Verbs in Vrkhazhian

Vrkhazhian verbs are called narīban (singular narība). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root, though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active and passive). There are only two tenses (future and non-future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. Additionally, there are also two moods (indicative and subjunctive) although the indicative is unmarked. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix -am.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called ṣaras because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.

(Triliteral Verbs)

Strong Verbs

u-class p-r-ḫ (speak, say) Realis Irrealis 1cs paruḫ-na na-praḫ-na 2fs paruḫ-mu na-praḫ-mu 2ms paruḫ-mi na-praḫ-mi 3fs paruḫ-tu na-praḫ-tu 3ms paruḫ-ti na-praḫ-ti 4fs paruḫ-tūwa na-praḫ-tūwa 4ms paruḫ-tīya na-praḫ-tīya 1cp paruḫ-ta na-praḫ-ta 2fp paruḫ-mun na-praḫ-mun 2mp paruḫ-min na-praḫ-min 3fp paruḫ-tun na-praḫ-tun 3mp paruḫ-tin na-praḫ-tin 4fp paruḫ-tūwan na-praḫ-tūwan 4mp paruḫ-tīyan na-praḫ-tīyan

i-class n-m-r (be bad, be immoral) Realis Irrealis 1cs namir-na na-nmar-na 2fs namir-mu na-nmar-mu 2ms namir-mi na-nmar-mi 3fs namir-tu na-nmar-tu 3ms namir-ti na-nmar-ti 4fs namir-tūwa na-nmar-tūwa 4ms namir-tīya na-nmar-tīya 1cp namir-ta na-nmar-ta 2fp namir-mun na-nmar-mun 2mp namir-min na-nmar-min 3fp namir-tun na-nmar-tun 3mp namir-tin na-nmar-tin 4fp namir-tūwan na-nmar-tūwan 4mp namir-tīyan na-nmar-tīyan

a-class r-b-d (guard, protect) Realis Irrealis 1cs rabad-na na-rbad-na 2fs rabad-mu na-rbad-mu 2ms rabad-mi na-rbad-mi 3fs rabat-tu na-rbat-tu 3ms rabat-ti na-rbat-ti 4fs rabat-tūwa na-rbat-tūwa 4ms rabat-tīya na-rbat-tīya 1cp rabat-ta na-rbat-ta 2fp rabad-mun na-rbad-mun 2mp rabad-min na-rbad-min 3fp rabat-tun na-rbat-tun 3mp rabat-tin na-rbat-tin 4fp rabat-tūwan na-rbat-tūwan 4mp rabat-tīyan na-rbat-tīyan

Initial-Weak Verbs

The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???

I-y, u-class y-b-l (smell) Realis Irrealis 1cs yabul-na nē-bel-na 2fs yabul-mu nē-bel-mu 2ms yabul-mi nē-bel-mi 3fs yabul-tu nē-bel-tu 3ms yabul-ti nē-bel-ti 4fs yabul-tūwa nē-bel-tūwa 4ms yabul-tīya nē-bel-tīya 1cp yabul-ta nē-bel-ta 2fp yabul-mun nē-bel-mun 2mp yabul-min nē-bel-min 3fp yabul-tun nē-bel-tun 3mp yabul-tin nē-bel-tin 4fp yabul-tūwan nē-bel-tūwan 4mp yabul-tīyan nē-bel-tīyan

I-w, i-class w-ṣ-ḫ (be faithful, be loyal) Realis Irrealis 1cs waṣiḫ-na nā-ṣaḫ-na 2fs waṣiḫ-mu nā-ṣaḫ-mu 2ms waṣiḫ-mi nā-ṣaḫ-mi 3fs waṣiḫ-tu nā-ṣaḫ-tu 3ms waṣiḫ-ti nā-ṣaḫ-ti 4fs waṣiḫ-tūwa nā-ṣaḫ-tūwa 4ms waṣiḫ-tīya nā-ṣaḫ-tīya 1cp waṣiḫ-ta nā-ṣaḫ-ta 2fp waṣiḫ-mun nā-ṣaḫ-mun 2mp waṣiḫ-min nā-ṣaḫ-min 3fp waṣiḫ-tun nā-ṣaḫ-tun 3mp waṣiḫ-tin nā-ṣaḫ-tin 4fp waṣiḫ-tūwan nā-ṣaḫ-tūwan 4mp waṣiḫ-tīyan nā-ṣaḫ-tīyan

I-ʾ, a-class ʾ-l-d (fight, battle, oppose) Realis Irrealis 1cs alad-na nā-lad-na 2fs alad-mu nā-lad-mu 2ms alad-mi nā-lad-mi 3fs alat-tu nā-lat-tu 3ms alat-ti nā-lat-ti 4fs alat-tūwa nā-lat-tūwa 4ms alat-tīya nā-lat-tīya 1cp alat-ta nā-lat-ta 2fp alad-mun nā-lad-mun 2mp alad-min nā-lad-min 3fp alat-tun nā-lat-tun 3mp alat-tin nā-lat-tin 4fp alat-tūwan nā-lat-tūwan 4mp alat-tīyan nā-lat-tīyan

I-ʾ, e-class ʾ-p-d (be young, be new) Realis Irrealis 1cs eped-na nē-ped-na 2fs eped-mu nē-ped-mu 2ms eped-mi nē-ped-mi 3fs epet-tu nē-pet-tu 3ms epet-ti nē-pet-ti 4fs epet-tūwa nē-pet-tūwa 4ms epet-tīya nē-pet-tīya 1cp epet-ta nē-pet-ta 2fp eped-mun nē-ped-mun 2mp eped-min nē-ped-min 3fp epet-tun nē-pet-tun 3mp epet-tin nē-pet-tin 4fp epet-tūwan nē-pet-tūwan 4mp epet-tīyan nē-pet-tīyan

Middle-Weak Verbs

The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???.

II-w d-w-l (dig, reveal) Realis Irrealis 1cs dūl-na na-dūl-na 2fs dūl-mu na-dūl-mu 2ms dūl-mi na-dūl-mi 3fs dūl-tu na-dūl-tu 3ms dūl-ti na-dūl-ti 4fs dūl-tūwa na-dūl-tūwa 4ms dūl-tīya na-dūl-tīya 1cp dūl-ta na-dūl-ta 2fp dūl-mun na-dūl-mun 2mp dūl-min na-dūl-min 3fp dūl-tun na-dūl-tun 3mp dūl-tin na-dūl-tin 4fp dūl-tūwan na-dūl-tūwan 4mp dūl-tīyan na-dūl-tīyan

II-y r-y-b (???) Realis Irrealis 1cs rīb-na na-rīb-na 2fs rīb-mu na-rīb-mu 2ms rīb-mi na-rīb-mi 3fs rīb-tu na-rīb-tu 3ms rīb-ti na-rīb-ti 4fs rīb-tūwa na-rīb-tūwa 4ms rīb-tīya na-rīb-tīya 1cp rīb-ta na-rīb-ta 2fp rīb-mun na-rīb-mun 2mp rīb-min na-rīb-min 3fp rīb-tun na-rīb-tun 3mp rīb-tin na-rīb-tin 4fp rīb-tūwan na-rīb-tūwan 4mp rīb-tīyan na-rīb-tīyan

II-ʾ, a-class ṣ-ʾ-b (kill, slay) Realis Irrealis 1cs ṣāb-na na-ṣāb-na 2fs ṣāb-mu na-ṣāb-mu 2ms ṣāb-mi na-ṣāb-mi 3fs ṣāb-tu na-ṣāb-tu 3ms ṣāb-ti na-ṣāb-ti 4fs ṣāb-tūwa na-ṣāb-tūwa 4ms ṣāb-tīya na-ṣāb-tīya 1cp ṣāb-ta na-ṣāb-ta 2fp ṣāb-mun na-ṣāb-mun 2mp ṣāb-min na-ṣāb-min 3fp ṣāb-tun na-ṣāb-tun 3mp ṣāb-tin na-ṣāb-tin 4fp ṣāb-tūwan na-ṣāb-tūwan 4mp ṣāb-tīyan na-ṣāb-tīyan

II-ʾ, e-class l-ʾ-b (yield, give up) Realis Irrealis 1cs lēb-na ne-lēb-na 2fs lēb-mu ne-lēb-mu 2ms lēb-mi ne-lēb-mi 3fs lēb-tu ne-lēb-tu 3ms lēb-ti ne-lēb-ti 4fs lēb-tūwa ne-lēb-tūwa 4ms lēb-tīya ne-lēb-tīya 1cp lēb-ta ne-lēb-ta 2fp lēb-mun ne-lēb-mun 2mp lēb-min ne-lēb-min 3fp lēb-tun ne-lēb-tun 3mp lēb-tin ne-lēb-tin 4fp lēb-tūwan ne-lēb-tūwan 4mp lēb-tīyan ne-lēb-tīyan

Final-Weak Verbs

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes elided while lengthening the preceding vowel.

n-ś-y (to want, to desire)

		Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Nonfuture	Feminine	naś-ûm	naś-û	wanted, desired	naś-ûm	naś-û	was wanted, was desired
	Masculine	naś-îm	naś-î	wanted, desired	naś-îm	naś-î	was wanted, was desired
Future	Feminine	na-nś-ûm	na-nś-û	will want, will desire	na-nś-ûm	na-nś-û	will be wanted, will be desired
	Masculine	na-nś-îm	na-nś-î	will want, will desire	na-nś-îm	na-nś-î	will be wanted, will be desired

Extensions To the Verb

The Instrumental-Causative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)

		Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Nonfuture	Feminine	ṣars-um-śa	ṣars-ū-śa	made throw, made say	ṣars-um-śa	ṣars-ū-śa	was made to throw, was made to say
	Masculine	ṣars-im-śa	ṣars-ī-śa	made throw, made say	ṣars-im-śa	ṣars-ī-śa	was made to throw, was made to say
Future	Feminine	na-ṣras-um-śa	na-ṣras-ū-śa	will make throw, will make say	na-ṣris-um-śa	na-ṣris-ū-śa	will be made to throw, will be made to say
	Masculine	na-ṣras-im-śa	na-ṣras-ī-śa	will make throw, will make say	na-ṣris-im-śa	na-ṣris-ī-śa	will be made to throw, will be made to say

The Dative-Locative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)

		Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Nonfuture	Feminine	ṣars-um-ku	ṣars-ū-ku	threw to, spoke to	ṣars-um-ku	ṣars-ū-ku	was thrown to, was spoken to
	Masculine	ṣars-im-ku	ṣars-ī-ku	threw to, spoke to	ṣars-im-ku	ṣars-ī-ku	was thrown to, was spoken to
Future	Feminine	na-ṣras-um-ku	na-ṣras-ū-ku	will throw to, will speak to	na-ṣris-um-ku	na-ṣris-ū-ku	will be thrown to, will be spoken to
	Masculine	na-ṣras-im-ku	na-ṣras-ī-ku	will throw to, will speak to	na-ṣris-im-ku	na-ṣris-ī-ku	will be thrown to, will be spoken to

The Benefactive-Purposive Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)

		Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Nonfuture	Feminine	ṣars-um-be	ṣars-ū-bi	threw for, spoke for	ṣars-um-be	ṣars-ū-bi	was thrown for, was spoken for
	Masculine	ṣars-im-be	ṣars-ī-bi	threw for, spoke for	ṣars-im-be	ṣars-ī-bi	was thrown for, was spoken for
Future	Feminine	na-ṣras-um-be	na-ṣras-ū-bi	will throw for, will speak for	na-ṣris-um-be	na-ṣris-ū-bi	will be thrown for, will be spoken for
	Masculine	na-ṣras-im-be	na-ṣras-ī-bi	will throw for, will speak for	na-ṣris-im-be	na-ṣris-ī-bi	will be thrown for, will be spoken for

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Kū reba bēda kupāssutī.

Kū	reb-a	bēd-a	∅-ku-pās-su-tī
3fs.NOM	man-OBL.MASC.SG	book-OBL.FEM.SG	NFUT-APPL-give\ACT-3fs>3ms

"She gives the man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

Rebi bēda pīssitū.

Reb-i	bēd-a	∅-pīs-si-tū
man-NOM.MASC.SG	book-OBL.FEM.SG	NFUT-give\PASS-3ms>3fs

"The man is given a book."