4fp tarbat-tuwan na-tarbat-tuwan
4mp tarbat-tiyan na-tarbat-tiyan
Factitive
d-m-m-b (enslave) < dambum (slave)
Realis Irrealis
1cs dammab-na na-dammab-na
2fs dammab-mu na-dammab-mu
2ms dammab-mi na-dammab-mi
3fs dammab-tu na-dammab-tu
3ms dammab-ti na-dammab-ti
4fs dammab-tuwa na-dammab-tuwa
4ms dammab-tiya na-dammab-tiya
1cp dammab-ta na-dammab-ta
2fp dammab-mun na-dammab-mun
2mp dammab-min na-dammab-min
3fp dammab-tun na-dammab-tun
3mp dammab-tin na-dammab-tin
4fp dammab-tuwan na-dammab-tuwan
4mp dammab-tiyan na-dammab-tiyan
s-ğ-ğ-l (age) < s-ğ-l (be old)
Realis Irrealis
1cs sağğal-na na-sağğal-na
2fs sağğal-mu na-sağğal-mu
2ms sağğal-mi na-sağğal-mi
3fs sağğal-tu na-sağğal-tu
3ms sağğal-ti na-sağğal-ti
4fs sağğal-tuwa na-sağğal-tuwa
4ms sağğal-tiya na-sağğal-tiya
1cp sağğal-ta na-sağğal-ta
2fp sağğal-mun na-sağğal-mun
2mp sağğal-min na-sağğal-min
3fp sağğal-tun na-sağğal-tun
3mp sağğal-tin na-sağğal-tin
4fp sağğal-tuwan na-sağğal-tuwan
4mp sağğal-tiyan na-sağğal-tiyan

The Applicative

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Kū rēbam bēdam paltu.
Kū rēb-am bēd-am pal-tu
3fs.NOM man-OBL.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG give\ACT-3fs
"She gives a man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

Rēbim bēdam pilti.
Rēb-im bēd-am pil-ti
man-NOM.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG give\PASS-3ms
"A man is given a book."

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