Hudío Grammar: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
m (Revisions.)
m (Revisions.)
 
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 6: Line 6:
!ă
!ă
!b
!b
!ḅ
!v
!d
!d
!ḍ
!đ
!e
!e
!g
!g
!ġ
!ģ
!h
!h
!i
!i
!k
!k
!ḳ
!x
!l
!l
!m
!m
Line 21: Line 21:
!o
!o
!p
!p
!ṗ
!f
!r
!r
!s
!s
!ś
!ț
!š
!ș
!t
!t
!ṭ
!ŧ
!u
!u
!w
!w
Line 68: Line 68:
|/ə/
|/ə/
|/b/
|/b/
|/v/
|/β/
|/d/
|/d/
|/ð/
|/ð/
Line 83: Line 83:
|/o/
|/o/
|/p/
|/p/
|/f/
|/φ/
|/ɾ/
|/ɾ/
|/s/
|/s/
Line 98: Line 98:




==Part II - -Grammar==
==Part II - Grammar==
===2.0 The Alphabet===
===The Alphabet===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
!Latin
!
!
!a
!a
!ă
!ă
!b
!b
!ḅ
!v
!d
!d
!ḍ
!đ
!e
!e
!g
!g
!ġ
!ģ
!h
!h
!i
!i
!k
!k
!ḳ
!x
!l
!l
!m
!m
|-
|-
!Huđío
|א<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
|א<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
|אַ
|אַ
Line 125: Line 127:
|דּ
|דּ
|ד
|ד
|אֵ
|אֶ
|גּ
|גּ
|ג
|ג
|ה<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|ה<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|אִ
|אִ
|כּ
|כּ / ךּ
|כ<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
|כ / ך<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>  
|ל
|ל
|מ
|מ / ם
|-
|-
|אַ֫לֵף<br>[[Wikipedia:Aleph|álef]]
!Name
|אַ<br>a
|אַ֜לֶף<br>[[Wikipedia:Aleph|Álef]]
|אְ<br>uh
|אַ<br>A
|בֵּתּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)|bet]]
|אְ<br>Uh
|בֵתּ<br>vet
|בֶּת<br>[[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)|Beŧ]]
|דַּ֜לֵתּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Dalet|dálet]]
|בֶת<br>Veŧ
|דַ֜לֵתּ<br>ḍálet
|דַּ֜לֶת<br>[[Wikipedia:Dalet|Dáleŧ]]
|דַ֜לֵתּ<br>Đáleŧ
|אֵ<br>e
|אֵ<br>e
|גִּ֜מֵל<br>[[Wikipedia:Gimel|gimel]]
|גִּמֶל<br>[[Wikipedia:Gimel|Gímel]]
|גִ֜מֵל<br>ġimel
|גִמֶל<br>Ģimel
|הֵ<br>[[Wikipedia:He (letter)|he]]
|הֶ<br>[[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]
|אִ<br>i
|אִ<br>I
|כַּף<br>[[Wikipedia:Kaph|kaf]]
|כַּף<br>[[Wikipedia:Kaph|Kaf]]
|כַף<br>ḳaf
|כַף<br>Xaf
|לַמֵבּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Lamedh|lamed]]
|לַ֜מֶד<br>[[Wikipedia:Lamedh|Lámeđ]]
|מֵם<br>[[Wikipedia:Mem|mem]]
|מֵם<br>[[Wikipedia:Mem|Mem]]
|-
|-
!IPA
|
|
|/ä/
|/ä/
|/ə/
|/ə/
|/b/
|/b/
|/v/
|/β/
|/d/
|/d/
|/ð/
|/ð/
Line 171: Line 175:




*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Syllabic and initial vowels are written under [[Wikipedia:Aleph|álef]], so there is no need for [[Wikipedia:Mater lectionis|''matres lectionis'']].
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Syllabic and initial vowels are written under [[Wikipedia:Aleph|Álef]], so there is no need for [[Wikipedia:Mater lectionis|''matres lectionis'']].
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|he]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|he]]) has been deleted when syllable final.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]) has been deleted when syllable final.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|ka]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|Quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ ([[Wikipedia:Kaf|Kaf]]). Any words originally with Quf share in the lenition of Kaf.




{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
!Latin
!<center>n</center>
!<center>n</center>
!o
!o
!p
!p
!ṗ
!f
!r
!r
!s
!s
!ś
!ț
!š
!ș
!t
!t
!ṭ
!ŧ
!u
!u
!w
!w
Line 194: Line 199:
!'
!'
|-
|-
|נ
!Hebrew
|נ / ן 
|אָ
|אָ
|פּ
|פּ / ףּ
|פ
|פ / ף
|ר
|ר
|ס
|ס
Line 210: Line 216:
|ע<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|ע<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|-
|-
|נֻן<br>[[Wikipedia:Nun (letter)|nun]]
!Name
|אׇ<br>o
|נֻן<br>[[Wikipedia:Nun (letter)|Nun]]
|פֵּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Pe (Semitic letter)|pe]]
|אׇ<br>O
|פֵ<br>fe
|פֶּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Pe (Semitic letter)|Pe]]
|רֵש<br>[[Wikipedia:Resh|resh]]
|פֶ<br>Fe
|סַ֜מֵכּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Samekh|sámek]]
|רֶש<br>[[Wikipedia:Resh|Resh]]
|צַ֜דִּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Tsade|tsadi]]
|סַ֜מֶך<br>[[Wikipedia:Samekh|Sámex]]
|שִן<br>[[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|shin]]
|צַ֜דִּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Tsade|Țádi]]
|תַּף<br>[[Wikipedia:Taw|taf]]
|שִן<br>[[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Șin]]
|תַף<br>ṭaf
|תַּף<br>[[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]
|תַף<br>Ŧaf
|אֻ<br>u
|אֻ<br>u
|וַ<br>[[Wikipedia:Waw (letter)|wa]]
|וַ<br>[[Wikipedia:Waw (letter)|Wa]]
|יׇדּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Yodh|yod]]
|יׇדּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Yodh|Yod]]
|זַ֜אִ<br>[[Wikipedia:Zayin|zay]]
|זַ֜אִ<br>[[Wikipedia:Zayin|Zay]]
|אַ֜אִן<br>[[Wikipedia:Ayin|ain]]
|אַ֜אִן<br>[[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ain]]
|-
|-
!IPA
|/n/
|/n/
|/o/
|/o/
|/p/
|/p/
|/f/
|/φ/
|/ɾ/
|/ɾ/
|/s/
|/s/
Line 244: Line 252:




*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|sámek]]). Thus the dot is not needed for shin.
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|Sámex]]). Thus the dot is not needed for Șin.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ת ([[Wikipedia:Taw|taf]]) /t/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ ([[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]) /t/. Any words originally with Tet share in the lenition of Taf.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop <ע> /ʔ/ (') is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, ''e.g.'', נֵ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop <ע> /ʔ/ (') is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, ''e.g.'', נֵ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy.


Line 252: Line 260:
# The order of the Latin alphabet is used in place of the traditional Hebrew order.
# The order of the Latin alphabet is used in place of the traditional Hebrew order.
# When reciting the alphabet, the fricatives are not named.
# When reciting the alphabet, the fricatives are not named.
# When spelling a word, the names of the fricatives are used, ''e.g.'', דַּבַר, '''daḅar''', word: '''dalet, a, vet, a, resh'''.
# When spelling a word, the names of the fricatives are used, ''e.g.'', דַּבַר, '''davar''', word: '''Dalet, A, Vet, A, Resh'''.
# The schwa sign אְ is not used under syllable final consonants, ''e.g.'' אַרבַּ, '''arba''', four.
# The [[Wikipedia:Schwa|schwa]] sign אְ is not used under syllable final consonants, ''e.g.'' א֜רבַּ, '''árba''', four.
# There are no geminate consonants.
# There are no geminate consonants.




===2.0 General Notes===
===General Notes===
*2.0.1 Sentence order is subject, verb, (indirect object pronoun), direct object, (indirect object noun), other elements.
*2.2.1 Sentence order is subject, verb, (indirect object pronoun), direct object, (indirect object noun), other elements.
*2.0.2 Most words are accented on the ultimate syllable.  
*2.2.2 Most words are accented on the ultimate syllable.  
*2.0.3 A few words are accented on the penultimate syllable. These words are indicated by an acute accent on the vowel in the Latin transliteration, ''e.g.'', מֵ֜לֵכּ '''mélek''', king.
*2.2.3 A few words are accented on the penultimate syllable. These words are indicated by an acute accent on the vowel in the Latin transliteration, ''e.g.'', מֶ֜לֶכ '''mélex''', king.




===2.1 The Verb===
===The Verb===
*2.1.1 Huḍio has reduced the many type of verbs in Biblical Hebrew to four.
*2.3.1 Huđio has reduced the many type of verbs in Biblical Hebrew to four.
#Those with the syllabic form CVCVC, ''e.g.'', כַּתַב '''kaṭab''', write.
#Those with the syllabic form CVCVC, ''e.g.'', כַּתַב '''kaŧab''', write.
#Those with the syllabic form VCVC,  ''e.g.'', אַכַל '''akal''', eat.
#Those with the syllabic form VCVC,  ''e.g.'', אַכַל '''axal''', eat.
#Those with the syllabic form CVC, ''e.g.'', נַם '''nam''', sleep.
#Those with the syllabic form CVC, ''e.g.'', נַם '''nam''', sleep.
#Those with the syllabic form CV, ''e.g.'', בַּ '''ba''', come.
#Those with the syllabic form CV, ''e.g.'', בַּ '''ba''', come.
*2.1.2 These forms are the forms of the perfect tense and are [[Wikipedia:Lemma|lemmas]] for the verbs.
*2.3.2 These forms are the forms of the perfect tense and are [[Wikipedia:Lemma|lemmas]] for the verbs.
*2.1.3 The verb has only two numbers, singular and plural.
*2.3.3 The verb has only two numbers, singular and plural.
*2.1.4 Vowels are infixed to these forms to specify the meaning.
*2.3.4 Vowels are infixed to these forms to specify the meaning.
*2.1.5 The verb agrees in person and number with its subject. The personal pronoun may be used for emphasis.
*2.3.5 The verb agrees in person and number with its subject. The personal pronoun may be used for emphasis.
*2.1.6 The verb is negated with לָ '''lo''' placed immediately before the verb.
*2.3.6 The verb is negated with לָ '''lo''' placed immediately before the verb.
*2.1.7 Traditionally, the  conjugation paradigm is given in the order 3rd, 2nd, and 1st persons.
*2.3.7 Traditionally, the  conjugation paradigm is given in the order 3rd, 2nd, and 1st persons.
*2.1.8 No distinction is made in the second person between male and female.
*2.3.8 No distinction is made in the second person between male and female.
*2.1.9 The perfect tense translates the simple past or the present perfect. With verbs of perception or attitude it translates the general present. With verbs signifying mental or physical state it translates "to be" + adjective.
*2.3.9 The perfect tense translates the simple past or the present perfect. With verbs of perception or attitude it translates the general present. With verbs signifying mental or physical state it translates "to be" + adjective.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Perfect Tense
|+perfect Tense
!  || colspan=2 |CVCVC<br>write|| colspan=2 |CVCV<br>eat|| colspan=2 |CVC<br>sleep|| colspan=2 |CV<br>come
!  || colspan=2 |CVCVC<br>write|| colspan=2 |CVCV<br>eat|| colspan=2 |CVC<br>sleep|| colspan=2 |CV<br>come
|-
|-
Line 285: Line 293:
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
|'''kaṭab'''<br>כַּתַבּ||'''katbu'''<br>כַּבֻּ||'''aḳal'''<br>אַכַל||'''aklu'''<br>אַכּלֻ||'''nam'''<br>נַם||'''namu'''<br>נַמֻ||'''ba'''<br>בַּ||'''bau'''<br>בַּאֻ
|'''kaŧab'''<br>כַּתַבּ||'''kaŧbu'''<br>כַּתבֻּ||'''axal'''<br>אַכַל||'''axlu'''<br>אַכלֻ||'''nam'''<br>נַם||'''namu'''<br>נַמֻ||'''ba'''<br>בַּ||'''bau'''<br>בַּאֻ
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
|'''kaṭábta'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתַּ||'''kaṭábtem'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתֵּם||'''aḳálta'''<br>אַכַ֜לתַּ||'''aḳáltem'''<br>אַכַ֜לתֵּם||'''námta'''<br>נַ֫מתַּ||'''námtem'''<br>כַ֜מתֵּם||'''báṭa'''<br>בַּ֜תַ||'''báṭem'''<br>בַּ֜תֵם
|'''kaŧábta'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתַּ||'''kaŧábtem'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתֶּם||'''axálta'''<br>אַכַ֜לתַּ||'''axáltem'''<br>אַכַ֜לתֶּם||'''námta'''<br>נַ֫מתַּ||'''námtem'''<br>כַ֜מתֶּם||'''báŧa'''<br>בַּ֜תַ||'''báŧem'''<br>בַּתֶם
|-
|-
! 1st
! 1st
|'''kaṭábti'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתִּ||'''kaṭábnu'''<br>כֵּתַ֜בּנֻ||'''aḳálti'''<br>אַכַ֜לתִּ||'''aḳálnu'''<br>אַכַ֜לנֻ||'''námti'''<br>נַ֜מתִּ||'''námnu'''<br>נַ֜מנֻ||'''báṭi'''<br>בַּ֜תִ||'''bánu'''<br>בַּ֜נֻ
|'''kaŧábti'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתִּ||'''kaŧábnu'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּכֻ||'''axálti'''<br>אַכַ֜לתִּ||'''axálnu'''<br>אַכַ֜לנֻ||'''námti'''<br>נַ֜מתִּ||'''námnu'''<br>נַ֜מנֻ||'''báŧi'''<br>בַּ֜תִ||'''bánu'''<br>בַּ֜נֻ
|}
|}


 
*2.3.10 Verbs with the form CaCeC are stative verbs for the most part, ''e.g.'', '''kaveđ''', he is/was/has become heavy.
*2.1.10 Verbs with the form CaCeC are stative verbs for the most part, ''e.g.'', '''kaḅed''', he is/was/has become heavy.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Perfect Tense of Stative Verbs
|+perfect Tense of Stative Verbs
!  || colspan=2 |CVCVC<br>be heavy|| colspan=2 |CVCV<br>be afraid|| colspan=2 |CVC<br>die
!  || colspan=2 |CVCVC<br>be heavy|| colspan=2 |CVCV<br>be afraid|| colspan=2 |CVC<br>die
|-
|-
Line 304: Line 311:
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
|'''kaḅed'''<br>כַּתַבּ||'''kabdu'''<br>כַּבֻּ||'''yare'''<br>אַכַל||'''yaru'''<br>אַכּלֻ||'''met'''<br>נַם||'''métu'''<br>נַמֻ
|'''kaveđ'''<br>כַּבֶדּ||'''kavdu'''<br>כַּבֻּ||'''yare'''<br>יַרֶ||'''yaru'''<br>יַרֻ||'''meŧ'''<br>מֶת||'''méŧu'''<br>מֶ֝תֻ
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
|'''kaḅédta'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתַּ||'''kaḅédtem'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתֵּם||'''yaréta'''<br>אַכַ֜לתַּ||'''yarétem'''<br>אַכַ֜לתֵּם||'''méta'''<br>נַ֫מתַּ||'''métem'''<br>כַ֜מתֵּם
|'''kavéđta'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתַּ||'''kavéđtem'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתֵּם||'''yaréŧa'''<br>אַכַ֜לתַּ||'''yaréŧem'''<br>אַכַ֜לתֵּם||'''méŧa'''<br>נַ֫מתַּ||'''méŧem'''<br>כַ֜מתֵּם
|-
|-
! 1st
! 1st
|'''kaḅédti'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתִּ||'''kaḅédnu'''<br>כֵּתַ֜בּנֻ||'''yaréti'''<br>אַכַ֜לתִּ||'''yarénu'''<br>אַכַ֜לנֻ||'''méti'''<br>בַּ֜תִ||'''métnu'''<br>בַּ֜נֻ
|'''kavéđti'''<br>כַּבֶ֜דתִּ||'''kavéđnu'''<br>כַּבֶ֜דכֻ||'''yaréŧi'''<br>יַרֶ֜תִ||'''yarénu'''<br>יַרֶ֜נֻ||'''meŧti'''<br>מֶתתִּ||'''méŧnu'''<br>
|}
|}


 
*2.3.11 There are no irregular verbs.
*2.1.11 There are no irregular verbs.
*2.3.12 CoCeC is the form of the active participle, ''e.g.'', כׇּתֶב '''koŧev''', writing. This form is an adjective in function, ''e.g.'', הַאִש הַהׇלֶכ '''haiș haholex''', the walking man.
*2.1.12 CoCeC is the form of the active participle, ''e.g.'', כָתֵב '''koṭeb''', writing. This form is an adjective in function, ''e.g.'', הַאִש הַכָתֵב '''ha-iš ha-ḳoṭeb''', the writing man or the man who is writing; הַאִש כָתֵב '''ha-iš koṭev''', the man is writing.
*2.3.13 In order to state that something exists, the word יֶש '''yeș''' is used, ''e.g.'', אִש יֶש '''iș yeș''', there is a man; אְנַשִם יֶש '''ănașim yeș''', there are men. The negative expression uses אֶך '''en''', ''e.g.'', אִש אֶך '''iș en''', there is no man.
*2.1.13 In order to state that something exists, the word יֵש '''yeš''' is used, ''e.g.'', אִש יֵש '''iš yeš''', there is a man; אְנַשִם יֵש '''ănašim yeš''', there are men. The negative expression uses אֵן '''en''', ''e.g.'', אִש אֵן '''iš en''', there is no man.
**This construction is used to express possession, ''e.g.'', כֶּ֜סֶףאֶך לְאִש '''késef en lăiș''', the man has no silver.
**This construction is used to express possession, ''e.g.'', כֵּסֵף אֵן לְאִש '''késef en lăiš''', the man has no silver.
*2.3.14 Although a juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective may constitute a predication, it is more common to use the verb הַיַ '''haya'''.
*2.1.14 Although a juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective may constitute a predication, it is more common to use the verb הַיַ '''haya'''.
::הַאִש הַיַ תׇּב '''haiș haya tov''', the man was good.
::הַאִש הַיַ תָבּ '''ha-iš haya tob''', the man was good.
*2.3.15 With the preposition לְ '''lă''', the verb means ''become''.
*2.1.15 With the preposition לְ '''lă''', the verb means ''become''.
::דַּוִד הַיַ לְמֶ֜לֶכ תׇּב '''dawiđ haya lămélex tov''', David became a good king.
::דַּוִדּ הַיַ לְמֵ֜לֵכּ תָבּ '''dawid haya lămélek tob''', David became a good king.
*2.3.16 The imperfect tense adds a prefix to the inflected forms. The imperfect has two meanings, the future and habitual or customary action.
*2.1.16 The imperfect tense adds a prefix to the inflected forms. The imperfect has two meanings, the future and habitual or customary action.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 331: Line 337:
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
|'''yiktob'''<br>יִכּתׇּבּ||'''yiktoḳun'''<br>יִכּתׇּבֻן||'''yiḳol'''<br>יִכֶל||'''yiḳolun'''<br>יִכׇלֻן||'''yinom'''<br>יִנׇם||'''yinomun'''<br>יִנׇמֻן||'''yiḅo'''<br>יִבׇ||'''yiḅoun'''<br>יִבֶאֻן
|'''yixtov'''<br>יִכתׇּב||'''yixtovun'''<br>יִכתׇּבֻך||'''yixol'''<br>יִכׇל||'''yixolun'''<br>יִכׇלֻך||'''yinom'''<br>יִנׇם||'''yinomun'''<br>יִנׇמֻן||'''yivo'''<br>יִבׇ||'''yivoun'''<br>יִבֶאֻן
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
|'''tiktob'''<br>תִּכּתׇּבּ||'''tiktoḅun'''<br>תִּכּתׇּבֻן||'''tiḳol'''<br>תִּכׇל||'''tiḳolun'''<br>תִּכׇלֻן||'''tinom'''<br>תִּנׇם||'''tinomun'''<br>תִּנׇמֻן||'''tiḅo'''<br>תִּבׇ||'''tiḅoun'''<br>תִּבׇאֻן
|'''tixtov'''<br>תִּכתׇב||'''tixtovun'''<br>תִּכתׇּבֻך||'''tixol'''<br>תִּכׇל||'''tixolun'''<br>תִּכׇלֻן||'''tinom'''<br>תִּנׇם||'''tinomun'''<br>תִּנׇמֻן||'''tivo'''<br>תִּבׇ||'''tivoun'''<br>תִּבׇאֻן
|-
|-
! 1st
! 1st
|'''ektob'''<br>אֵכּתׇּבּ||'''niktob'''<br>נִכּתׇּבּ||'''eḳol'''<br>אֵכׇל||'''niḳol'''<br>נִכׇל||'''enom'''<br>אֵנׇם||'''ninom'''<br>נׅנׇם||'''eḅo'''<br>אֵבׇ||'''niḅo'''<br>נִבׇ
|'''extov'''<br>אֶכתׇּב||'''nixtob'''<br>כִכתׇּב||'''exol'''<br>אֶכׇל||'''nixol'''<br>נִכׇל||'''enom'''<br>אֶנׇם||'''ninom'''<br>נׅנׇם||'''evo'''<br>אֶבׇ||'''nivo'''<br>נִבׇ
|}
|}


*2.1.17 The imperative is formed by changing the first vowel of the imperfect to '''ă''' in the singular, and to '''i''' in the plural.
 
*2.3.17 The imperative is formed by changing the first vowel of the imperfect to '''ă''' in the singular, and to '''i''' in the plural.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 347: Line 354:
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
!'''yiktob'''<br>יִכּתׇּבּ
!'''yixtov'''<br>יִכתׇּב
| align=center |'''kăṭob'''<br>כְּתׇבּ
| align=center |'''kăŧov'''<br>כְּתׇב
| align=center |'''kitbu'''<br>כִּתּבֻּ
| align=center |'''kiŧbu'''<br>כִּתבֻּ
|-
|-
! '''yiḳol'''<br>יִכֶל
! '''yixol'''<br>יִכֶל
| align=center |'''ăḳol'''<br>אְכׇל
| align=center |'''ăxol'''<br>אְכׇל
| align=center |'''iklu'''<br>אִלֻ
| align=center |'''ixlu'''<br>אִכלֻ
|-
|-
!'''yinom'''<br>יִנׇם
!'''yinom'''<br>יִנׇם
Line 359: Line 366:
| align=center |'''inmu'''<br>אִנמֻ
| align=center |'''inmu'''<br>אִנמֻ
|-
|-
! '''yiḅo'''<br>'''yiḅo'''
! '''yivo'''<br>'''יִבׇ'''
| align=center |'''ăḅo'''<br>
| align=center |'''ăvo'''<br>אְבָ
| align=center |'''iḅu'''<br>
| align=center |'''ivu'''<br>אִבֻ
|}
|}


*2.1.18 The negative imperative is formed with לׇ '''lo''', ''e.g.'', לׇ  '''lo ăḅo''', don't go.
*2.3.18 The negative imperative is formed with לׇ '''lo''', ''e.g.'', לָ אֽבׇ '''lo ăvo''', don't go.
*2.1.19 The infinitive is formed by changing the first vowel of the perfect to '''ă''' and the second to '''o'''. If a suffix is added the first vowel is '''o''' and the second is deleted.
*2.3.19 The infinitive is formed by changing the first vowel of the perfect to '''ă''' and the second to '''o'''. If a suffix is added the first vowel is '''o''' and the second is deleted.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!'''kaṭab'''<br>כַּתַבּ
!'''kaŧav'''<br>כַּתַב
| align=center |'''kăṭob'''<br>כְּתׇבּ
| align=center |'''kăŧov'''<br>כְּתׇב
| align=center |'''kotbi'''<br>כׇּתּבִּ
| align=center |'''koŧbi'''<br>כׇּתבּׅ
|-
|-
! '''aḳal'''<br>אַכַל
! '''axal'''<br>אַכַל
| align=center |'''ăḳol'''<br>אְכׇל
| align=center |'''ăxol'''<br>אְכׇל
| align=center |'''okli'''<br>אׇכּלִ
| align=center |'''oxli'''<br>אׇכלִ
|-
|-
!'''nam'''<br>נׇם
!'''nam'''<br>נׇם
Line 381: Line 388:
|-
|-
! '''ba'''<br>בַּ
! '''ba'''<br>בַּ
| align=center |'''ăḅo'''<br>אְבׇ
| align=center |'''ăvo'''<br>אְבׇ
| align=center |'''iḅu'''<br>אִבֻ
| align=center |'''ivu'''<br>אִבֻ
|}
|}


*2.1.20 The infinitive has both nominal and verbal functions. As a verb it may have subjects, objects, and other verbal adjuncts.
*2.3.20 The infinitive has both nominal and verbal functions. As a verb it may have subjects, objects, and other verbal adjuncts.
*2.1.21 The infinitive is used with '''lă''' to indicate the complement of a verb. The [[Wikipedia:Schwa|schwa]] is [[Wikipedia:Elision|elided]].
*2.3.21 The infinitive is used with '''lă''' to indicate the complement of a verb. The [[Wikipedia:Schwa|schwa]] is [[Wikipedia:Elision|elided]].
::בַּאֻ לְשמָ '''báu lăšmo''', they came to hear.
::שַמַ, șama, hear; שמֻ, șămo, to hear; בֵּ֜אֻ לְשמָ '''báu lășmo''', they came to hear.
*2.1.22 הַיַ '''haya''' + '''ă''' + the infinitive expresses ''to be about to...'' or ''to be compelled to....
*2.3.22 הַיַ '''haya''' + '''ă''' + the infinitive expresses ''to be about to...'' or ''to be compelled to....
::הַ-שַ֜מַר הַיַ לְסגׇּר '''ha-šámar haya lăsgor''', the gate was about to close.
::הַשַ֜מַר הַיַ לְסגׇּר '''hașámar haya lăsgor''', the gate was about to close.
*2.1.23 אַל '''al''' + noun/pronoun + לְ '''lă''' + the infinitive expresses obligation or responsibility.
*2.3.23 אַל '''al''' + noun/pronoun + לְ '''lă''' + the infinitive expresses obligation or responsibility.
::אַלִ לְמצָ אֵתּ-הֻ '''ali lămśo et-hu''', I must find him.
::אַלִ לְמצָ אֶתהֻ '''ali lămțo eŧhu''', I must find him.
*2.1.24 אִן '''en''' + לְ '''lă''' + the infinitive expresses possibility or permission.
*2.3.24 אֶך '''en''' + לְ '''lă''' + the infinitive expresses possibility or permission.
::אֵן לְבׇ '''en lăḅo''', entering is forbidden.
::אֶך לְבׇ '''en lăvo''', entering is forbidden.
*2.1.24 The infinitive is negated with לׇ '''lo'''.
*2.3.24 The infinitive is negated with לׇ '''lo'''.
*2.1.25 The passive participle has the pattern CaCuC, ''e.g.'', כַּתֻבּ '''kaṭub''', written.
*2.3.25 The passive participle has the pattern CaCuC, ''e.g.'', כַּתֻב '''kaŧuv''', written.




===2.2 The Noun===
===The Noun===
*2.2.1 The Huḍío noun belongs to one of two classes, masculine and feminine. In general, those nouns ending in '''-a''' are feminine and those ending in a consonant are masculine, although there are some exceptions.
*2.4.1 The Huđío noun belongs to one of two classes, masculine and feminine. In general, those nouns ending in '''-a''' are feminine and those ending in a consonant are masculine, although there are some exceptions.
*2.2.2 There are two numbers, singular and plural. The singular is unmarked. The plural endings are '''–ot''' for feminine nouns and '''–im''' for masculine nouns.
*2.4.2 There are two numbers, singular and plural. The singular is unmarked. The plural endings are '''–oŧ''' for feminine nouns and '''–im''' for masculine nouns.
::מֵ֜לֵכּ '''mélek''' (king), מְלַכִם '''mălaḳim'''; מַלכַּ '''malka''' (queen), מַלכׇּתּ '''malkot'''.
::מֵ֜לֵכּ '''mélex''' (king), מֶלכִּם '''melkim'''; מַלכַּ '''malka''' (queen), מַלכׇּת '''malkoŧ'''.
*2.2.3 If the noun is disyllabic and the first syllable contains an '''a''' or '''e''', then the vowel of the first syllable becomes '''ă''' and the second vowel becomes '''a'''.
*2.4.3 The older form of changing the vowel in disyllabic nouns is no longer used.   דַּבַר '''davar''', word; דְּבַרִם '''dăvarim''', is now דַּבַר '''davar'''; דַּבַרׅם '''davarim'''.
::דַּבַר '''daḅar''', word; דְּבַרִם '''dăvarim''', words; סֵ֜פֵר '''séfer''', book; סְפַרִם '''săfarim''', books.
*2.4.4 A few nouns have irregular plurals:
*2.2.4 A few nouns have irregular plurals:
::אִש '''iș''', man; אְנַשִם '''ănașim''', men; אִשַ '''ișa''', woman; נַשִם '''nașim''', women; אִר '''ir''', city; אְרִם '''ărim''', cities; בַּ֜יִתּ '''báyit''', house; בַּתִם  '''baŧim'''.
::אִש '''iš''', man; אְנַשִם '''ănašim''', men; אִשַ '''iša''', woman; נַשִם '''našim''', women; אִר '''ir''', city; אְרִם '''ărim''', cities; בַּ֜יִתּ '''báyit''', house; בַּתִם  '''baṭim'''.
*2.4.5 When the direct object of a verb is a noun, definite or indefinite, or is a proper name, it is preceded by the object marker אֶת '''eŧ-'''.
*2.2.5 When the direct object of a verb is a noun, definite or indefinite, or is a proper name, it is preceded by the object marker אֵתּ '''et-'''.
::הַעַם אׇהֶב אֶת-דַּוִד '''ha-am ohev eŧ-Dawid''', the people love David.
::הַעַם אׇהֵבּ אֵתּ-דַּוִדּ '''ha-am ohev et-Dawid''', the people love David.
*2.4.6 The indirect object is formed with the preposition לְ '''lă'''.
*2.2.6 The indirect object is formed with the preposition לְ '''lă'''.
::נַתַנתִּ אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר לְאִש '''naŧánti eŧ-haséfer lăiș''', I gave the book to the man.
::נַתַנתִּ אֵתּ-הַסֵ֜פֵר לְאִש '''naṭánti et-séfer lăiš''', I gave the book to the man.
*2.4.7 The suffix אַ- '''-a''' added to both proper and common nouns indicates motion toward, the latter with or without the article. It is never stressed.
*2.2.7 The suffix אַ- '''-a''' added to both proper and common nouns indicates motion toward, the latter with or without the article. It is never stressed.
::הַהַ֜רַ '''ha-hára''', to the mountain
::הַהַ֜רַ '''ha-hára''', to the mountain
::כֻ֜סכׇאַ, '''kúskoa to Cusco'''
::כֻ֜סכׇאַ, ''kúskoa to Cusco




===2.3 The Construct Chain===
===The Genitive Construction===
*2.3.1 The juxtaposition of two nouns serves to mark a modifying relationship. The first noun in such a chain is said to be in a construct state.
*2.5.1 The juxtaposition of two nouns that serves to mark a modifying relationship, known as the Construct State, has a limited use in Huđio. Its principal use is to form compound nouns, ''e.g.'', '''karxon yam''' כַּרכׇן יַם, "glacier of the sea", ''i.e.'' iceberg. The first noun in such a chain is said to be in a construct state and may have a different form than the singular.
::הַכׇּל הַנַבִ '''ha-kol ha-naḅi''', the voice of the prophet.
*2.5.2 Nouns in '''-a''' replace this ending with '''-aŧ''', ''e.g.'',  
*2.3.2 A different form of the construct noun is preserved in bisyllabic nouns with unstressed '''a''' or '''e''' in the first syllable, which changes to '''ă'''.
*2.5.3 Plural nouns in '''-im''' change the ending to '''-e''', יַמִם '''yamim''', seas.
::הַדְּבַר הַמֵ֜לֵכּ  '''ha-dăḅar ha-mélek''', the word of the king; but
::הַיַמֶ הַאׇלַם '''hayame haolam''', the seas of the world,  
::הַנַ֜עַר הַמֵ֜לֵכּ '''ha-ná'ar ha-mélek''', the attendant of the king.
*2.5.4 Genitive constructions are made using the preposition '''șel''' שֶל, ''e.g.'', הַכׇּ שֶל הַנַבִ '''hakol șel hanavi''', the voice of the prophet.
*2.3.3 Either noun may take either the definite article or the indefinite article.
*2.5.5 Irregular Construct Forms
::הַכׇל הַנַכִ, '''ha-kol ha-naḅi''', the voice of the prophet
::הַכׇל נַבִ, '''ha-kol naḅi''', the voice of a prophet.
*2.3.4 An adjective may follow either noun of the construct chain.
::הַדְּבַר הַמֵ֜לֵכּ הַתׇבּ, '''ha-dăḅar ha-mélek ha-tob''', the word of the good king.
::הַדְבַר הַתׇבּ הַמֵ֜לֵכּ  '''ha-dăḅar ha-tob ha-mélek''', the good word of the king.
*2.3.5 Nouns in '''-a''' replace this ending with '''-aṭ'''.
::הַמַלכַּת הַעַ֜רֵץ  '''ha-malkat ha-'áreś''', the queen of the land.
*2.3.6 Plural nouns in '''-im''' change the ending to '''-e''', יַמִם '''yamim''', seas.
::הַ-יַמֵ הַ-אׇלַם '''ha-yame ha-olam''', the seas of the world,  
*2.3.7 Irregular Construct Forms


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|align=center |house
|align=center |house
!align=center |בַּיִתּ<br>'''bayit'''
!align=center |בַּיׅת<br>'''bayiŧ'''
!align=center |בֵּתּ<br>'''bet'''
!align=center |בֶּת<br>'''beŧ'''
|-
|-
|align=center |death
|align=center |death
!align=center |מַוֵתּ<br>'''mawet'''
!align=center |מַוֶת<br>'''maweŧ'''
!align=center |מׇתּ<br>'''mot'''
!align=center |מׇת<br>'''moŧ'''
|-
|-
|align=center |woman
|align=center |woman
!align=center |אִשַ<br>'''iša'''
!align=center |אִשַ<br>'''ișa'''
!align=center |אֵ֜שֵתּ<br>'''éšet'''
!align=center |אֶ֜שֶת<br>'''éșeŧ'''
|}
|}




===2.4 Adjective===
===Adjective===
*2.4.1 Adjectives agree in class and number with the nouns they modify.  
*2.6.1 Adjectives agree in class and number with the nouns they modify.  
*2.4.2 Monosyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
*2.6.2 Monosyllabic adjectives have the following forms.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 458: Line 454:
|-
|-
!masculine
!masculine
| align=center |תׇּבּ<br>'''tob'''<br>good
| align=center |תׇּב<br>'''tov'''<br>good
| align=center |תׇּבִם<br>'''toḅim'''
| align=center |תׇּבִם<br>'''tovim'''
|-
|-
!feminine
!feminine
|align=center |תׇּבּ<br>'''tob'''
|align=center |תּב<br>'''tov'''
|align=center |תׇּבׇתּ<br>'''toḅot'''
|align=center |תׇּבׇת<br>'''tovoŧ'''
|}
|}


*2.4.3 Disyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
*2.6.3 Disyllabic adjectives have the following forms.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 474: Line 470:
|-
|-
!masculine
!masculine
| align=center |גַּדׇל<br>'''gaḍol'''<br>great
| align=center |גַּדׇל<br>'''gađol'''<br>great
| align=center |גְּדׇלִם<br>'''găḍolim'''
| align=center |גַּדׇלִם<br>'''gađolim'''
|-
|-
!feminine
!feminine
|align=center |גַּדׇל<br>'''gaḍol'''
|align=center |גַּדׇל<br>'''gađol'''
|align=center |גְּדׇלִם<br>'''găḍolot'''
|align=center |גַּדׇלׇת<br>'''gađoloŧ'''
|}
|}


*2.4.4 Adjectives ending in '''–e''' have the following forms.
*2.6.4 Adjectives ending in '''–e''' have the following forms.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 490: Line 486:
|-
|-
!masculine
!masculine
| align=center |יַפֵ<br>'''yaṗe'''<br>beautiful
| align=center |יַפֶ'''<br>yafe'''<br>beautiful
| align=center |יַפִם<br>'''yaṗim'''
| align=center |יַפִם<br>'''yafim'''
|-
|-
!feminine
!feminine
|align=center |יַפֵ<br>'''yaṗe'''
|align=center |יַפֶ'''<br>'''yafe'''
|align=center |יַפׇתּ<br>'''yaṗot'''
|align=center |יַפׇת<br>'''yafoŧ''
|}
|}


*2.4.5 The attributive adjective follows the noun and agrees with it in class and number.
*2.6.5 The attributive adjective follows the noun and agrees with it in class and number.
::אִש תׇּבּ'''iš tob''', a good man; הַ-אִש תׇּבּ '''ha-iš tob''', the good man; אְנַשִם תׇּבִם '''ănašim toḅim''', good men; הַ-אְנַשׅם תׇּבִם '''ha-ănašim toḅim''', the good men.
::אִש תׇּב '''iș tov''', a good man
*2.4.6. A juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective, before or after the noun may constitute a predication: תׇּבּ הַ-אִש '''tob ha-iš ''', הַ-אִש תׇּבּ '''ha-iš tob''', the man is good.
::הַאִש הַתׇּב '''haiș hatov''', the good man
*2.4.7. An adjective may be modified by a prepositional phrase in the predicate.
::אְנַשִם תׇּבִם '''ănașim tovim''', good men
::הַאִר הַיַ תׇּבַ לַעַם '''ha-ir haya tova la-'am''', the city is good for the people.
::הַאְנַשׅם הַתׇּבִם '''ha-ănașim tovim''', the good men.
*2.4.8. Adjectives may be used as nouns in two ways.
*2.6.6. A juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective, before or after the noun, may constitute a predication: תׇּב הַאִש '''tov haiș ''', הַאִש תׇּב '''haiș tov''', the man is good.
**2.4.8.1 The adjective with the definite article may mean "the one who is...",
*2.6.7. An adjective may be modified by a prepositional phrase in the predicate.
:: הַכַם '''haḳam''', wise; הַ-הַכַם '''ha-haḳam''', the wise one.
::הַאִר הַיַ תׇּבַ לַעַם '''hair haya tova la'am''', the city is good for the people.
**2.4.8.2 The singular form may be used as an abstract noun with the addition of אַ- '''-a'''.
*2.6.8. Adjectives may be used as nouns in two ways.
**2.6.8.1 The adjective with the definite article may mean "the one who is...",
:: הַכַם '''haxam''', wise; הַהַכַם '''hahaxam''', the wise one.
**2.6.8.2 The singular form may be used as an abstract noun with the addition of אַ- '''-a'''.
::הַרַ '''hara''', evil; הַרַעַ '''hara'a''' wickedness.
::הַרַ '''hara''', evil; הַרַעַ '''hara'a''' wickedness.
*2.4.9 The adjective כׇּל '''kol''', all, has the meaning "each, every, all, the whole". It is not inflected and precedes the noun it modifies.
*2.6.9 The adjective כׇּל '''kol''', all, has the meaning "each, every, all, the whole". It is not inflected and precedes the noun it modifies.
::כׇּל יׇם '''kol yom''' each day, every day
::כׇּל יׇם '''kol yom''' each day, every day
::כׇּל הַיׇם '''kol ha-yom''', all day, the whole day
::כׇּל הַיׇם '''kol hayom''', all day, the whole day
::כׇּל הַיַמִם  '''kol ha-yamim''', all the days.
::כׇּל הַיַמִם  '''kol hayamim''', all the days.
*2.4.10 The expression כׇּל שֵר '''kol šer''' means "everything that/which". When the object of a verb it is preceded by '''et-'''.
*2.6.10 The expression כׇּל שֶר '''kol șer''' means "everything that/which". When the object of a verb it is preceded by '''eŧ-'''.
::He gave him everthing that he had acquired.
::He gave him everthing that he had acquired.
::נַתַן אֵתּכׇּל שֵר כַּנַ לׇ '''naṭan et-kol šer kana lo.'''
::נַתַן אֶת-כׇּל שֶר כַּנַ לׇ '''naŧan eŧ-kol șer kana lo.'''
*2.4.11 With an adjective '''kol''' has an indefinite pronominal sense.
*2.6.11 With an adjective '''kol''' has an indefinite pronominal sense.
::כׇּם הַדַש '''kol haḍaš''', anything new.
::כׇּם הַדַש '''kol hađaș''', anything new.
*2.4.12 To express the comparative the preposition -מִן '''min-''' is used before the noun which is the basis of comparison.
*2.6.12 To express the comparative the preposition מִן '''min''' is used before the noun which is the basis of comparison.
::The man is wiser than the boy.
::The man is wiser than the boy.
::הַאִש הַיַ הַכַם מִן-הַ-֜נַעַר '''ha-iš haya haḳam min-ha-ná'ar.'''
::הַאִש הַיַ הַכַם מִן הַנַעַר '''haiș haya haxam min haná'ar.'''
**2.4.13 This construction is also used to express "too...for...".
*2.6.13 This construction is also used to express "too...for...".
::The work is too hard for the man.
::The work is too hard for the man.
::הַעַבׇדַ הַיַ כַשַ מִן-הַ-אִש '''ha'aḅoḍa haya ḳaša min-ha-iš.'''
::הַעַבׇדַ הַיַ כַשַ מִן הַאִש '''ha'avođa haya xașa min haiș.'''
*2.4.14. The demonstrative adjective stands last in a series of adjectives.
*2.6.14. The demonstrative adjective stands last in a series of adjectives.
::מַאִש הַתׇבּ הַזֵ '''ha-iš ha-tob ha-ze''', this good man.
::מַאִש הַתׇּב הַזֵ '''haiș hatov haze''', this good man.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 532: Line 531:
|-
|-
!align=center |this
!align=center |this
|align=center |'''ze'''
|align=center |זֶ  '''ze'''
|align=center |'''éle'''
|align=center |אֶ֜לֶ '''éle'''
|-
|-
!align=center |that
!align=center |that
|align=center |'''hi'''
|align=center |הִ '''hi'''
|align=center|'''héna'''
|align=center |הֶ֜נַ  '''héna'''
|}
|}




===2.5 The Definite Article===
===The Definite Article===
*2.5.1. The definite article is '''ha-''' and is prefixed to the noun:
*2.7.1. The definite article is '''ha''' and is prefixed to the noun:
::דַּבַר '''daḅar''', word; הַ-דַּבַר '''ha-daḅar''', the word; מֵ֜גֵכּ '''mélek''', king; הַ-מֵ֜גֵכּ '''ha-mélek''', the king.
::דַּבַר '''davar''', word; הַדַּבַר '''hadavar''', the word; מֶ֜לֶך '''mélex''', king; הַמֶ֜לֶך '''hamélex''', the king.
**2.5.1.2 If the noun begins with '''ha-''' or '''ḳa-''', then the definite article is הְ'''hă''':
*2.7.2 If the noun begins with '''ha-''', then the definite article is הְ '''hă''':
::הְ-הַר '''hă-har''', the mountain; הְ-הַיִם '''hă-harim''', mountains.
::הְהַר '''hăhar''', the mountain; הְהַיִם '''hăharim''', mountains.
*2.5.2. The noun with the definite article is also used to express the vocative.
*2.7.3. The noun with the definite article is also used to express the vocative.
::הַ-מֵ֜גֵכּ '''ha-mélek''', O king!
::הַמֶלֶך '''ha-mélex''', O king!
*2.5.3. There is no indefinite article.
*2.7.4. There is no indefinite article.




===2.6 The Numbers===
===The Numbers===
*2.6.1 The numbers have become indeclinable and precede the noun.
*2.8.1 The numbers have become indeclinable and precede the noun.
*2.6.2 The multiple ordinal numbers govern a noun in the singular.
*2.8.2 The multiple ordinal numbers govern a noun in the singular.
:אַהַל פַּרַ '''ahal para''', one cow; אַרבַּ פַּרַ '''arba para''', four cows.
:אַהַל פַּרַ '''ahal para''', one cow; אַרבַּ פַּרַ '''arba para''', four cows.


Line 570: Line 569:
|-
|-
!ordinal
!ordinal
|אַהַל<br>ahal
|אֶכַד<br>exađ
|שֵנַ<br>šena
|שנַ֜יִם<br>șnáyim
|שַלשַ<br>šalša
|שלׇשַ<br>șloșa
|אַרבַּ<br>arba
|אַרבַּ<br>arba
|הַמשַ<br>hamša
|כַםשַ<br>xamșa
|שֵשַ<br>šeša
|שִשַ<br>șișa
|שֵבַ<br>šeḅa
|שִבַ<br>șiva
|שמׇנַ<br>šmona
|שמׇנַ<br>șmona
|תֵּשַ<br>teša
|תִּשַ<br>tișa
|אֵצרַ<br>eśra
|אַסרַ<br>asra
|-
|-
!cardinal
!cardinal
|הַלִ<br>hali
|הַלִ<br>hali
|שֵנִ<br>šeni
|שֶנִ<br>șeni
|שַלשִ<br>šalši
|שַלשִ<br>șalși
|ארבִּ<br>arbi
|ארבִּ<br>arbi
|הַמשִ<br>hamši
|הַמשִ<br>hamși
|שֵשִ<br>šeši
|שֶשִ<br>șeși
|שֵבִ<br>šeḅi
|שֶבִ<br>șevi
|שמׇנִ<br>šmoni
|שמׇנִ<br>șmoni
|תֵּשִ<br>teši
|תֶּשִ<br>teși
|אצרִ<br>eśri
|אֶצקִ<br>ețri
|-
|-
!+10
!+10
|הַלשַר<br>halšar
|הַלשַר<br>halșar
|שֵנשַר<br>šenšar
|שֶנשַר<br>șenșar
|שַלשַר<br>šalšar
|שַלשַר<br>șalșar
|אַרבַּשַר<br>arbašar
|אַרבַּשַר<br>arbașar
|הַמשַר<br>hamšar
|הַמשַר<br>hamșar
|שֵשַר<br>šešar
|שֶשַר<br>șeșar
|שֵבּשַר<br>šebšar
|שֶבּשַר<br>șebșar
|שמׇנשַר<br>šmonšar
|שמׇנשַר<br>șmonșar
|תֵּשַר<br>tešar
|תֶּשַר<br>teșar
|
|
|-
|-
!x10
!x10
|
|
|שֵנִם<br>šenim
|שֶנִם<br>șenim
|שַלשִם<br>šalšim
|שַלשִם<br>șalșim
|אַרבִּם<br>arbim
|אַרבִּם<br>arbim
|הַמשִם<br>hamšim
|הַמשִם<br>hamșim
|שֵשִם<br>šešim
|שֶשִם<br>șeșim
|שֵבִם<br>šeḅim
|שֶבִם<br>șevim
|שמׇנִם<br>šmonim
|שמׇנִם<br>șmonim
|תֵּשׄם<br>tešim
|תֶּשׅם<br>teșim
|אֵצרִם<br>eśrim
|אֶצרִם<br>ețrim
|}
|}




===2.7 The Pronoun===
===The Pronoun===
====2.7.1 The Personal Pronouns====
====The Personal Pronouns====


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 632: Line 631:
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |אְתַ '''ăṭa'''
| align=center |אְתַ '''ăŧa'''
| align=center |אְתֵם '''ăṭem'''
| align=center |אְתֵם '''ăŧem'''
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
Line 640: Line 639:
|}
|}


**2.7.1.1 These forms are used as the subjects of verbs, mostly of non-verbal sentences, אְנִ תׇבּ '''ăni tob''', I am good.
*2.9.1.1 These forms are used as the subjects of verbs, mostly of non-verbal sentences, אְנִ תׇּב '''ăni tov''', I am good.
**2.7.1.2 These forms are used as the direct object, ''e.g.'', אְנִ אׇהֵב אֵתּ-הֻ '''ăni oheḅ et-hu''', I love him.
*2.9.1.2 These forms are used as the direct object, ''e.g.'', אְנִ אׇהֶב אֶתהֻ '''ăni ohev eŧ-hu''', I love him.
**2.7.1.3 When it is the object of a preposition, a personal pronoun is suffixed to the preposition, ''e.g.'', with לְ '''lă''',
*2.9.1.3 When it is the object of a preposition, a personal pronoun is suffixed to the preposition, ''e.g.'', with לְ '''lă''',


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 655: Line 654:
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |לְכּ '''lăk'''
| align=center |לְכּ '''lăk'''
| align=center |לְכֵם '''lăḳem'''
| align=center |לְכֶם '''lăxem'''
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|align=center |לְהֻ '''lăhu'''
|align=center |לְהֻ '''lăhu'''
|align=center |לְהֵם '''lăhem'''
|align=center |לְהֶם '''lăhem'''
|}
|}


**2.7.1.4 The personal pronoun with מִן '''min''', from, is declined differently.
*2.9.1.4 The personal pronoun with מִן '''min''', from, is declined differently.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 670: Line 669:
|-
|-
!1st  
!1st  
|align=center |מִנֵ֜נִ '''minéni'''
|align=center |מִנֶ֜נֻ '''minéni'''
|align=center |מִנֵ֜נֻ '''minénu'''
|align=center |מִנֶ֜נֻ '''minénu'''
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |מִנֵ֜כַ '''minéḳa'''
| align=center |מִנֶ֜כַ '''minéxa'''
| align=center |מִנֵ֜כֵם '''minéḳem'''
| align=center |מִנֶ֜כֶם '''minéxem'''
|-
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
| align=center |מִנֵ֜הֻ '''minéhu'''
| align=center |מִנֶ֜הֻ '''minéhu'''
| align=center |מִנֵ֜הֵם '''minéhem'''
| align=center |מִנֶ֜הֶם '''minéhem'''
|}
|}


====2.7.2 The Demonstrative Pronoun====
====The Demonstrative Pronoun====
*2.8.2.1 The demonstrative adjective without the definite article is used as the demonstrative pronoun.
*2.9.2.1 The demonstrative adjective without the definite article is used as the demonstrative pronoun.
::זֵ הַיַ הַ-אִש '''ze haya ha-iš''', this is the man.
::זֶ הַיַ הַאִש '''ze haya haiș''', this is the man.
::אֵ֜לֵ הַיַ הַ-דְּבַיִם '''éle haya ha-dăḅarim''', these are the words.  
::אֶ֜לֶ הַיַ הַדַּבַרִם '''éle haya hadavarim''', these are the words.  


====2.7.3 The Interrogative Pronoun====
====The Interrogative Pronoun====
*2.7.3.1 The interrogative pronouns מִ '''mi''', who, and מַ '''ma''', what, are not inflected for number or class.
*2.9.3.1 The interrogative pronouns מִ '''mi''', who, and מַ '''ma''', what, are not inflected for number or class.


====2.7.4 The Possessive Pronoun====
====The Possessive Pronoun====
*2.7.4.1 Pronominal possession is indicated by suffixing a form of the personal pronoun to the noun.
*2.9.4.1 Pronominal possession is indicated by suffixing a form of the personal pronoun to the noun.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 701: Line 699:
!1st  
!1st  
|align=center |סֻסִ '''susi'''<br>my horse
|align=center |סֻסִ '''susi'''<br>my horse
|align=center |סֻסֵ֜נֻ '''susénu'''<br>our horse
|align=center |סֻסֶ֜נִ '''susénu'''<br>our horse
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |סֻסכַּ '''suska'''<br>your horse
| align=center |סֻסכַּ '''suska'''<br>your horse
| align=center |סֻסכֵּם '''suskem'''<br>your horse
| align=center |סֻסכֶּם '''suskem'''<br>your horse
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
Line 718: Line 716:
|-
|-
!1st  
!1st  
|align=center |סֻסֵ֜אִ '''suséi'''<br>my horses
|align=center |סֻסֶ֜אִ '''suséi'''<br>my horses
|align=center |סֻסֵ֜נֻ '''susénu'''<br>our horses
|align=center |סֻסֶ֜נֻ '''susénu'''<br>our horses
|-
!2nd
| align=center |סֻסֵ֜כַ '''suséka'''<br>your horses
| align=center |סֻסֵ֜כֵם '''susékem'''<br>your horses
|-
!3rd
| align=center |סֻסֵ֜אׇ '''suséo'''<br>his/her horses
| align=center |סֻסֵ֜הֵם '''suséhem'''<br>their horses
|}
 
*2.7.4.2 The usual vowel reduction takes place in disyllabic nouns.
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!person
!singular
!plural
|-
!1st
|align=center |דְּבַיִ '''dăḅari'''<br>my word
|align=center |דְּבַרֵ֜נֻ '''dăḅarénu'''<br>our word
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |דְּבַיכַּ '''dăḅarka'''<br>your word
| align=center |סֻסֶ֜כַ '''suséxa'''<br>your horses
| align=center |דְּבַיכֵּם '''dăḅarkem'''<br>your word
| align=center |סֻסֶ֜לֶם '''suséxem'''<br>your horses
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
| align=center |דְּבַיׇ '''dăḅaro'''<br>his/her word
| align=center |סֻסֶ֜אׇ '''suséo'''<br>his/her horses
| align=center |דְּבַיַם '''dăḅaram'''<br>their word
| align=center |סֻסֶ֜הֶם '''suséhem'''<br>their horses
|}
|}


*2.7.4.3 Feminine nouns in '''-a''' have אַתּ- '''-at''' before the pronominal endings.
*2.9.4.2 Feminine nouns in '''-a''' have אַתּ- '''-aŧ''' before the pronominal endings.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 758: Line 736:
|-
|-
!1st  
!1st  
|align=center |תׇּרַתִ '''toraṭi'''<br>my law
|align=center |תׇּרַתִ '''toraŧi'''<br>my law
|align=center |תׇּרַתֵ֜נֻ '''toraṭénu'''<br>our law
|align=center |תּרַתֶ֜נֻ '''toraŧénu'''<br>our law
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |תׇּרַתּכַּ '''toratka'''<br>your law
| align=center |תׇּרַ֫תכַּ '''toraŧka'''<br>your law
| align=center |תׇּרַתּכֵּם '''toratkem'''<br>your law
| align=center | '''toraŧkem'''<br>your law
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
| align=center |תׇּרַתׇ '''toraṭo'''<br>his/her law
| align=center |תׇּרַתׇ '''toraŧo'''<br>his/her law
| align=center |תׇּרַתַם '''toraṭam'''<br>their law
| align=center |תׇּרַתַם '''toraŧam'''<br>their law
|}
|}


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 777: Line 754:
|-
|-
!1st  
!1st  
|align=center |תׇּרׇתִ '''toroṭi'''<br>my laws
|align=center |תׇּרׇתִ '''toroŧi'''<br>my laws
|align=center |תׇּרׇתֵ֜נֻ '''toroṭénu'''<br>our laws
|align=center |תׇּרׇתֶ֜נֻ '''toroŧénu'''<br>our laws
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |תׇּרׇתֵ֜כַ '''toroṭéḳa'''<br>your laws
| align=center |תׇּרׇתֶ֜כַ '''toroŧéxa'''<br>your laws
| align=center |תׇּרׇתֵ֜כֵם '''toroṭéḳem'''<br>your laws
| align=center |תָּרָתֶ֜כֶם '''toroŧéxem'''<br>your laws
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
| align=center |תׇּרׇתׇ '''toroṭo'''<br>his/her laws
| align=center |תׇּרׇתׇ '''toroŧo'''<br>his/her laws
| align=center |תׇּרׇתֵ֜הֵם '''toroṭéhem'''<br>their laws
| align=center |תׇּרׇתֶ֜כֶם '''toroŧéhem'''<br>their laws
|}
|}


*2.7.4.5 A noun with a pronominal suffix is definite, therefore:
*2.9.4.5 A noun with a pronominal suffix is definite, therefore:
**2.7.4.5.1 a modifying adjective has the definite article.
**2.9.4.5.1 a modifying adjective has the definite article.
::סֻסִ הְ-הַזַכּ '''susi hă-hazak''', my strong horse
::סֻסִ הְהַזַכּ '''susi hăhazak''', my strong horse
::בְּבַרׇ הַ-תׇבִם '''dăḅaro ha-ṭoḅim''', his good words.
::דַּבַרׇ הַתׇּבִם '''davaro hatovim''', his good words.
**2.7.4.5.2 when the direct object of a verb, '''et-''' is required.
**2.9.4.5.2 when the direct object of a verb, '''eŧ-''' is required.
::רַאִ֜תִ אֵתּ-סֻסׇ '''raiṭi et-suso''', I see his horse.
::רַאִ֜תִ אֵת־סֻסׇ '''raíŧi eŧ-suso''', I see his horse.
**2.7.4.5.3 But '''et-''' is omitted when reference is made to a part of the body. ::שַלַכּ יַדׇ '''šalak yaḍo''', he put forth his hand.
**2.9.4.5.3 But '''eŧ-''' is omitted when reference is made to a part of the body. ::שַלַכ יַדׇ '''șalax yađo''', he put forth his hand.




===2.8 The Preposition===
===The Preposition===
*2.8.1 There are three types of prepositions.
*2.10.1 There are two types of prepositions.
*2.8.2 The first type consists of the three prepositions בְּ '''bă''' (in), לְ '''lă''' (to), and כְּ '''kă''' (like) that are prefixed to the noun.
*2.10.2 The first type consists of the three prepositions בְּ '''bă''' in, לְ '''lă''' to, and כְּ '''kă''' like that are prefixed to the noun.
::לְמֵ֜לֵכּ '''lămélek''', to a king
::לְמֶ֜לֶכ '''lămélex''', to a king
**2.8.2.1 When the noun is determined by the definite article, the two combine into a single syllable retaining the vowel of the article.
**2.10.2.1 When the noun is determined by the definite article, the two combine into a single syllable retaining the vowel of the article.
::לַמֵ֜לֵכּ '''lamélek''', to the king.
::לַמֶ֜לֶכ '''lamélek''', to the king.
::These words are [[Wikipedia:Clitic|proclitic]] and are pronounced as the first syllable of the word.
::These words are [[Wikipedia:Clitic|proclitic]] and are pronounced as the first syllable of the word.
**2.8.2.2 If the noun begins with יְ '''yă-''', these prepositions become בִּ '''bi''', לִ'''li''', and כִּ '''ki''' and replace the יְ  '''yă-'''.
**2.10.2.2 If the noun begins with יְ '''yă-''', these prepositions become בִּ '''bi''', לִ'''li''', and כִּ '''ki''' and replace the יְ  '''yă-'''.
::יְרֻשַלַ֜אִם '''yărušaláim''', Jerusalem; בִּרֻשַלַ֜אִם '''birušaláim''', to Jerusalem.
::יְרֻשַלַ֜אִם '''yărușaláim''', Jerusalem; בִּרֻשַלַ֜אִם '''birușaláim''', to Jerusalem.
**2.8.2.3 If the noun begins with '''Că-''', these prepositions become בִּ '''bi''', לִ'''li''', and כִּ '''ki''' and the '''ă''' is dropped.
**2.10.2.3 If the noun begins with '''Că-''', these prepositions become בִּ '''bi''', לִ'''li''', and כִּ '''ki''' and the '''ă''' is dropped.
::שְמֻאֵל '''šămuel''', Samuel; כִּשמֻאֵל '''kišmuel''', like Samuel.
::שְמֻאֶל '''șămuel''', Samuel; כִּשמֻאֶל '''kișmuel''', like Samuel.
**2.8.2.4 In all other cases these prepositions become '''ba''', '''la''', and '''ka'''.
**2.10.2.4 In all other cases these prepositions become '''ba''', '''la''', and '''ka'''.
::כַּלׇם '''kalom''', dream; בַּכַלׇם '''baḳalom''', in a dream.
::כַּלׇם '''kalom''', dream; בַּכַלׇם '''baxalom''', in a dream.
*2.8.3. The second type consists of those joined to the noun with a hyphen ('''[[Wikipedia:Hebrew punctuation#Hyphen and maqaf|maḳaf]]'''). The most common are אֵל '''el-''' (to, towards), אַל '''al-''' (on, upon), and מִן '''min-''' (from).
*2.10.3. The second group consists of prepositions written as separate words.
::מִן-הַ-בַיִתּ '''min-ha-ḅayit''', from the house.
::אֶ֜צֶל הַבַּיִת '''éțel habayiŧ''', near the house.
*2.8.4. The third and largest group consists of prepositions written as separate words.
::Those prepositions formerly joined to the noun with a hyphen ('''[[Wikipedia:Hebrew punctuation#Hyphen and maqaf|maxaf]]''') are now written as separate words. The most common are אֶל '''el''' to, towards; אַל '''al''' on, upon; and מִן '''min''' from.
::אֵ֜צֵל-הַ-בַיִתּ '''éśel ha-ḅayit''', near the house.
::מִן הַבַּיִת '''min habayiŧ''', from the house.
*2.8.5. A juxtaposed noun and prepositional phrase (or local adverb) constitute a predication.
*2.10.4 A juxtaposed noun and prepositional phrase (or local adverb) constitute a predication.
::הַ-נַ֜עַר בַּבַיִתּ '''ha-ná'ar baḅayit ''', the young man is in the house.
::הַנַ֜עַר בַּבַּיִתּ '''haná'ar babayiŧ''', the young man is in the house.
*2.8.6 The noun פַּנִם '''panim''', ''face'', in the plural, forms a part of several prepositions.
*2.10.5 The noun פַּנִם '''panim''', ''face'', in the plural, forms a part of several prepositions.
::לִפנֵ '''lifne''', in the presence of, before; לִפנֵ הַ-מֵ֜לֵכּ '''lifne ha-mélek''', before the king.
::לִפנֶ '''lifne''', in the presence of, before; לִפנֶ הַמֶ֜לֶכ '''lifne hamélex''', before the king.
::מִפנֵ '''mifne''', from the presence of, from before, because of; מִפנֵ מִלכַּמַ '''mifne milkama''', because of the war.
::מִפנֶ '''mifne''', from the presence of, from before, because of; מִפנֶ מִלכַּמַ '''mifne milkama''', because of the war.
::אַל-פנֵ '''al-fne''', on the surface of, up against; אַל-פנֵ הַ-כׅר '''al-fne ha-ḳir''', up against the wall.
::אַלפנֵ '''alpne''', on the surface of, up against; אַלפנֵ הַכׅר '''alpne haxir''', up against the wall.
*2.8.7 There are other prepositions compounded from nouns.
*2.10.6 There are other prepositions compounded from nouns.
::אַל-דְּבַר '''al-dăḅar''' because of, אַל-דְּבַר אֵ֜זֵרִ '''al-dăvar ézeri''', because of my help.
::אַלדַּבַר '''al-davar''' because of, אַלדַּבַר אֶ֜זֶרִ '''al-dăvar ézeri''', because of my help.
::בְּתׇכּ '''băṭok''', in the midst of; בְּתׇכׇ '''băṭoḳo''', in the midst of it.
::בְּתׇכ '''băŧox''', in the midst of; בְּתׇכׇ '''băŧoxo''', in the midst of it.
*2.8.10 The suffix אַ- '''–a''' added to a noun, proper or common, indicates motion toward, with or without the article.
*2.10.7 The suffix אַ- '''–a''' added to a noun, proper or common, indicates motion toward, with or without the article.
::הַר '''har''', mountain; הַ-הַ֜יַ '''ha-hára''', to the mountain.
::הַר '''har''', mountain; הְהַ֜יַ '''hahára''', to the mountain.




===2.9 The Conjunction===
===The Conjunction===
*2.9.1 The coordinating conjunction "and" is אֻ '''u''', and is prefixed to the noun.
*2.11.1 The coordinating conjunction "and" is אֻ '''u''', and is prefixed to the noun.
:: '''u-ḅayit''', and a house.
::אֻ־בַּיִת '''u-bayiŧ''', and a house.




===2.10 The Interrogative===
===The Interrogative===
*2.10.1 Any sentence may be converted into a question by prefixing '''hă-''' to the first word.
*2.12.1 Any sentence may be converted into a question by prefixing '''hă-''' to the first word.
::הְ-תׇּבַ הַיַ הַ-עַ֜רֵץ '''hă-tova haya ha-'áreś.''' Is the land good?
::הְ־תׇּבַ הַיַ הַאֶ֜רֶץ '''hătova haya haéreț.''' Is the land good?




===2.11 The Relative Construction===
===The Relative Construction===
*2.11.1 A relative clauses is expressed with שֵר '''šer'''.
*2.13.1 A relative clauses is expressed with שֵר '''șer'''.
::הַ-כׇּהֵן שֵר כּתַבּ אֵתּ-הַ-סֵ֜פֵר '''ha-kohen šer kaṭab et-ha-séfer.''' The priest who wrote the book.
::הַכׇּהֶן שֶר כַתַב אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר '''ha-kohen șer kaŧav eŧ-haséfer.''' The priest who wrote the book.
*2.11.2. When the relative construction involves a preposition, שֵר '''šer''' is combined with the preposition as if it were a noun.
*2.13.2. When the relative construction involves a preposition, שֵר '''șer''' is combined with the preposition as if it were a noun.
::לַשֵר '''lašer''', to whom/which
::לַשֶר '''lașer''', to whom/which
::מִנ-שֵר '''min-šer''', from whom/which
::מִנ שֶר '''min-șer''', from whom/which
::אֵ֜שֵל שֵר '''éśel šer''', near whom/which.
::אֶ֜צֶל שֶר '''éțel șer''', near whom/which.

Latest revision as of 19:38, 13 December 2020

Pronunciation table

a
 ă b v d đ e g ģ h i k x l m n o p f r s ț ș t ŧ u w y z '
אַ
 אְ בּ ב דּ ד אֵ גּ ג ה אִ כּ כ ל מ נ אָ פּ פ ר ס צ ש תּ ת אֻ ו י ז ע
/ä/ /ə/ /b/ /β/ /d/ /ð/ /e/ /g/ /ʝ/ /h/ /i/ /k/ /ç/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /o/ /p/ /φ/ /ɾ/ /s/ /ʦ/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /u/ /w/ /j/ /z/ /ʔ/


Part II - Grammar

The Alphabet

Latin a ă b v d đ e g ģ h i k x l m
Huđío א1 אַ אְ בּ ב דּ ד אֶ גּ ג ה2 3 אִ כּ / ךּ כ / ך4 ל מ / ם
Name אַ֜לֶף
Álef 		אַ
A 		אְ
Uh 		בֶּת
Beŧ 		בֶת
Veŧ 		דַּ֜לֶת
Dáleŧ 		דַ֜לֵתּ
Đáleŧ 		אֵ
e 		גִּמֶל
Gímel 		גִמֶל
Ģimel 		הֶ
He 		אִ
I 		כַּף
Kaf 		כַף
Xaf 		לַ֜מֶד
Lámeđ 		מֵם
Mem
IPA /ä/ /ə/ /b/ /β/ /d/ /ð/ /e/ /g/ /ʝ/ /h/ /i/ /k/ /ç/ /l/ /m/


  • 1 Syllabic and initial vowels are written under Álef, so there is no need for matres lectionis.
  • 2 ח (Heth) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ה (He).
  • 3 ה (He) has been deleted when syllable final.
  • 4 ק (Quf) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ (Kaf). Any words originally with Quf share in the lenition of Kaf.


Latin
n
 o p f r s ț ș t ŧ u w y z '
Hebrew נ / ן אָ פּ / ףּ פ / ף ר ס צ ש1 תּ ת2 אֻ ו י ז ע3
Name נֻן
Nun 		אׇ
O 		פֶּ
Pe 		פֶ
Fe 		רֶש
Resh 		סַ֜מֶך
Sámex 		צַ֜דִּ
Țádi 		שִן
Șin 		תַּף
Taf 		תַף
Ŧaf 		אֻ
u 		וַ
Wa 		יׇדּ
Yod 		זַ֜אִ
Zay 		אַ֜אִן
Ain
IPA /n/ /o/ /p/ /φ/ /ɾ/ /s/ /ʦ/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /u/ /w/ /j/ /z/ /ʔ/


  • 1 שׂ (Sin) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס (Sámex). Thus the dot is not needed for Șin.
  • 2 ט (Tet) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ (Taf) /t/. Any words originally with Tet share in the lenition of Taf.
  • 3 The glottal stop <ע> /ʔ/ (') is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נֵ֜עַר, ná'ar, boy.

Notes

  1. The Hebrew alphabet is used with some modifications.
  2. The order of the Latin alphabet is used in place of the traditional Hebrew order.
  3. When reciting the alphabet, the fricatives are not named.
  4. When spelling a word, the names of the fricatives are used, e.g., דַּבַר, davar, word: Dalet, A, Vet, A, Resh.
  5. The schwa sign אְ is not used under syllable final consonants, e.g. א֜רבַּ, árba, four.
  6. There are no geminate consonants.


General Notes

  • 2.2.1 Sentence order is subject, verb, (indirect object pronoun), direct object, (indirect object noun), other elements.
  • 2.2.2 Most words are accented on the ultimate syllable.
  • 2.2.3 A few words are accented on the penultimate syllable. These words are indicated by an acute accent on the vowel in the Latin transliteration, e.g., מֶ֜לֶכ mélex, king.


The Verb

  • 2.3.1 Huđio has reduced the many type of verbs in Biblical Hebrew to four.
  1. Those with the syllabic form CVCVC, e.g., כַּתַב kaŧab, write.
  2. Those with the syllabic form VCVC, e.g., אַכַל axal, eat.
  3. Those with the syllabic form CVC, e.g., נַם nam, sleep.
  4. Those with the syllabic form CV, e.g., בַּ ba, come.
  • 2.3.2 These forms are the forms of the perfect tense and are lemmas for the verbs.
  • 2.3.3 The verb has only two numbers, singular and plural.
  • 2.3.4 Vowels are infixed to these forms to specify the meaning.
  • 2.3.5 The verb agrees in person and number with its subject. The personal pronoun may be used for emphasis.
  • 2.3.6 The verb is negated with לָ lo placed immediately before the verb.
  • 2.3.7 Traditionally, the conjugation paradigm is given in the order 3rd, 2nd, and 1st persons.
  • 2.3.8 No distinction is made in the second person between male and female.
  • 2.3.9 The perfect tense translates the simple past or the present perfect. With verbs of perception or attitude it translates the general present. With verbs signifying mental or physical state it translates "to be" + adjective.
perfect Tense
CVCVC
write		 CVCV
eat		 CVC
sleep		 CV
come
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd kaŧab
כַּתַבּ		 kaŧbu
כַּתבֻּ		 axal
אַכַל		 axlu
אַכלֻ		 nam
נַם		 namu
נַמֻ		 ba
בַּ		 bau
בַּאֻ
2nd kaŧábta
כַּתַ֜בּתַּ		 kaŧábtem
כַּתַ֜בּתֶּם		 axálta
אַכַ֜לתַּ		 axáltem
אַכַ֜לתֶּם		 námta
נַ֫מתַּ		 námtem
כַ֜מתֶּם		 báŧa
בַּ֜תַ		 báŧem
בַּתֶם
1st kaŧábti
כַּתַ֜בּתִּ		 kaŧábnu
כַּתַ֜בּכֻ		 axálti
אַכַ֜לתִּ		 axálnu
אַכַ֜לנֻ		 námti
נַ֜מתִּ		 námnu
נַ֜מנֻ		 báŧi
בַּ֜תִ		 bánu
בַּ֜נֻ
  • 2.3.10 Verbs with the form CaCeC are stative verbs for the most part, e.g., kaveđ, he is/was/has become heavy.
perfect Tense of Stative Verbs
CVCVC
be heavy		 CVCV
be afraid		 CVC
die
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd kaveđ
כַּבֶדּ		 kavdu
כַּבֻּ		 yare
יַרֶ		 yaru
יַרֻ		 meŧ
מֶת		 méŧu
מֶ֝תֻ
2nd kavéđta
כַּתַ֜בּתַּ		 kavéđtem
כַּתַ֜בּתֵּם		 yaréŧa
אַכַ֜לתַּ		 yaréŧem
אַכַ֜לתֵּם		 méŧa
נַ֫מתַּ		 méŧem
כַ֜מתֵּם
1st kavéđti
כַּבֶ֜דתִּ		 kavéđnu
כַּבֶ֜דכֻ		 yaréŧi
יַרֶ֜תִ		 yarénu
יַרֶ֜נֻ		 meŧti
מֶתתִּ		 méŧnu
  • 2.3.11 There are no irregular verbs.
  • 2.3.12 CoCeC is the form of the active participle, e.g., כׇּתֶב koŧev, writing. This form is an adjective in function, e.g., הַאִש הַהׇלֶכ haiș haholex, the walking man.
  • 2.3.13 In order to state that something exists, the word יֶש yeș is used, e.g., אִש יֶש iș yeș, there is a man; אְנַשִם יֶש ănașim yeș, there are men. The negative expression uses אֶך en, e.g., אִש אֶך iș en, there is no man.
    • This construction is used to express possession, e.g., כֶּ֜סֶףאֶך לְאִש késef en lăiș, the man has no silver.
  • 2.3.14 Although a juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective may constitute a predication, it is more common to use the verb הַיַ haya.
הַאִש הַיַ תׇּב haiș haya tov, the man was good.
  • 2.3.15 With the preposition לְ lă, the verb means become.
דַּוִד הַיַ לְמֶ֜לֶכ תׇּב dawiđ haya lămélex tov, David became a good king.
  • 2.3.16 The imperfect tense adds a prefix to the inflected forms. The imperfect has two meanings, the future and habitual or customary action.
Imperfect Tense
CVCVC
write		 CVCV
eat		 CVC
sleep		 CV
come
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd yixtov
יִכתׇּב		 yixtovun
יִכתׇּבֻך		 yixol
יִכׇל		 yixolun
יִכׇלֻך		 yinom
יִנׇם		 yinomun
יִנׇמֻן		 yivo
יִבׇ		 yivoun
יִבֶאֻן
2nd tixtov
תִּכתׇב		 tixtovun
תִּכתׇּבֻך		 tixol
תִּכׇל		 tixolun
תִּכׇלֻן		 tinom
תִּנׇם		 tinomun
תִּנׇמֻן		 tivo
תִּבׇ		 tivoun
תִּבׇאֻן
1st extov
אֶכתׇּב		 nixtob
כִכתׇּב		 exol
אֶכׇל		 nixol
נִכׇל		 enom
אֶנׇם		 ninom
נׅנׇם		 evo
אֶבׇ		 nivo
נִבׇ


  • 2.3.17 The imperative is formed by changing the first vowel of the imperfect to ă in the singular, and to i in the plural.
imperfect singular plural
yixtov
יִכתׇּב 		kăŧov
כְּתׇב 		kiŧbu
כִּתבֻּ
yixol
יִכֶל 		ăxol
אְכׇל 		ixlu
אִכלֻ
yinom
יִנׇם 		ănom
אְנׇם 		inmu
אִנמֻ
yivo
יִבׇ 		ăvo
אְבָ 		ivu
אִבֻ
  • 2.3.18 The negative imperative is formed with לׇ lo, e.g., לָ אֽבׇ lo ăvo, don't go.
  • 2.3.19 The infinitive is formed by changing the first vowel of the perfect to ă and the second to o. If a suffix is added the first vowel is o and the second is deleted.
kaŧav
כַּתַב 		kăŧov
כְּתׇב 		koŧbi
כׇּתבּׅ
axal
אַכַל 		ăxol
אְכׇל 		oxli
אׇכלִ
nam
נׇם 		ănom
אְנׇם 		onmi
אׇנמִ
ba
בַּ 		ăvo
אְבׇ 		ivu
אִבֻ
  • 2.3.20 The infinitive has both nominal and verbal functions. As a verb it may have subjects, objects, and other verbal adjuncts.
  • 2.3.21 The infinitive is used with lă to indicate the complement of a verb. The schwa is elided.
שַמַ, șama, hear; שמֻ, șămo, to hear; בֵּ֜אֻ לְשמָ báu lășmo, they came to hear.
  • 2.3.22 הַיַ haya + ă + the infinitive expresses to be about to... or to be compelled to....
הַשַ֜מַר הַיַ לְסגׇּר hașámar haya lăsgor, the gate was about to close.
  • 2.3.23 אַל al + noun/pronoun + לְ lă + the infinitive expresses obligation or responsibility.
אַלִ לְמצָ אֶתהֻ ali lămțo eŧhu, I must find him.
  • 2.3.24 אֶך en + לְ lă + the infinitive expresses possibility or permission.
אֶך לְבׇ en lăvo, entering is forbidden.
  • 2.3.24 The infinitive is negated with לׇ lo.
  • 2.3.25 The passive participle has the pattern CaCuC, e.g., כַּתֻב kaŧuv, written.


The Noun

  • 2.4.1 The Huđío noun belongs to one of two classes, masculine and feminine. In general, those nouns ending in -a are feminine and those ending in a consonant are masculine, although there are some exceptions.
  • 2.4.2 There are two numbers, singular and plural. The singular is unmarked. The plural endings are –oŧ for feminine nouns and –im for masculine nouns.
מֵ֜לֵכּ mélex (king), מֶלכִּם melkim; מַלכַּ malka (queen), מַלכׇּת malkoŧ.
  • 2.4.3 The older form of changing the vowel in disyllabic nouns is no longer used. דַּבַר davar, word; דְּבַרִם dăvarim, is now דַּבַר davar; דַּבַרׅם davarim.
  • 2.4.4 A few nouns have irregular plurals:
אִש iș, man; אְנַשִם ănașim, men; אִשַ ișa, woman; נַשִם nașim, women; אִר ir, city; אְרִם ărim, cities; בַּ֜יִתּ báyit, house; בַּתִם baŧim.
  • 2.4.5 When the direct object of a verb is a noun, definite or indefinite, or is a proper name, it is preceded by the object marker אֶת eŧ-.
הַעַם אׇהֶב אֶת-דַּוִד ha-am ohev eŧ-Dawid, the people love David.
  • 2.4.6 The indirect object is formed with the preposition לְ lă.
נַתַנתִּ אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר לְאִש naŧánti eŧ-haséfer lăiș, I gave the book to the man.
  • 2.4.7 The suffix אַ- -a added to both proper and common nouns indicates motion toward, the latter with or without the article. It is never stressed.
הַהַ֜רַ ha-hára, to the mountain
כֻ֜סכׇאַ, kúskoa to Cusco


The Genitive Construction

  • 2.5.1 The juxtaposition of two nouns that serves to mark a modifying relationship, known as the Construct State, has a limited use in Huđio. Its principal use is to form compound nouns, e.g., karxon yam כַּרכׇן יַם, "glacier of the sea", i.e. iceberg. The first noun in such a chain is said to be in a construct state and may have a different form than the singular.
  • 2.5.2 Nouns in -a replace this ending with -aŧ, e.g.,
  • 2.5.3 Plural nouns in -im change the ending to -e, יַמִם yamim, seas.
הַיַמֶ הַאׇלַם hayame haolam, the seas of the world,
  • 2.5.4 Genitive constructions are made using the preposition șel שֶל, e.g., הַכׇּ שֶל הַנַבִ hakol șel hanavi, the voice of the prophet.
  • 2.5.5 Irregular Construct Forms
house בַּיׅת
bayiŧ 		בֶּת
beŧ
death מַוֶת
maweŧ 		מׇת
moŧ
woman אִשַ
ișa 		אֶ֜שֶת
éșeŧ


Adjective

  • 2.6.1 Adjectives agree in class and number with the nouns they modify.
  • 2.6.2 Monosyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
singular plural
masculine תׇּב
tov
good 		תׇּבִם
tovim
feminine תּב
tov 		תׇּבׇת
tovoŧ
  • 2.6.3 Disyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
singular plural
masculine גַּדׇל
gađol
great 		גַּדׇלִם
gađolim
feminine גַּדׇל
gađol 		גַּדׇלׇת
gađoloŧ
  • 2.6.4 Adjectives ending in –e have the following forms.
singular plural
masculine יַפֶ
yafe
beautiful 		יַפִם
yafim
feminine יַפֶ
yafe 		יַפׇת
'yafoŧ
  • 2.6.5 The attributive adjective follows the noun and agrees with it in class and number.
אִש תׇּב iș tov, a good man
הַאִש הַתׇּב haiș hatov, the good man
אְנַשִם תׇּבִם ănașim tovim, good men
הַאְנַשׅם הַתׇּבִם ha-ănașim tovim, the good men.
  • 2.6.6. A juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective, before or after the noun, may constitute a predication: תׇּב הַאִש tov haiș , הַאִש תׇּב haiș tov, the man is good.
  • 2.6.7. An adjective may be modified by a prepositional phrase in the predicate.
הַאִר הַיַ תׇּבַ לַעַם hair haya tova la'am, the city is good for the people.
  • 2.6.8. Adjectives may be used as nouns in two ways.
    • 2.6.8.1 The adjective with the definite article may mean "the one who is...",
הַכַם haxam, wise; הַהַכַם hahaxam, the wise one.
    • 2.6.8.2 The singular form may be used as an abstract noun with the addition of אַ- -a.
הַרַ hara, evil; הַרַעַ hara'a wickedness.
  • 2.6.9 The adjective כׇּל kol, all, has the meaning "each, every, all, the whole". It is not inflected and precedes the noun it modifies.
כׇּל יׇם kol yom each day, every day
כׇּל הַיׇם kol hayom, all day, the whole day
כׇּל הַיַמִם kol hayamim, all the days.
  • 2.6.10 The expression כׇּל שֶר kol șer means "everything that/which". When the object of a verb it is preceded by eŧ-.
He gave him everthing that he had acquired.
נַתַן אֶת-כׇּל שֶר כַּנַ לׇ naŧan eŧ-kol șer kana lo.
  • 2.6.11 With an adjective kol has an indefinite pronominal sense.
כׇּם הַדַש kol hađaș, anything new.
  • 2.6.12 To express the comparative the preposition מִן min is used before the noun which is the basis of comparison.
The man is wiser than the boy.
הַאִש הַיַ הַכַם מִן הַנַעַר haiș haya haxam min haná'ar.
  • 2.6.13 This construction is also used to express "too...for...".
The work is too hard for the man.
הַעַבׇדַ הַיַ כַשַ מִן הַאִש ha'avođa haya xașa min haiș.
  • 2.6.14. The demonstrative adjective stands last in a series of adjectives.
מַאִש הַתׇּב הַזֵ haiș hatov haze, this good man.
singular plural
this זֶ ze אֶ֜לֶ éle
that הִ hi הֶ֜נַ héna


The Definite Article

  • 2.7.1. The definite article is ha and is prefixed to the noun:
דַּבַר davar, word; הַדַּבַר hadavar, the word; מֶ֜לֶך mélex, king; הַמֶ֜לֶך hamélex, the king.
  • 2.7.2 If the noun begins with ha-, then the definite article is הְ hă:
הְהַר hăhar, the mountain; הְהַיִם hăharim, mountains.
  • 2.7.3. The noun with the definite article is also used to express the vocative.
הַמֶלֶך ha-mélex, O king!
  • 2.7.4. There is no indefinite article.


The Numbers

  • 2.8.1 The numbers have become indeclinable and precede the noun.
  • 2.8.2 The multiple ordinal numbers govern a noun in the singular.
אַהַל פַּרַ ahal para, one cow; אַרבַּ פַּרַ arba para, four cows.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ordinal אֶכַד
exađ 		שנַ֜יִם
șnáyim 		שלׇשַ
șloșa 		אַרבַּ
arba 		כַםשַ
xamșa 		שִשַ
șișa 		שִבַ
șiva 		שמׇנַ
șmona 		תִּשַ
tișa 		אַסרַ
asra
cardinal הַלִ
hali 		שֶנִ
șeni 		שַלשִ
șalși 		ארבִּ
arbi 		הַמשִ
hamși 		שֶשִ
șeși 		שֶבִ
șevi 		שמׇנִ
șmoni 		תֶּשִ
teși 		אֶצקִ
ețri
+10 הַלשַר
halșar 		שֶנשַר
șenșar 		שַלשַר
șalșar 		אַרבַּשַר
arbașar 		הַמשַר
hamșar 		שֶשַר
șeșar 		שֶבּשַר
șebșar 		שמׇנשַר
șmonșar 		תֶּשַר
teșar
x10 שֶנִם
șenim 		שַלשִם
șalșim 		אַרבִּם
arbim 		הַמשִם
hamșim 		שֶשִם
șeșim 		שֶבִם
șevim 		שמׇנִם
șmonim 		תֶּשׅם
teșim 		אֶצרִם
ețrim


The Pronoun

The Personal Pronouns

person singular plural
1st אְנִ ăni אְנַ֜נֻ ănánu
2nd אְתַ ăŧa אְתֵם ăŧem
3rd הֻ hu הֵם hem
  • 2.9.1.1 These forms are used as the subjects of verbs, mostly of non-verbal sentences, אְנִ תׇּב ăni tov, I am good.
  • 2.9.1.2 These forms are used as the direct object, e.g., אְנִ אׇהֶב אֶתהֻ ăni ohev eŧ-hu, I love him.
  • 2.9.1.3 When it is the object of a preposition, a personal pronoun is suffixed to the preposition, e.g., with לְ lă,
person singular plural
1st לִ li לַ֜נֻ lánu
2nd לְכּ lăk לְכֶם lăxem
3rd לְהֻ lăhu לְהֶם lăhem
  • 2.9.1.4 The personal pronoun with מִן min, from, is declined differently.
person singular plural
1st מִנֶ֜נֻ minéni מִנֶ֜נֻ minénu
2nd מִנֶ֜כַ minéxa מִנֶ֜כֶם minéxem
3rd מִנֶ֜הֻ minéhu מִנֶ֜הֶם minéhem

The Demonstrative Pronoun

  • 2.9.2.1 The demonstrative adjective without the definite article is used as the demonstrative pronoun.
זֶ הַיַ הַאִש ze haya haiș, this is the man.
אֶ֜לֶ הַיַ הַדַּבַרִם éle haya hadavarim, these are the words.

The Interrogative Pronoun

  • 2.9.3.1 The interrogative pronouns מִ mi, who, and מַ ma, what, are not inflected for number or class.

The Possessive Pronoun

  • 2.9.4.1 Pronominal possession is indicated by suffixing a form of the personal pronoun to the noun.
person singular plural
1st סֻסִ susi
my horse 		סֻסֶ֜נִ susénu
our horse
2nd סֻסכַּ suska
your horse 		סֻסכֶּם suskem
your horse
3rd סֻסׇ suso
his/her horse 		סֻסַם susam
their horse
person singular plural
1st סֻסֶ֜אִ suséi
my horses 		סֻסֶ֜נֻ susénu
our horses
2nd סֻסֶ֜כַ suséxa
your horses 		סֻסֶ֜לֶם suséxem
your horses
3rd סֻסֶ֜אׇ suséo
his/her horses 		סֻסֶ֜הֶם suséhem
their horses
  • 2.9.4.2 Feminine nouns in -a have אַתּ- -aŧ before the pronominal endings.
person singular plural
1st תׇּרַתִ toraŧi
my law 		תּרַתֶ֜נֻ toraŧénu
our law
2nd תׇּרַ֫תכַּ toraŧka
your law 		toraŧkem
your law
3rd תׇּרַתׇ toraŧo
his/her law 		תׇּרַתַם toraŧam
their law
person singular plural
1st תׇּרׇתִ toroŧi
my laws 		תׇּרׇתֶ֜נֻ toroŧénu
our laws
2nd תׇּרׇתֶ֜כַ toroŧéxa
your laws 		תָּרָתֶ֜כֶם toroŧéxem
your laws
3rd תׇּרׇתׇ toroŧo
his/her laws 		תׇּרׇתֶ֜כֶם toroŧéhem
their laws
  • 2.9.4.5 A noun with a pronominal suffix is definite, therefore:
    • 2.9.4.5.1 a modifying adjective has the definite article.
סֻסִ הְהַזַכּ susi hăhazak, my strong horse
דַּבַרׇ הַתׇּבִם davaro hatovim, his good words.
    • 2.9.4.5.2 when the direct object of a verb, eŧ- is required.
רַאִ֜תִ אֵת־סֻסׇ raíŧi eŧ-suso, I see his horse.
    • 2.9.4.5.3 But eŧ- is omitted when reference is made to a part of the body. ::שַלַכ יַדׇ șalax yađo, he put forth his hand.


The Preposition

  • 2.10.1 There are two types of prepositions.
  • 2.10.2 The first type consists of the three prepositions בְּ bă in, לְ lă to, and כְּ kă like that are prefixed to the noun.
לְמֶ֜לֶכ lămélex, to a king
    • 2.10.2.1 When the noun is determined by the definite article, the two combine into a single syllable retaining the vowel of the article.
לַמֶ֜לֶכ lamélek, to the king.
These words are proclitic and are pronounced as the first syllable of the word.
    • 2.10.2.2 If the noun begins with יְ yă-, these prepositions become בִּ bi, לִli, and כִּ ki and replace the יְ yă-.
יְרֻשַלַ֜אִם yărușaláim, Jerusalem; בִּרֻשַלַ֜אִם birușaláim, to Jerusalem.
    • 2.10.2.3 If the noun begins with Că-, these prepositions become בִּ bi, לִli, and כִּ ki and the ă is dropped.
שְמֻאֶל șămuel, Samuel; כִּשמֻאֶל kișmuel, like Samuel.
    • 2.10.2.4 In all other cases these prepositions become ba, la, and ka.
כַּלׇם kalom, dream; בַּכַלׇם baxalom, in a dream.
  • 2.10.3. The second group consists of prepositions written as separate words.
אֶ֜צֶל הַבַּיִת éțel habayiŧ, near the house.
Those prepositions formerly joined to the noun with a hyphen (maxaf) are now written as separate words. The most common are אֶל el to, towards; אַל al on, upon; and מִן min from.
מִן הַבַּיִת min habayiŧ, from the house.
  • 2.10.4 A juxtaposed noun and prepositional phrase (or local adverb) constitute a predication.
הַנַ֜עַר בַּבַּיִתּ haná'ar babayiŧ, the young man is in the house.
  • 2.10.5 The noun פַּנִם panim, face, in the plural, forms a part of several prepositions.
לִפנֶ lifne, in the presence of, before; לִפנֶ הַמֶ֜לֶכ lifne hamélex, before the king.
מִפנֶ mifne, from the presence of, from before, because of; מִפנֶ מִלכַּמַ mifne milkama, because of the war.
אַלפנֵ alpne, on the surface of, up against; אַלפנֵ הַכׅר alpne haxir, up against the wall.
  • 2.10.6 There are other prepositions compounded from nouns.
אַלדַּבַר al-davar because of, אַלדַּבַר אֶ֜זֶרִ al-dăvar ézeri, because of my help.
בְּתׇכ băŧox, in the midst of; בְּתׇכׇ băŧoxo, in the midst of it.
  • 2.10.7 The suffix אַ- –a added to a noun, proper or common, indicates motion toward, with or without the article.
הַר har, mountain; הְהַ֜יַ hahára, to the mountain.


The Conjunction

  • 2.11.1 The coordinating conjunction "and" is אֻ u, and is prefixed to the noun.
אֻ־בַּיִת u-bayiŧ, and a house.


The Interrogative

  • 2.12.1 Any sentence may be converted into a question by prefixing hă- to the first word.
הְ־תׇּבַ הַיַ הַאֶ֜רֶץ hătova haya haéreț. Is the land good?


The Relative Construction

  • 2.13.1 A relative clauses is expressed with שֵר șer.
הַכׇּהֶן שֶר כַתַב אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר ha-kohen șer kaŧav eŧ-haséfer. The priest who wrote the book.
  • 2.13.2. When the relative construction involves a preposition, שֵר șer is combined with the preposition as if it were a noun.
לַשֶר lașer, to whom/which
מִנ שֶר min-șer, from whom/which
אֶ֜צֶל שֶר éțel șer, near whom/which.
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Hudío_Grammar&oldid=137269"