Hudío Grammar: Difference between revisions

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==Grammar==
<font size = 4>
===2.0 General Notes===
*2.0.1 In this study the Latin alphabet is used as it is too difficult to type the Hebrew letters.
*2.0.2 Text in {{Color|red|blue|} describes a Spanish influence.
*2.0.3 Sentence order is subject, verb, (indirect object pronoun), direct object, (indirect object noun), other elements. ({{Color|blue|''after the Spanish word order''}})


===2.1 Stress===
==Pronunciation table==
*2.1.1 Most words are accented on the ultimate syllable.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
*2.1.2 A few words are accented on the penultimate syllable. These words are indicated by an acute accent on the vowel in the Latin transliteration, ''e.g.'', '''mélex''', king.
!<center>a</center>
!ă
!b
!v
!d
!đ
!e
!g
!ģ
!h
!i
!k
!x
!l
!m
!n
!o
!p
!f
!r
!s
!ț
!ș
!t
!ŧ
!u
!w
!y
!z
!'
|-
|<center>אַ</center>
|אְ
|בּ
|ב
|דּ
|ד
|אֵ
|גּ
|ג
|ה
|אִ
|כּ
|כ
|ל
|מ
|נ
|אָ
|פּ
|פ
|ר
|ס
|צ
|ש
|תּ
|ת
|אֻ
|ו
|י
|ז
|ע
|-
|/ä/
|/ə/
|/b/
|/β/
|/d/
|/ð/
|/e/
|/g/
|/ʝ/
|/h/
|/i/
|/k/
|/ç/
|/l/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/p/
|/φ/
|/ɾ/
|/s/
|/ʦ/
|/ʃ/
|/t/
|/θ/
|/u/
|/w/
|/j/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|}
 
 
==Part II - Grammar==
===The Alphabet===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
!Latin
!
!a
!ă
!b
!v
!d
!đ
!e
!g
!ģ
!h
!i
!k
!x
!l
!m
|-
!Huđío
|א<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
|אַ
|אְ
|בּ
|ב
|דּ
|ד
|אֶ
|גּ
|ג
|ה<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|אִ
|כּ / ךּ
|כ / ך<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
|ל
|מ / ם
|-
!Name
|אַ֜לֶף<br>[[Wikipedia:Aleph|Álef]]
|אַ<br>A
|אְ<br>Uh
|בֶּת<br>[[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)|Beŧ]]
|בֶת<br>Veŧ
|דַּ֜לֶת<br>[[Wikipedia:Dalet|Dáleŧ]]
|דַ֜לֵתּ<br>Đáleŧ
|אֵ<br>e
|גִּמֶל<br>[[Wikipedia:Gimel|Gímel]]
|גִמֶל<br>Ģimel
|הֶ<br>[[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]
|אִ<br>I
|כַּף<br>[[Wikipedia:Kaph|Kaf]]
|כַף<br>Xaf
|לַ֜מֶד<br>[[Wikipedia:Lamedh|Lámeđ]]
|מֵם<br>[[Wikipedia:Mem|Mem]]
|-
!IPA
|
|/ä/
|/ə/
|/b/
|/β/
|/d/
|/ð/
|/e/
|/g/
|/ʝ/
|/h/
|/i/
|/k/
|/ç/
|/l/
|/m/
|}
 
 
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Syllabic and initial vowels are written under [[Wikipedia:Aleph|Álef]], so there is no need for [[Wikipedia:Mater lectionis|''matres lectionis'']].
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]) has been deleted when syllable final.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|Quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ ([[Wikipedia:Kaf|Kaf]]). Any words originally with Quf share in the lenition of Kaf.
 
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
!Latin
!<center>n</center>
!o
!p
!f
!r
!s
!ț
!ș
!t
!ŧ
!u
!w
!y
!z
!'
|-
!Hebrew
|נ / ן 
|אָ
|פּ / ףּ
|פ / ף
|ר
|ס
|צ
|ש<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
|תּ
|ת<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
|אֻ
|ו
|י
|ז
|ע<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|-
!Name
|נֻן<br>[[Wikipedia:Nun (letter)|Nun]]
|אׇ<br>O
|פֶּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Pe (Semitic letter)|Pe]]
|פֶ<br>Fe
|רֶש<br>[[Wikipedia:Resh|Resh]]
|סַ֜מֶך<br>[[Wikipedia:Samekh|Sámex]]
|צַ֜דִּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Tsade|Țádi]]
|שִן<br>[[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Șin]]
|תַּף<br>[[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]
|תַף<br>Ŧaf
|אֻ<br>u
|וַ<br>[[Wikipedia:Waw (letter)|Wa]]
|יׇדּ<br>[[Wikipedia:Yodh|Yod]]
|זַ֜אִ<br>[[Wikipedia:Zayin|Zay]]
|אַ֜אִן<br>[[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ain]]
|-
!IPA
|/n/
|/o/
|/p/
|/φ/
|/ɾ/
|/s/
|/ʦ/
|/ʃ/
|/t/
|/θ/
|/u/
|/w/
|/j/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|}


===2.2 The Verb===
*2.2.1 The verb has only two numbers, singular and plural.
*2.2.2 Most verbs consist of a three-consonant stem to which vowels are added to specify meaning.
*2.2.3 The verb agrees in person and number with its subject. The personal pronoun may be used for emphasis.
*2.2.4 The verb is negated with '''lo''' placed immediately before the verb.
*2.2.5 CaCaC is the form of the perfect verb, ''e.g.'', '''kaŧab''', wrote, have written. This form is the [[Wikipedia:Lemma|lemma]]. Traditionally, the  conjugation paradigm is given in the order 3rd, 2nd, and 1st persons.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|Sámex]]). Thus the dot is not needed for Șin.
!person
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ ([[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]) /t/. Any words originally with Tet share in the lenition of Taf.
!singular
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop <ע> /ʔ/ (') is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, ''e.g.'', נֵ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy.
!plural
 
====Notes====
# The Hebrew alphabet is used with some modifications.
# The order of the Latin alphabet is used in place of the traditional Hebrew order.
# When reciting the alphabet, the fricatives are not named.
# When spelling a word, the names of the fricatives are used, ''e.g.'', דַּבַר, '''davar''', word: '''Dalet, A, Vet, A, Resh'''.
# The [[Wikipedia:Schwa|schwa]] sign אְ is not used under syllable final consonants, ''e.g.'' א֜רבַּ, '''árba''', four.
# There are no geminate consonants.
 
 
===General Notes===
*2.2.1 Sentence order is subject, verb, (indirect object pronoun), direct object, (indirect object noun), other elements.
*2.2.2 Most words are accented on the ultimate syllable.
*2.2.3 A few words are accented on the penultimate syllable. These words are indicated by an acute accent on the vowel in the Latin transliteration, ''e.g.'', מֶ֜לֶכ  '''mélex''', king.
 
 
===The Verb===
*2.3.1 Huđio has reduced the many type of verbs in Biblical Hebrew to four.
#Those with the syllabic form CVCVC, ''e.g.'', כַּתַב '''kaŧab''', write.
#Those with the syllabic form VCVC,  ''e.g.'', אַכַל '''axal''', eat.
#Those with the syllabic form CVC, ''e.g.'', נַם '''nam''', sleep.
#Those with the syllabic form CV, ''e.g.'', בַּ '''ba''', come.
*2.3.2 These forms are the forms of the perfect tense and are [[Wikipedia:Lemma|lemmas]] for the verbs.
*2.3.3 The verb has only two numbers, singular and plural.
*2.3.4 Vowels are infixed to these forms to specify the meaning.
*2.3.5 The verb agrees in person and number with its subject. The personal pronoun may be used for emphasis.
*2.3.6 The verb is negated with לָ '''lo''' placed immediately before the verb.
*2.3.7 Traditionally, the  conjugation paradigm is given in the order 3rd, 2nd, and 1st persons.
*2.3.8 No distinction is made in the second person between male and female.
*2.3.9 The perfect tense translates the simple past or the present perfect. With verbs of perception or attitude it translates the general present. With verbs signifying mental or physical state it translates "to be" + adjective.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+perfect Tense
!  || colspan=2 |CVCVC<br>write|| colspan=2 |CVCV<br>eat|| colspan=2 |CVC<br>sleep|| colspan=2 |CV<br>come
|-
!  || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural  || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
! 3rd
|'''kaŧab'''<br>כַּתַבּ||'''kaŧbu'''<br>כַּתבֻּ||'''axal'''<br>אַכַל||'''axlu'''<br>אַכלֻ||'''nam'''<br>נַם||'''namu'''<br>נַמֻ||'''ba'''<br>בַּ||'''bau'''<br>בַּאֻ
|-
! 2nd
|'''kaŧábta'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתַּ||'''kaŧábtem'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתֶּם||'''axálta'''<br>אַכַ֜לתַּ||'''axáltem'''<br>אַכַ֜לתֶּם||'''námta'''<br>נַ֫מתַּ||'''námtem'''<br>כַ֜מתֶּם||'''báŧa'''<br>בַּ֜תַ||'''báŧem'''<br>בַּתֶם
|-
! 1st
|'''kaŧábti'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתִּ||'''kaŧábnu'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּכֻ||'''axálti'''<br>אַכַ֜לתִּ||'''axálnu'''<br>אַכַ֜לנֻ||'''námti'''<br>נַ֜מתִּ||'''námnu'''<br>נַ֜מנֻ||'''báŧi'''<br>בַּ֜תִ||'''bánu'''<br>בַּ֜נֻ
|}
 
*2.3.10 Verbs with the form CaCeC are stative verbs for the most part, ''e.g.'', '''kaveđ''', he is/was/has become heavy.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+perfect Tense of Stative Verbs
!  || colspan=2 |CVCVC<br>be heavy|| colspan=2 |CVCV<br>be afraid|| colspan=2 |CVC<br>die
|-
!  || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural  || Singular || Plural
|-
! 3rd
|'''kaveđ'''<br>כַּבֶדּ||'''kavdu'''<br>כַּבֻּ||'''yare'''<br>יַרֶ||'''yaru'''<br>יַרֻ||'''meŧ'''<br>מֶת||'''méŧu'''<br>מֶ֝תֻ
|-
! 2nd
|'''kavéđta'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתַּ||'''kavéđtem'''<br>כַּתַ֜בּתֵּם||'''yaréŧa'''<br>אַכַ֜לתַּ||'''yaréŧem'''<br>אַכַ֜לתֵּם||'''méŧa'''<br>נַ֫מתַּ||'''méŧem'''<br>כַ֜מתֵּם
|-
! 1st
|'''kavéđti'''<br>כַּבֶ֜דתִּ||'''kavéđnu'''<br>כַּבֶ֜דכֻ||'''yaréŧi'''<br>יַרֶ֜תִ||'''yarénu'''<br>יַרֶ֜נֻ||'''meŧti'''<br>מֶתתִּ||'''méŧnu'''<br>
|}
 
*2.3.11 There are no irregular verbs.
*2.3.12 CoCeC is the form of the active participle, ''e.g.'', כׇּתֶב '''koŧev''', writing. This form is an adjective in function, ''e.g.'', הַאִש הַהׇלֶכ '''haiș haholex''', the walking man.
*2.3.13 In order to state that something exists, the word יֶש '''yeș''' is used, ''e.g.'', אִש יֶש '''iș yeș''', there is a man; אְנַשִם יֶש '''ănașim yeș''', there are men. The negative expression uses אֶך '''en''', ''e.g.'', אִש אֶך '''iș en''', there is no man.
**This construction is used to express possession, ''e.g.'', כֶּ֜סֶףאֶך לְאִש '''késef en lăiș''', the man has no silver.
*2.3.14 Although a juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective may constitute a predication, it is more common to use the verb הַיַ '''haya'''.
::הַאִש הַיַ תׇּב '''haiș haya tov''', the man was good.
*2.3.15 With the preposition לְ '''lă''', the verb means ''become''.
::דַּוִד הַיַ לְמֶ֜לֶכ תׇּב '''dawiđ haya lămélex tov''', David became a good king.
*2.3.16 The imperfect tense adds a prefix to the inflected forms. The imperfect has two meanings, the future and habitual or customary action.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Imperfect Tense
! || colspan=2 |CVCVC<br>write|| colspan=2 |CVCV<br>eat|| colspan=2 |CVC<br>sleep|| colspan=2 |CV<br>come
|-
! || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural  || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
|-
!3rd
! 3rd
| align=center |'''kaŧav'''
|'''yixtov'''<br>יִכתׇּב||'''yixtovun'''<br>יִכתׇּבֻך||'''yixol'''<br>יִכׇל||'''yixolun'''<br>יִכׇלֻך||'''yinom'''<br>יִנׇם||'''yinomun'''<br>יִנׇמֻן||'''yivo'''<br>יִבׇ||'''yivoun'''<br>יִבֶאֻן
| align=center |'''kaŧvu'''
|-
|-
!2nd
! 2nd
| align=center |'''kaŧávta'''
|'''tixtov'''<br>תִּכתׇב||'''tixtovun'''<br>תִּכתׇּבֻך||'''tixol'''<br>תִּכׇל||'''tixolun'''<br>תִּכׇלֻן||'''tinom'''<br>תִּנׇם||'''tinomun'''<br>תִּנׇמֻן||'''tivo'''<br>תִּבׇ||'''tivoun'''<br>תִּבׇאֻן
| align=center |'''kaŧávtem'''
|-
|-
!1st  
! 1st
|align=center |'''kaŧávti'''
|'''extov'''<br>אֶכתׇּב||'''nixtob'''<br>כִכתׇּב||'''exol'''<br>אֶכׇל||'''nixol'''<br>נִכׇל||'''enom'''<br>אֶנׇם||'''ninom'''<br>נׅנׇם||'''evo'''<br>אֶבׇ||'''nivo'''<br>נִבׇ
|align=center |'''kaŧávnu'''
|}
|}


*2.2.6 A few verbs have biconsonantal stems. An important one is '''ba''', came.
 
*2.3.17 The imperative is formed by changing the first vowel of the imperfect to '''ă''' in the singular, and to '''i''' in the plural.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!person
!imperfect
!singular
!singular
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
!3rd
!'''yixtov'''<br>יִכתׇּב
| align=center |'''bam'''
| align=center |'''kăŧov'''<br>כְּתׇב
| align=center |'''báu'''
| align=center |'''kiŧbu'''<br>כִּתבֻּ
|-
! '''yixol'''<br>יִכֶל
| align=center |'''ăxol'''<br>אְכׇל
| align=center |'''ixlu'''<br>אִכלֻ
|-
|-
!2nd
!'''yinom'''<br>יִנׇם
| align=center |'''báta'''
| align=center |'''ănom'''<br>אְנׇם
| align=center |'''bátem'''
| align=center |'''inmu'''<br>אִנמֻ
|-
|-
!1st
! '''yivo'''<br>'''יִבׇ'''
|align=center |'''báti'''
| align=center |'''ăvo'''<br>אְבָ
|align=center |'''bánu'''
| align=center |'''ivu'''<br>אִבֻ
|}
|}


*2.2.7 CoCeC is the form of the active participle, ''e.g.'', '''koŧev''', writing. This form is an adjective in function, ''e.g.'', '''ha-iš ha-koŧev''', the writing man or the man who is writing; '''ha-iš koŧev''', the man is writing.
*2.3.18 The negative imperative is formed with לׇ '''lo''', ''e.g.'', לָ אֽבׇ '''lo ăvo''', don't go.
*2.2.8 In order to state that something exists, the word '''yeš''' is used, ''e.g.'', '''iš yeš''', there is a man; '''ănašim yeš''', there are men. The negative expression uses '''en''', ''e.g.'', '''iš en''', there is no man.
*2.3.19 The infinitive is formed by changing the first vowel of the perfect to '''ă''' and the second to '''o'''. If a suffix is added the first vowel is '''o''' and the second is deleted.
**This construction is used to express possession, ''e.g.'', '''késef en lăiš''', the man has no silver.
*2.2.9 Verbs that end in a vowel, ''e.g.'', '''masa''', found, are conjugated as follows:


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!person
!'''kaŧav'''<br>כַּתַב
!singular
| align=center |'''kăŧov'''<br>כְּתׇב
!plural
| align=center |'''koŧbi'''<br>כׇּתבּׅ
|-
|-
!3rd
! '''axal'''<br>אַכַל
|align=center |'''masa'''
| align=center |'''ăxol'''<br>אְכׇל
|align=center |'''masu'''
| align=center |'''oxli'''<br>אׇכלִ
|-
|-
!2nd
!'''nam'''<br>נׇם
| align=center |'''masáŧa'''
| align=center |'''ănom'''<br>אְנׇם
| align=center |'''masáŧem'''
| align=center |'''onmi'''<br>אׇנמִ
|-
|-
!1st
! '''ba'''<br>בַּ
| align=center |'''masáŧi'''
| align=center |'''ăvo'''<br>אְבׇ
| align=center |'''masánu'''
| align=center |'''ivu'''<br>אִבֻ
|}
|}


*2.2.10 Although a juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective may constitute a predication, it is more common to use the verb '''haya''', ''e.g.'', '''ha-iš haya tov''', the man was good. ({{Color|blue|''after the Spanish use of 'ser' and 'estar''}})
*2.3.20 The infinitive has both nominal and verbal functions. As a verb it may have subjects, objects, and other verbal adjuncts.
*2.2.11 With the preposition '''lă''', the verb means 'become', ''e.g.'', '''dawiđ haya lămélex tov''', David became a good king.
*2.3.21 The infinitive is used with '''lă''' to indicate the complement of a verb. The [[Wikipedia:Schwa|schwa]] is [[Wikipedia:Elision|elided]].
::שַמַ, șama, hear; שמֻ, șămo, to hear; בֵּ֜אֻ לְשמָ '''báu lășmo''', they came to hear.
*2.3.22 הַיַ '''haya''' + '''ă''' + the infinitive expresses ''to be about to...'' or ''to be compelled to....
::הַשַ֜מַר הַיַ לְסגׇּר '''hașámar haya lăsgor''', the gate was about to close.
*2.3.23 אַל '''al''' + noun/pronoun + לְ '''lă''' + the infinitive expresses obligation or responsibility.
::אַלִ לְמצָ אֶתהֻ  '''ali lămțo eŧhu''', I must find him.
*2.3.24 אֶך '''en''' + לְ '''lă''' + the infinitive expresses possibility or permission.
::אֶך לְבׇ '''en lăvo''', entering is forbidden.
*2.3.24 The infinitive is negated with לׇ '''lo'''.
*2.3.25 The passive participle has the pattern CaCuC, ''e.g.'', כַּתֻב '''kaŧuv''', written.
 
 
===The Noun===
*2.4.1 The Huđío noun belongs to one of two classes, masculine and feminine. In general, those nouns ending in '''-a''' are feminine and those ending in a consonant are masculine, although there are some exceptions.
*2.4.2 There are two numbers, singular and plural. The singular is unmarked. The plural endings are '''–oŧ''' for feminine nouns and '''–im''' for masculine nouns.
::מֵ֜לֵכּ  '''mélex''' (king), מֶלכִּם '''melkim'''; מַלכַּ '''malka''' (queen), מַלכׇּת '''malkoŧ'''.
*2.4.3 The older form of changing the vowel in disyllabic nouns is no longer used.  דַּבַר '''davar''', word; דְּבַרִם '''dăvarim''', is now דַּבַר '''davar'''; דַּבַרׅם '''davarim'''.
*2.4.4 A few nouns have irregular plurals:
::אִש '''iș''', man; אְנַשִם '''ănașim''', men; אִשַ '''ișa''', woman; נַשִם '''nașim''', women; אִר '''ir''', city; אְרִם '''ărim''', cities; בַּ֜יִתּ '''báyit''', house; בַּתִם  '''baŧim'''.
*2.4.5 When the direct object of a verb is a noun, definite or indefinite, or is a proper name, it is preceded by the object marker אֶת '''eŧ-'''.
::הַעַם אׇהֶב אֶת-דַּוִד '''ha-am ohev eŧ-Dawid''', the people love David.
*2.4.6 The indirect object is formed with the preposition לְ '''lă'''.
::נַתַנתִּ אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר לְאִש '''naŧánti eŧ-haséfer lăiș''', I gave the book to the man.
*2.4.7 The suffix אַ- '''-a''' added to both proper and common nouns indicates motion toward, the latter with or without the article. It is never stressed.
::הַהַ֜רַ '''ha-hára''', to the mountain
::כֻ֜סכׇאַ, ''kúskoa to Cusco


===2.3 The Noun===
*2.3.1 The Huđío noun belongs to one of two classes, masculine and feminine. In general, those nouns ending in '''-a''' are feminine and those ending in a consonant are masculine, although there are some exceptions.
*2.3.2 There are two numbers, singular and plural. The singular is unmarked. The plural endings are '''–oŧ''' for feminine nouns and '''–im''' for masculine nouns, ''e.g.'', '''mélex''' (king), '''mălaxim'''; '''malka''' (queen), '''malkoŧ'''.
*2.3.3 If the noun is disyllabic and the first syllable contains an '''a''' or '''e''', then the vowel of the first syllable is reduced and the second vowel becomes '''a''', ''e.g.'', '''davar''', (word), '''dăvarim'''; book – '''séfer''', '''săfarim'''.
*2.3.4 A few nouns have irregular plurals: man – '''iš''', '''ănašim'''; woman – '''iša''', '''našim'''; city – '''ir''', '''ărim'''; house - '''báyit''', '''baŧim'''.
*2.3.5 The Direct Object.
**2.3.5.1 When the direct object of a verb is a definite noun or is a proper name, it is preceded by the object marker '''eŧ-''', ''e.g.'', '''ha-am ohev eŧ-Dawiđ''', the people love David.
**2.3.5.2 If the object is indefinite, it is not marked, ''e.g.'', '''ha-iš koŧev davar''', the man is writing a word.
*2.3.6 Indirect object. The indirect object is formed with the preposition '''lă'''.
*2.3.7 The suffix '''-a''' added to both proper and common nouns indicates motion toward, the latter with or without the article. It is never stressed.


===2.4 The Construct Chain===
===The Genitive Construction===
*2.4.1 The juxtaposition of two nouns serves to mark a modifying relationship. The first noun in such a chain is said to be in a construct state, ''e.g.'', '''ẋol ha-navi''', the voice of the prophet.
*2.5.1 The juxtaposition of two nouns that serves to mark a modifying relationship, known as the Construct State, has a limited use in Huđio. Its principal use is to form compound nouns, ''e.g.'', '''karxon yam''' כַּרכׇן יַם, "glacier of the sea", ''i.e.'' iceberg. The first noun in such a chain is said to be in a construct state and may have a different form than the singular.
*2.4.2 A different form of the construct noun is preserved in bisyllabic nouns with unstressed '''a''' or '''e''' in the first syllable, which changes to '''ă''', ''e.g.'', '''dăvar ha-mélex''', the word of the king; but '''ná'ar ha-mélex''', the attendant of the king.
*2.5.2 Nouns in '''-a''' replace this ending with '''-aŧ''', ''e.g.'',  
*2.4.3 Only the final noun may have the definite article ''e.g.'', '''ẋol ha-navi''', the voice of the prophet, contrasts with  '''ẋol navi''', a voice of a prophet.
*2.5.3 Plural nouns in '''-im''' change the ending to '''-e''', יַמִם '''yamim''', seas.
*2.4.4 To express "a...of the..." the preposition '''lă''' is used, ''e.g.'', '''davar la-mélex''', a word of the king.
::הַיַמֶ הַאׇלַם  '''hayame haolam''', the seas of the world,  
*2.4.5 An adjective may follow either noun of the chain, ''e.g.'', '''dăvar ha-mélex ha-tov''', the word of the good king;  '''dăvar ha-tov ha-mélex''', the good word of the king.
*2.5.4 Genitive constructions are made using the preposition '''șel''' שֶל, ''e.g.'', הַכׇּ שֶל הַנַבִ '''hakol șel hanavi''', the voice of the prophet.
*2.4.6 Nouns in '''-a''' replace this ending with '''-aŧ''', ''e.g.'', '''malkaŧ ha-'áreṡ''', the queen of the land.
*2.5.5 Irregular Construct Forms
*2.4.7 Plural nouns in '''-im''' change the ending to '''-e''', ''e.g.'', '''yamim''', seas, '''yame'''.


*2.4.8 Irregular Construct Forms
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|align=center |house
|align=center |house
!align=center |bayiŧ
!align=center |בַּיׅת<br>'''bayiŧ'''
!align=center |beŧ
!align=center |בֶּת<br>'''beŧ'''
|-
|-
|align=center |death
|align=center |death
!align=center |maweŧ
!align=center |מַוֶת<br>'''maweŧ'''
!align=center |moŧ
!align=center |מׇת<br>'''moŧ'''
|-
|-
|align=center |woman
|align=center |woman
!align=center |iša
!align=center |אִשַ<br>'''ișa'''
!align=center |éšeŧ
!align=center |אֶ֜שֶת<br>'''éșeŧ'''
|}
|}


===2.5  Adjective===
 
*2.5.1 Adjectives agree in class and number with the nouns they modify.  
===Adjective===
*2.5.2 Monosyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
*2.6.1 Adjectives agree in class and number with the nouns they modify.  
*2.6.2 Monosyllabic adjectives have the following forms.


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|-
|-
!masculine
!masculine
| align=center |'''tov'''
| align=center |תׇּב<br>'''tov'''<br>good
| align=center |'''tovim'''
| align=center |תׇּבִם<br>'''tovim'''
|-
|-
!feminine
!feminine
|align=center |'''tov''' (good)
|align=center |תּב<br>'''tov'''
|align=center |'''tovoŧ'''
|align=center |תׇּבׇת<br>'''tovoŧ'''
|}
|}


*2.5.3 Disyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
*2.6.3 Disyllabic adjectives have the following forms.


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|-
|-
!masculine
!masculine
| align=center |'''gađol'''
| align=center |גַּדׇל<br>'''gađol'''<br>great
| align=center |'''găđolim'''
| align=center |גַּדׇלִם<br>'''gađolim'''
!
|-
!feminine
!feminine
|align=center |'''gađol''' (great)
|align=center |גַּדׇל<br>'''gađol'''
|align=center |'''găđoloŧ'''
|align=center |גַּדׇלׇת<br>'''gađoloŧ'''
|}
|}


*2.5.4 Adjectives ending in '''–e''' have the following forms.
*2.6.4 Adjectives ending in '''–e''' have the following forms.


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|-
|-
!masculine
!masculine
| align=center |'''yafe''' (beautiful)
| align=center |יַפֶ'''<br>yafe'''<br>beautiful
| align=center |'''yafim'''
| align=center |יַפִם<br>'''yafim'''
!
|-
!feminine
!feminine
|align=center |'''yafe'''
|align=center |יַפֶ'''<br>'''yafe'''
|align=center |'''yafoŧ'''
|align=center |יַפׇת<br>'''yafoŧ''
|}
|}


*2.5.5 The attributive adjective follows the noun and agrees with it in class and number, ''e.g.'', '''iš tov''', a good man; '''ha-iš tov''', the good man; '''ănašim tovim''', good men; '''ha-ănašim tovim''', the good men. ({{Color|blue|''after the Spanish postnominal adjective''}})
*2.6.5 The attributive adjective follows the noun and agrees with it in class and number.
*2.5.6. A juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective, before or after the noun may constitute a predication, ''e.g.'', '''tov ha-iš ''', '''ha-iš tov''', the man is good.
::אִש תׇּב '''iș tov''', a good man
*2.5.7. An adjective may be modified by a prepositional phrase in the predicate, ''e.g.'', '''ha-ir haya la-'am tova''', the city is good for the people.
::הַאִש הַתׇּב '''haiș hatov''', the good man
*2.5.8. Adjectives may be used as nouns in two ways.
::אְנַשִם תׇּבִם '''ănașim tovim''', good men
**2.5.8.1 The adjective with the definite article may mean "the one who is...", ''e.g.'', wise – '''haxam'''; the wise one – '''hă-haxam'''.
::הַאְנַשׅם הַתׇּבִם '''ha-ănașim tovim''', the good men.
**2.5.8.2 The singular form may be used as an abstract noun with the addition of '''-a''', ''e.g.'', evil - '''hara'''; wickedness - '''hara'a'''.
*2.6.6. A juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective, before or after the noun, may constitute a predication: תׇּב הַאִש '''tov haiș ''', הַאִש תׇּב '''haiș tov''', the man is good.
*2.5.9 The Adjective '''kol''', all, has the meaning "each, every, all, the whole". It is not inflected and precedes the noun it modifies, ''e.g.'', '''kol yom''' each day, every day; '''kol ha-yom''', all day, the whole day; '''kol ha yamim''', all the days.
*2.6.7. An adjective may be modified by a prepositional phrase in the predicate.
*2.5.10 The expression '''kol šer''' means "everything that/which". When the object of a verb it is preceded by '''eŧ-'''.
::הַאִר הַיַ תׇּבַ לַעַם '''hair haya tova la'am''', the city is good for the people.
<center>'''natan lo eth-kol šer qana.'''</center>
*2.6.8. Adjectives may be used as nouns in two ways.
<center>He gave him everthing that he had acquired.</center>
**2.6.8.1 The adjective with the definite article may mean "the one who is...",
*2.5.11 With an adjective '''kol''' has an indefinite pronominal sense, ''e.g.'', '''kol ẋađash''', anything new.
:: הַכַם '''haxam''', wise; הַהַכַם '''hahaxam''', the wise one.
*2.5.12 To express the comparative the preposition '''min-''' is used before the noun which is the basis of comparison.
**2.6.8.2 The singular form may be used as an abstract noun with the addition of אַ- '''-a'''.
<center>'''ha-iš haya haxam min-ha-na'ar.'''</center>
::הַרַ '''hara''', evil; הַרַעַ '''hara'a''' wickedness.
<center>The man is wiser than the boy.</center>
*2.6.9 The adjective כׇּל '''kol''', all, has the meaning "each, every, all, the whole". It is not inflected and precedes the noun it modifies.
**2.5.12.1 This construction is also used to express "too...for...".
::כׇּל יׇם '''kol yom''' each day, every day
<center>'''ha'avođa haya kaša min-ha-iš.'''</center>
::כׇּל הַיׇם '''kol hayom''', all day, the whole day
<center>The work is too hard for the man.</center>
::כׇּל הַיַמִם  '''kol hayamim''', all the days.
*2.5.13. The demonstrative adjective stands last in a series of adjectives, ''e.g.'', '''ha-iš ha-tov ha-ze''', this good man.
*2.6.10 The expression כׇּל שֶר '''kol șer''' means "everything that/which". When the object of a verb it is preceded by '''eŧ-'''.
::He gave him everthing that he had acquired.
::נַתַן אֶת-כׇּל שֶר כַּנַ לׇ '''naŧan eŧ-kol șer kana lo.'''
*2.6.11 With an adjective '''kol''' has an indefinite pronominal sense.
::כׇּם הַדַש '''kol hađaș''', anything new.
*2.6.12 To express the comparative the preposition מִן '''min''' is used before the noun which is the basis of comparison.
::The man is wiser than the boy.
::הַאִש הַיַ הַכַם מִן הַנַעַר '''haiș haya haxam min haná'ar.'''
*2.6.13 This construction is also used to express "too...for...".
::The work is too hard for the man.
::הַעַבׇדַ הַיַ כַשַ מִן הַאִש '''ha'avođa haya xașa min haiș.'''
*2.6.14. The demonstrative adjective stands last in a series of adjectives.
::מַאִש הַתׇּב הַזֵ '''haiș hatov haze''', this good man.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!singular
!plural
|-
!align=center |this
!align=center |this
!align=center |'''ze'''
|align=center |זֶ  '''ze'''
|align=center |אֶ֜לֶ '''éle'''
|-
|-
!align=center |these
!align=center |that
!align=center |'''éle'''
|align=center |הִ '''hi'''
|align=center |הֶ֜נַ  '''héna'''
|}
 
 
===The Definite Article===
*2.7.1. The definite article is '''ha''' and is prefixed to the noun:
::דַּבַר '''davar''', word; הַדַּבַר '''hadavar''', the word; מֶ֜לֶך '''mélex''', king; הַמֶ֜לֶך '''hamélex''', the king.
*2.7.2 If the noun begins with '''ha-''', then the definite article is הְ '''hă''':
::הְהַר '''hăhar''', the mountain; הְהַיִם '''hăharim''', mountains.
*2.7.3. The noun with the definite article is also used to express the vocative.
::הַמֶלֶך '''ha-mélex''', O king!
*2.7.4. There is no indefinite article.
 
 
===The Numbers===
*2.8.1 The numbers have become indeclinable and precede the noun.
*2.8.2 The multiple ordinal numbers govern a noun in the singular.
:אַהַל פַּרַ '''ahal para''', one cow; אַרבַּ פַּרַ '''arba para''', four cows.
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
|-
!ordinal
|אֶכַד<br>exađ
|שנַ֜יִם<br>șnáyim
|שלׇשַ<br>șloșa
|אַרבַּ<br>arba
|כַםשַ<br>xamșa
|שִשַ<br>șișa
|שִבַ<br>șiva
|שמׇנַ<br>șmona
|תִּשַ<br>tișa
|אַסרַ<br>asra
|-
!cardinal
|הַלִ<br>hali
|שֶנִ<br>șeni
|שַלשִ<br>șalși
|ארבִּ<br>arbi
|הַמשִ<br>hamși
|שֶשִ<br>șeși
|שֶבִ<br>șevi
|שמׇנִ<br>șmoni
|תֶּשִ<br>teși
|אֶצקִ<br>ețri
|-
|-
|align=center |that
!+10
|align=center |'''hi'''
|הַלשַר<br>halșar
|שֶנשַר<br>șenșar
|שַלשַר<br>șalșar
|אַרבַּשַר<br>arbașar
|הַמשַר<br>hamșar
|שֶשַר<br>șeșar
|שֶבּשַר<br>șebșar
|שמׇנשַר<br>șmonșar
|תֶּשַר<br>teșar
|
|-
|-
|align=center|those
!x10
|align=center|'''héna'''
|
|שֶנִם<br>șenim
|שַלשִם<br>șalșim
|אַרבִּם<br>arbim
|הַמשִם<br>hamșim
|שֶשִם<br>șeșim
|שֶבִם<br>șevim
|שמׇנִם<br>șmonim
|תֶּשׅם<br>teșim
|אֶצרִם<br>ețrim
|}
|}


===2.6 The Definite Article===
*2.6.1. The definite article is '''ha-''' and is prefixed to the noun, ''e.g.'', word – '''davar''', '''ha-davar'''; king - '''mélex''', '''ha-mélex'''.
**2.6.1.2 If the noun begins with '''ha-''', then the definite article is '''hă''', ''e.g.'', '''hăhar''', mountain; '''hăharim''', mountains.
*2.6.2. The noun with the definite article is also used to express the vocative, ''e.g.'', '''ha-mélex''', O king!
*2.6.3. There is no indefinite article.


===2.7 The Pronoun===
===The Pronoun===
====2.7.1 The Personal Pronouns====
====The Personal Pronouns====
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!person
!singular
!plural
|-
!1st
| align=center |אְנִ '''ăni'''
| align=center |אְנַ֜נֻ '''ănánu'''
|-
!2nd
| align=center |אְתַ '''ăŧa'''
| align=center |אְתֵם '''ăŧem'''
|-
!3rd
|align=center |הֻ '''hu'''
|align=center |הֵם '''hem'''
|}
 
*2.9.1.1 These forms are used as the subjects of verbs, mostly of non-verbal sentences, אְנִ תׇּב '''ăni tov''', I am good.
*2.9.1.2 These forms are used as the direct object, ''e.g.'', אְנִ אׇהֶב אֶתהֻ '''ăni ohev eŧ-hu''', I love him.
*2.9.1.3 When it is the object of a preposition, a personal pronoun is suffixed to the preposition, ''e.g.'', with לְ '''lă''',
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!person
!singular
!plural
|-
!1st
| align=center |לִ '''li'''
| align=center |לַ֜נֻ '''lánu'''
|-
!2nd
| align=center |לְכּ '''lăk'''
| align=center |לְכֶם '''lăxem'''
|-
!3rd
|align=center |לְהֻ '''lăhu'''
|align=center |לְהֶם '''lăhem'''
|}
 
*2.9.1.4 The personal pronoun with מִן '''min''', from, is declined differently.


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|-
|-
!1st  
!1st  
| align=center |'''ăni'''
|align=center |מִנֶ֜נֻ '''minéni'''
| align=center |'''ănánu'''
|align=center |מִנֶ֜נֻ '''minénu'''
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |'''ăŧa'''
| align=center |מִנֶ֜כַ '''minéxa'''
| align=center |'''ăŧem'''
| align=center |מִנֶ֜כֶם '''minéxem'''
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|align=center |'''hu'''
| align=center |מִנֶ֜הֻ '''minéhu'''
|align=center |'''hem'''
| align=center |מִנֶ֜הֶם '''minéhem'''
|}
|}


**2.7.1.1 These forms are used as the subjects of verbs, mostly of non-verbal sentences, '''ăni tov''', I am good.
====The Demonstrative Pronoun====
**2.7.1.2 These forms are used as the direct object, ''e.g.'', '''ăni ohev eŧ-hu''', I love him.
*2.9.2.1 The demonstrative adjective without the definite article is used as the demonstrative pronoun.
**2.7.1.3 When it is the object of a preposition, a personal pronoun is suffixed to the preposition, ''e.g.'', with '''lă''',
::זֶ הַיַ הַאִש '''ze haya haiș''', this is the man.
::אֶ֜לֶ הַיַ הַדַּבַרִם '''éle haya hadavarim''', these are the words.  
 
====The Interrogative Pronoun====
*2.9.3.1 The interrogative pronouns מִ '''mi''', who, and מַ '''ma''', what, are not inflected for number or class.
 
====The Possessive Pronoun====
*2.9.4.1 Pronominal possession is indicated by suffixing a form of the personal pronoun to the noun.


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|-
|-
!1st  
!1st  
| align=center |'''lăni'''
|align=center |סֻסִ '''susi'''<br>my horse
| align=center |'''lănánu'''
|align=center |סֻסֶ֜נִ '''susénu'''<br>our horse
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |'''lăŧa'''
| align=center |סֻסכַּ '''suska'''<br>your horse
| align=center |'''lăŧem'''
| align=center |סֻסכֶּם '''suskem'''<br>your horse
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|align=center |'''lăhu'''
| align=center |סֻסׇ '''suso'''<br>his/her horse
|align=center |'''lăhem'''
| align=center |סֻסַם '''susam'''<br>their horse
|}
|}


**2.7.1.4 The personal pronoun with '''min''', from, is declined differently.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!person
!singular
!plural
|-
!1st
|align=center |סֻסֶ֜אִ '''suséi'''<br>my horses
|align=center |סֻסֶ֜נֻ '''susénu'''<br>our horses
|-
!2nd
| align=center |סֻסֶ֜כַ '''suséxa'''<br>your horses
| align=center |סֻסֶ֜לֶם '''suséxem'''<br>your horses
|-
!3rd
| align=center |סֻסֶ֜אׇ '''suséo'''<br>his/her horses
| align=center |סֻסֶ֜הֶם '''suséhem'''<br>their horses
|}
 
*2.9.4.2 Feminine nouns in '''-a''' have אַתּ- '''-aŧ''' before the pronominal endings.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 255: Line 736:
|-
|-
!1st  
!1st  
|align=center |'''minéni'''
|align=center |תׇּרַתִ '''toraŧi'''<br>my law
|align=center |'''minénu'''
|align=center |תּרַתֶ֜נֻ '''toraŧénu'''<br>our law
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| align=center |'''minéŧa'''
| align=center |תׇּרַ֫תכַּ '''toraŧka'''<br>your law
| align=center |'''minéŧem'''
| align=center | '''toraŧkem'''<br>your law
|-
!3rd
| align=center |תׇּרַתׇ '''toraŧo'''<br>his/her law
| align=center |תׇּרַתַם '''toraŧam'''<br>their law
|}
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!person
!singular
!plural
|-
!1st
|align=center |תׇּרׇתִ '''toroŧi'''<br>my laws
|align=center |תׇּרׇתֶ֜נֻ '''toroŧénu'''<br>our laws
|-
|-
!2nd
| align=center |תׇּרׇתֶ֜כַ '''toroŧéxa'''<br>your laws
| align=center |תָּרָתֶ֜כֶם '''toroŧéxem'''<br>your laws
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
| align=center |'''minéhu'''
| align=center |תׇּרׇתׇ '''toroŧo'''<br>his/her laws
| align=center |'''minéhem'''
| align=center |תׇּרׇתֶ֜כֶם '''toroŧéhem'''<br>their laws
|}
|}


====2.7.2 The Demonstrative Pronoun====
*2.9.4.5 A noun with a pronominal suffix is definite, therefore:
*2.7.2.1 The demonstrative adjective without the definite article is used as the demonstrative pronoun, ''e.g.'', '''ze haya ha-iš''', this is the man; '''éle haya ha-dăvarim''', these are the words.  
**2.9.4.5.1 a modifying adjective has the definite article.
::סֻסִ הְהַזַכּ '''susi hăhazak''', my strong horse
::דַּבַרׇ הַתׇּבִם '''davaro hatovim''', his good words.
**2.9.4.5.2 when the direct object of a verb, '''eŧ-''' is required.
::רַאִ֜תִ אֵת־סֻסׇ '''raíŧi eŧ-suso''', I see his horse.
**2.9.4.5.3 But '''eŧ-''' is omitted when reference is made to a part of the body. ::שַלַכ יַדׇ '''șalax yađo''', he put forth his hand.
 
 
===The Preposition===
*2.10.1 There are two types of prepositions.
*2.10.2 The first type consists of the three prepositions בְּ '''bă''' in, לְ '''lă''' to, and כְּ '''kă''' like that are prefixed to the noun.
::לְמֶ֜לֶכ '''lămélex''', to a king
**2.10.2.1 When the noun is determined by the definite article, the two combine into a single syllable retaining the vowel of the article.
::לַמֶ֜לֶכ '''lamélek''', to the king.
::These words are [[Wikipedia:Clitic|proclitic]] and are pronounced as the first syllable of the word.
**2.10.2.2 If the noun begins with יְ '''yă-''', these prepositions become בִּ '''bi''', לִ'''li''', and כִּ '''ki''' and replace the יְ  '''yă-'''.
::יְרֻשַלַ֜אִם '''yărușaláim''', Jerusalem; בִּרֻשַלַ֜אִם '''birușaláim''', to Jerusalem.
**2.10.2.3 If the noun begins with '''Că-''', these prepositions become בִּ '''bi''', לִ'''li''', and כִּ '''ki''' and the '''ă''' is dropped.
::שְמֻאֶל '''șămuel''', Samuel; כִּשמֻאֶל '''kișmuel''', like Samuel.
**2.10.2.4 In all other cases these prepositions become '''ba''', '''la''', and '''ka'''.
::כַּלׇם '''kalom''', dream; בַּכַלׇם '''baxalom''', in a dream.
*2.10.3. The second group consists of prepositions written as separate words.
::אֶ֜צֶל הַבַּיִת '''éțel habayiŧ''', near the house.
::Those prepositions formerly joined to the noun with a hyphen ('''[[Wikipedia:Hebrew punctuation#Hyphen and maqaf|maxaf]]''') are now written as separate words. The most common are אֶל '''el''' to, towards; אַל '''al''' on, upon; and מִן '''min''' from.
::מִן הַבַּיִת '''min habayiŧ''', from the house.
*2.10.4 A juxtaposed noun and prepositional phrase (or local adverb) constitute a predication.
::הַנַ֜עַר בַּבַּיִתּ '''haná'ar babayiŧ''', the young man is in the house.
*2.10.5 The noun פַּנִם '''panim''', ''face'', in the plural, forms a part of several prepositions.
::לִפנֶ '''lifne''', in the presence of, before; לִפנֶ הַמֶ֜לֶכ '''lifne hamélex''', before the king.
::מִפנֶ '''mifne''', from the presence of, from before, because of; מִפנֶ מִלכַּמַ '''mifne milkama''', because of the war.
::אַלפנֵ '''alpne''', on the surface of, up against; אַלפנֵ הַכׅר '''alpne haxir''', up against the wall.
*2.10.6 There are other prepositions compounded from nouns.
::אַלדַּבַר '''al-davar''' because of, אַלדַּבַר אֶ֜זֶרִ '''al-dăvar ézeri''', because of my help.
::בְּתׇכ '''băŧox''', in the midst of; בְּתׇכׇ '''băŧoxo''', in the midst of it.
*2.10.7 The suffix אַ- '''–a''' added to a noun, proper or common, indicates motion toward, with or without the article.
::הַר '''har''', mountain; הְהַ֜יַ  '''hahára''', to the mountain.
 


===2.8 The Preposition===
===The Conjunction===
*2.8.1 There are three types of prepositions.
*2.11.1 The coordinating conjunction "and" is אֻ '''u''', and is prefixed to the noun.
*2.8.2 The first type consists of the three prepositions '''bă''' (in), '''lă''' (to), and '''kă''' (like) that are prefixed to the noun, ''e.g.'', '''lămélex''', to a king.
::אֻ־בַּיִת '''u-bayiŧ''', and a house.
**2.8.2.1 When the noun is determined by the definite article, the two combine into a single syllable retaining the vowel of the article, ''e.g.'', '''lamélex''', to the king. These words are [[Wikipedia:Clitic|proclitic]] and are pronounced as the first syllable of the word.
**2.8.2.2 If the noun begins with '''yă-''', these prepositions become '''bi''', '''li''', and '''ki''' and replace the '''yă-''', ''e.g.'', '''yărušaláim''', Jerusalem; '''birušaláim''', to Jerusalem.
**2.8.2.3 If the noun begins with '''Că-''', these prepositions become  '''bi''', '''li''', and '''ki''' and the '''ă''' is dropped, ''e.g.'', '''šămuel''', Samuel; '''kišmuel''', like Samuel.
**2.8.2.4 In all other cases these prepositions become '''ba''', '''la''', and '''ka''' and the '''ă''' is dropped, ''e.g.'', '''ẋalom''', dream; '''baẋalom''', in a dream.
*2.8.3. The second type consists of those joined to the noun with a hyphen ('''[[Wikipedia:Hebrew punctuation#Hyphen and maqaf|maxaf]]'''). The most common are '''el-''' (to, towards), '''al-''' (on, upon), and '''min-''' (from), ''e.g.'', '''min-ha-bayiŧ''', from the house.
*2.8.4. The third and largest group consists of prepositions written as separate words, ''e.g.'', '''éṡel ha-bayiŧ''', near the house.
*2.8.5. A juxtaposed noun and prepositional phrase (or local adverb) constitute a predication, ''e.g.'', '''ha-na'ar babayiŧ ''', the young man is in the house.


===2.9 The Adverb===
*2.9.1 The suffix '''–a''' added to a noun, proper or common, indicates motion toward, with or without the article, ''e.g.'', '''har''', mountain; '''ha-hára''', to the mountain.


===2.10 The Conjunction===
===The Interrogative===
*2.10.1 The coordinating conjunction "and" is '''u''', and is prefixed to the noun, ''e.g.'', '''u-bayiŧ''', and a house.
*2.12.1 Any sentence may be converted into a question by prefixing '''hă-''' to the first word.
::הְ־תׇּבַ הַיַ הַאֶ֜רֶץ '''hătova haya haéreț.''' Is the land good?


===2.11 The Interrogative===
*2.11.1 Any sentence may be converted into a question by prefixing '''hă-''' to the first word.
<center>'''hă-tova haya ha-'áreṡ.'''</center>
<center>Is the land good?</center>


===2.12 The Relative Construction===
===The Relative Construction===
*2.12.1 A relative clauses is expressed with '''šer'''.
*2.13.1 A relative clauses is expressed with שֵר '''șer'''.
<center>'''ha-kohen šer kaŧav eŧ-ha-séfer.'''</center>
::הַכׇּהֶן שֶר כַתַב אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר '''ha-kohen șer kaŧav eŧ-haséfer.''' The priest who wrote the book.
<center>The priest who wrote the book.</center>
*2.13.2. When the relative construction involves a preposition, שֵר '''șer''' is combined with the preposition as if it were a noun.
*2.12.2. When the relative construction involves a preposition, '''šer''' is combined with the preposition as if it were a noun. ''e.g.'' '''lašer''', to whom/which; '''min-šer''', from whom/which; '''éṡel šer''', near whom/which. ({{Color|blue|''after the Spanish prepositional phrase''}})
::לַשֶר '''lașer''', to whom/which
::מִנ שֶר '''min-șer''', from whom/which
::אֶ֜צֶל שֶר '''éțel șer''', near whom/which.

Latest revision as of 19:38, 13 December 2020

Pronunciation table

a
 ă b v d đ e g ģ h i k x l m n o p f r s ț ș t ŧ u w y z '
אַ
 אְ בּ ב דּ ד אֵ גּ ג ה אִ כּ כ ל מ נ אָ פּ פ ר ס צ ש תּ ת אֻ ו י ז ע
/ä/ /ə/ /b/ /β/ /d/ /ð/ /e/ /g/ /ʝ/ /h/ /i/ /k/ /ç/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /o/ /p/ /φ/ /ɾ/ /s/ /ʦ/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /u/ /w/ /j/ /z/ /ʔ/


Part II - Grammar

The Alphabet

Latin a ă b v d đ e g ģ h i k x l m
Huđío א1 אַ אְ בּ ב דּ ד אֶ גּ ג ה2 3 אִ כּ / ךּ כ / ך4 ל מ / ם
Name אַ֜לֶף
Álef 		אַ
A 		אְ
Uh 		בֶּת
Beŧ 		בֶת
Veŧ 		דַּ֜לֶת
Dáleŧ 		דַ֜לֵתּ
Đáleŧ 		אֵ
e 		גִּמֶל
Gímel 		גִמֶל
Ģimel 		הֶ
He 		אִ
I 		כַּף
Kaf 		כַף
Xaf 		לַ֜מֶד
Lámeđ 		מֵם
Mem
IPA /ä/ /ə/ /b/ /β/ /d/ /ð/ /e/ /g/ /ʝ/ /h/ /i/ /k/ /ç/ /l/ /m/


  • 1 Syllabic and initial vowels are written under Álef, so there is no need for matres lectionis.
  • 2 ח (Heth) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ה (He).
  • 3 ה (He) has been deleted when syllable final.
  • 4 ק (Quf) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ (Kaf). Any words originally with Quf share in the lenition of Kaf.


Latin
n
 o p f r s ț ș t ŧ u w y z '
Hebrew נ / ן אָ פּ / ףּ פ / ף ר ס צ ש1 תּ ת2 אֻ ו י ז ע3
Name נֻן
Nun 		אׇ
O 		פֶּ
Pe 		פֶ
Fe 		רֶש
Resh 		סַ֜מֶך
Sámex 		צַ֜דִּ
Țádi 		שִן
Șin 		תַּף
Taf 		תַף
Ŧaf 		אֻ
u 		וַ
Wa 		יׇדּ
Yod 		זַ֜אִ
Zay 		אַ֜אִן
Ain
IPA /n/ /o/ /p/ /φ/ /ɾ/ /s/ /ʦ/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /u/ /w/ /j/ /z/ /ʔ/


  • 1 שׂ (Sin) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס (Sámex). Thus the dot is not needed for Șin.
  • 2 ט (Tet) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ (Taf) /t/. Any words originally with Tet share in the lenition of Taf.
  • 3 The glottal stop <ע> /ʔ/ (') is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נֵ֜עַר, ná'ar, boy.

Notes

  1. The Hebrew alphabet is used with some modifications.
  2. The order of the Latin alphabet is used in place of the traditional Hebrew order.
  3. When reciting the alphabet, the fricatives are not named.
  4. When spelling a word, the names of the fricatives are used, e.g., דַּבַר, davar, word: Dalet, A, Vet, A, Resh.
  5. The schwa sign אְ is not used under syllable final consonants, e.g. א֜רבַּ, árba, four.
  6. There are no geminate consonants.


General Notes

  • 2.2.1 Sentence order is subject, verb, (indirect object pronoun), direct object, (indirect object noun), other elements.
  • 2.2.2 Most words are accented on the ultimate syllable.
  • 2.2.3 A few words are accented on the penultimate syllable. These words are indicated by an acute accent on the vowel in the Latin transliteration, e.g., מֶ֜לֶכ mélex, king.


The Verb

  • 2.3.1 Huđio has reduced the many type of verbs in Biblical Hebrew to four.
  1. Those with the syllabic form CVCVC, e.g., כַּתַב kaŧab, write.
  2. Those with the syllabic form VCVC, e.g., אַכַל axal, eat.
  3. Those with the syllabic form CVC, e.g., נַם nam, sleep.
  4. Those with the syllabic form CV, e.g., בַּ ba, come.
  • 2.3.2 These forms are the forms of the perfect tense and are lemmas for the verbs.
  • 2.3.3 The verb has only two numbers, singular and plural.
  • 2.3.4 Vowels are infixed to these forms to specify the meaning.
  • 2.3.5 The verb agrees in person and number with its subject. The personal pronoun may be used for emphasis.
  • 2.3.6 The verb is negated with לָ lo placed immediately before the verb.
  • 2.3.7 Traditionally, the conjugation paradigm is given in the order 3rd, 2nd, and 1st persons.
  • 2.3.8 No distinction is made in the second person between male and female.
  • 2.3.9 The perfect tense translates the simple past or the present perfect. With verbs of perception or attitude it translates the general present. With verbs signifying mental or physical state it translates "to be" + adjective.
perfect Tense
CVCVC
write		 CVCV
eat		 CVC
sleep		 CV
come
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd kaŧab
כַּתַבּ		 kaŧbu
כַּתבֻּ		 axal
אַכַל		 axlu
אַכלֻ		 nam
נַם		 namu
נַמֻ		 ba
בַּ		 bau
בַּאֻ
2nd kaŧábta
כַּתַ֜בּתַּ		 kaŧábtem
כַּתַ֜בּתֶּם		 axálta
אַכַ֜לתַּ		 axáltem
אַכַ֜לתֶּם		 námta
נַ֫מתַּ		 námtem
כַ֜מתֶּם		 báŧa
בַּ֜תַ		 báŧem
בַּתֶם
1st kaŧábti
כַּתַ֜בּתִּ		 kaŧábnu
כַּתַ֜בּכֻ		 axálti
אַכַ֜לתִּ		 axálnu
אַכַ֜לנֻ		 námti
נַ֜מתִּ		 námnu
נַ֜מנֻ		 báŧi
בַּ֜תִ		 bánu
בַּ֜נֻ
  • 2.3.10 Verbs with the form CaCeC are stative verbs for the most part, e.g., kaveđ, he is/was/has become heavy.
perfect Tense of Stative Verbs
CVCVC
be heavy		 CVCV
be afraid		 CVC
die
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd kaveđ
כַּבֶדּ		 kavdu
כַּבֻּ		 yare
יַרֶ		 yaru
יַרֻ		 meŧ
מֶת		 méŧu
מֶ֝תֻ
2nd kavéđta
כַּתַ֜בּתַּ		 kavéđtem
כַּתַ֜בּתֵּם		 yaréŧa
אַכַ֜לתַּ		 yaréŧem
אַכַ֜לתֵּם		 méŧa
נַ֫מתַּ		 méŧem
כַ֜מתֵּם
1st kavéđti
כַּבֶ֜דתִּ		 kavéđnu
כַּבֶ֜דכֻ		 yaréŧi
יַרֶ֜תִ		 yarénu
יַרֶ֜נֻ		 meŧti
מֶתתִּ		 méŧnu
  • 2.3.11 There are no irregular verbs.
  • 2.3.12 CoCeC is the form of the active participle, e.g., כׇּתֶב koŧev, writing. This form is an adjective in function, e.g., הַאִש הַהׇלֶכ haiș haholex, the walking man.
  • 2.3.13 In order to state that something exists, the word יֶש yeș is used, e.g., אִש יֶש iș yeș, there is a man; אְנַשִם יֶש ănașim yeș, there are men. The negative expression uses אֶך en, e.g., אִש אֶך iș en, there is no man.
    • This construction is used to express possession, e.g., כֶּ֜סֶףאֶך לְאִש késef en lăiș, the man has no silver.
  • 2.3.14 Although a juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective may constitute a predication, it is more common to use the verb הַיַ haya.
הַאִש הַיַ תׇּב haiș haya tov, the man was good.
  • 2.3.15 With the preposition לְ lă, the verb means become.
דַּוִד הַיַ לְמֶ֜לֶכ תׇּב dawiđ haya lămélex tov, David became a good king.
  • 2.3.16 The imperfect tense adds a prefix to the inflected forms. The imperfect has two meanings, the future and habitual or customary action.
Imperfect Tense
CVCVC
write		 CVCV
eat		 CVC
sleep		 CV
come
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
3rd yixtov
יִכתׇּב		 yixtovun
יִכתׇּבֻך		 yixol
יִכׇל		 yixolun
יִכׇלֻך		 yinom
יִנׇם		 yinomun
יִנׇמֻן		 yivo
יִבׇ		 yivoun
יִבֶאֻן
2nd tixtov
תִּכתׇב		 tixtovun
תִּכתׇּבֻך		 tixol
תִּכׇל		 tixolun
תִּכׇלֻן		 tinom
תִּנׇם		 tinomun
תִּנׇמֻן		 tivo
תִּבׇ		 tivoun
תִּבׇאֻן
1st extov
אֶכתׇּב		 nixtob
כִכתׇּב		 exol
אֶכׇל		 nixol
נִכׇל		 enom
אֶנׇם		 ninom
נׅנׇם		 evo
אֶבׇ		 nivo
נִבׇ


  • 2.3.17 The imperative is formed by changing the first vowel of the imperfect to ă in the singular, and to i in the plural.
imperfect singular plural
yixtov
יִכתׇּב 		kăŧov
כְּתׇב 		kiŧbu
כִּתבֻּ
yixol
יִכֶל 		ăxol
אְכׇל 		ixlu
אִכלֻ
yinom
יִנׇם 		ănom
אְנׇם 		inmu
אִנמֻ
yivo
יִבׇ 		ăvo
אְבָ 		ivu
אִבֻ
  • 2.3.18 The negative imperative is formed with לׇ lo, e.g., לָ אֽבׇ lo ăvo, don't go.
  • 2.3.19 The infinitive is formed by changing the first vowel of the perfect to ă and the second to o. If a suffix is added the first vowel is o and the second is deleted.
kaŧav
כַּתַב 		kăŧov
כְּתׇב 		koŧbi
כׇּתבּׅ
axal
אַכַל 		ăxol
אְכׇל 		oxli
אׇכלִ
nam
נׇם 		ănom
אְנׇם 		onmi
אׇנמִ
ba
בַּ 		ăvo
אְבׇ 		ivu
אִבֻ
  • 2.3.20 The infinitive has both nominal and verbal functions. As a verb it may have subjects, objects, and other verbal adjuncts.
  • 2.3.21 The infinitive is used with lă to indicate the complement of a verb. The schwa is elided.
שַמַ, șama, hear; שמֻ, șămo, to hear; בֵּ֜אֻ לְשמָ báu lășmo, they came to hear.
  • 2.3.22 הַיַ haya + ă + the infinitive expresses to be about to... or to be compelled to....
הַשַ֜מַר הַיַ לְסגׇּר hașámar haya lăsgor, the gate was about to close.
  • 2.3.23 אַל al + noun/pronoun + לְ lă + the infinitive expresses obligation or responsibility.
אַלִ לְמצָ אֶתהֻ ali lămțo eŧhu, I must find him.
  • 2.3.24 אֶך en + לְ lă + the infinitive expresses possibility or permission.
אֶך לְבׇ en lăvo, entering is forbidden.
  • 2.3.24 The infinitive is negated with לׇ lo.
  • 2.3.25 The passive participle has the pattern CaCuC, e.g., כַּתֻב kaŧuv, written.


The Noun

  • 2.4.1 The Huđío noun belongs to one of two classes, masculine and feminine. In general, those nouns ending in -a are feminine and those ending in a consonant are masculine, although there are some exceptions.
  • 2.4.2 There are two numbers, singular and plural. The singular is unmarked. The plural endings are –oŧ for feminine nouns and –im for masculine nouns.
מֵ֜לֵכּ mélex (king), מֶלכִּם melkim; מַלכַּ malka (queen), מַלכׇּת malkoŧ.
  • 2.4.3 The older form of changing the vowel in disyllabic nouns is no longer used. דַּבַר davar, word; דְּבַרִם dăvarim, is now דַּבַר davar; דַּבַרׅם davarim.
  • 2.4.4 A few nouns have irregular plurals:
אִש iș, man; אְנַשִם ănașim, men; אִשַ ișa, woman; נַשִם nașim, women; אִר ir, city; אְרִם ărim, cities; בַּ֜יִתּ báyit, house; בַּתִם baŧim.
  • 2.4.5 When the direct object of a verb is a noun, definite or indefinite, or is a proper name, it is preceded by the object marker אֶת eŧ-.
הַעַם אׇהֶב אֶת-דַּוִד ha-am ohev eŧ-Dawid, the people love David.
  • 2.4.6 The indirect object is formed with the preposition לְ lă.
נַתַנתִּ אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר לְאִש naŧánti eŧ-haséfer lăiș, I gave the book to the man.
  • 2.4.7 The suffix אַ- -a added to both proper and common nouns indicates motion toward, the latter with or without the article. It is never stressed.
הַהַ֜רַ ha-hára, to the mountain
כֻ֜סכׇאַ, kúskoa to Cusco


The Genitive Construction

  • 2.5.1 The juxtaposition of two nouns that serves to mark a modifying relationship, known as the Construct State, has a limited use in Huđio. Its principal use is to form compound nouns, e.g., karxon yam כַּרכׇן יַם, "glacier of the sea", i.e. iceberg. The first noun in such a chain is said to be in a construct state and may have a different form than the singular.
  • 2.5.2 Nouns in -a replace this ending with -aŧ, e.g.,
  • 2.5.3 Plural nouns in -im change the ending to -e, יַמִם yamim, seas.
הַיַמֶ הַאׇלַם hayame haolam, the seas of the world,
  • 2.5.4 Genitive constructions are made using the preposition șel שֶל, e.g., הַכׇּ שֶל הַנַבִ hakol șel hanavi, the voice of the prophet.
  • 2.5.5 Irregular Construct Forms
house בַּיׅת
bayiŧ 		בֶּת
beŧ
death מַוֶת
maweŧ 		מׇת
moŧ
woman אִשַ
ișa 		אֶ֜שֶת
éșeŧ


Adjective

  • 2.6.1 Adjectives agree in class and number with the nouns they modify.
  • 2.6.2 Monosyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
singular plural
masculine תׇּב
tov
good 		תׇּבִם
tovim
feminine תּב
tov 		תׇּבׇת
tovoŧ
  • 2.6.3 Disyllabic adjectives have the following forms.
singular plural
masculine גַּדׇל
gađol
great 		גַּדׇלִם
gađolim
feminine גַּדׇל
gađol 		גַּדׇלׇת
gađoloŧ
  • 2.6.4 Adjectives ending in –e have the following forms.
singular plural
masculine יַפֶ
yafe
beautiful 		יַפִם
yafim
feminine יַפֶ
yafe 		יַפׇת
'yafoŧ
  • 2.6.5 The attributive adjective follows the noun and agrees with it in class and number.
אִש תׇּב iș tov, a good man
הַאִש הַתׇּב haiș hatov, the good man
אְנַשִם תׇּבִם ănașim tovim, good men
הַאְנַשׅם הַתׇּבִם ha-ănașim tovim, the good men.
  • 2.6.6. A juxtaposed noun and articleless adjective, before or after the noun, may constitute a predication: תׇּב הַאִש tov haiș , הַאִש תׇּב haiș tov, the man is good.
  • 2.6.7. An adjective may be modified by a prepositional phrase in the predicate.
הַאִר הַיַ תׇּבַ לַעַם hair haya tova la'am, the city is good for the people.
  • 2.6.8. Adjectives may be used as nouns in two ways.
    • 2.6.8.1 The adjective with the definite article may mean "the one who is...",
הַכַם haxam, wise; הַהַכַם hahaxam, the wise one.
    • 2.6.8.2 The singular form may be used as an abstract noun with the addition of אַ- -a.
הַרַ hara, evil; הַרַעַ hara'a wickedness.
  • 2.6.9 The adjective כׇּל kol, all, has the meaning "each, every, all, the whole". It is not inflected and precedes the noun it modifies.
כׇּל יׇם kol yom each day, every day
כׇּל הַיׇם kol hayom, all day, the whole day
כׇּל הַיַמִם kol hayamim, all the days.
  • 2.6.10 The expression כׇּל שֶר kol șer means "everything that/which". When the object of a verb it is preceded by eŧ-.
He gave him everthing that he had acquired.
נַתַן אֶת-כׇּל שֶר כַּנַ לׇ naŧan eŧ-kol șer kana lo.
  • 2.6.11 With an adjective kol has an indefinite pronominal sense.
כׇּם הַדַש kol hađaș, anything new.
  • 2.6.12 To express the comparative the preposition מִן min is used before the noun which is the basis of comparison.
The man is wiser than the boy.
הַאִש הַיַ הַכַם מִן הַנַעַר haiș haya haxam min haná'ar.
  • 2.6.13 This construction is also used to express "too...for...".
The work is too hard for the man.
הַעַבׇדַ הַיַ כַשַ מִן הַאִש ha'avođa haya xașa min haiș.
  • 2.6.14. The demonstrative adjective stands last in a series of adjectives.
מַאִש הַתׇּב הַזֵ haiș hatov haze, this good man.
singular plural
this זֶ ze אֶ֜לֶ éle
that הִ hi הֶ֜נַ héna


The Definite Article

  • 2.7.1. The definite article is ha and is prefixed to the noun:
דַּבַר davar, word; הַדַּבַר hadavar, the word; מֶ֜לֶך mélex, king; הַמֶ֜לֶך hamélex, the king.
  • 2.7.2 If the noun begins with ha-, then the definite article is הְ hă:
הְהַר hăhar, the mountain; הְהַיִם hăharim, mountains.
  • 2.7.3. The noun with the definite article is also used to express the vocative.
הַמֶלֶך ha-mélex, O king!
  • 2.7.4. There is no indefinite article.


The Numbers

  • 2.8.1 The numbers have become indeclinable and precede the noun.
  • 2.8.2 The multiple ordinal numbers govern a noun in the singular.
אַהַל פַּרַ ahal para, one cow; אַרבַּ פַּרַ arba para, four cows.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ordinal אֶכַד
exađ 		שנַ֜יִם
șnáyim 		שלׇשַ
șloșa 		אַרבַּ
arba 		כַםשַ
xamșa 		שִשַ
șișa 		שִבַ
șiva 		שמׇנַ
șmona 		תִּשַ
tișa 		אַסרַ
asra
cardinal הַלִ
hali 		שֶנִ
șeni 		שַלשִ
șalși 		ארבִּ
arbi 		הַמשִ
hamși 		שֶשִ
șeși 		שֶבִ
șevi 		שמׇנִ
șmoni 		תֶּשִ
teși 		אֶצקִ
ețri
+10 הַלשַר
halșar 		שֶנשַר
șenșar 		שַלשַר
șalșar 		אַרבַּשַר
arbașar 		הַמשַר
hamșar 		שֶשַר
șeșar 		שֶבּשַר
șebșar 		שמׇנשַר
șmonșar 		תֶּשַר
teșar
x10 שֶנִם
șenim 		שַלשִם
șalșim 		אַרבִּם
arbim 		הַמשִם
hamșim 		שֶשִם
șeșim 		שֶבִם
șevim 		שמׇנִם
șmonim 		תֶּשׅם
teșim 		אֶצרִם
ețrim


The Pronoun

The Personal Pronouns

person singular plural
1st אְנִ ăni אְנַ֜נֻ ănánu
2nd אְתַ ăŧa אְתֵם ăŧem
3rd הֻ hu הֵם hem
  • 2.9.1.1 These forms are used as the subjects of verbs, mostly of non-verbal sentences, אְנִ תׇּב ăni tov, I am good.
  • 2.9.1.2 These forms are used as the direct object, e.g., אְנִ אׇהֶב אֶתהֻ ăni ohev eŧ-hu, I love him.
  • 2.9.1.3 When it is the object of a preposition, a personal pronoun is suffixed to the preposition, e.g., with לְ lă,
person singular plural
1st לִ li לַ֜נֻ lánu
2nd לְכּ lăk לְכֶם lăxem
3rd לְהֻ lăhu לְהֶם lăhem
  • 2.9.1.4 The personal pronoun with מִן min, from, is declined differently.
person singular plural
1st מִנֶ֜נֻ minéni מִנֶ֜נֻ minénu
2nd מִנֶ֜כַ minéxa מִנֶ֜כֶם minéxem
3rd מִנֶ֜הֻ minéhu מִנֶ֜הֶם minéhem

The Demonstrative Pronoun

  • 2.9.2.1 The demonstrative adjective without the definite article is used as the demonstrative pronoun.
זֶ הַיַ הַאִש ze haya haiș, this is the man.
אֶ֜לֶ הַיַ הַדַּבַרִם éle haya hadavarim, these are the words.

The Interrogative Pronoun

  • 2.9.3.1 The interrogative pronouns מִ mi, who, and מַ ma, what, are not inflected for number or class.

The Possessive Pronoun

  • 2.9.4.1 Pronominal possession is indicated by suffixing a form of the personal pronoun to the noun.
person singular plural
1st סֻסִ susi
my horse 		סֻסֶ֜נִ susénu
our horse
2nd סֻסכַּ suska
your horse 		סֻסכֶּם suskem
your horse
3rd סֻסׇ suso
his/her horse 		סֻסַם susam
their horse
person singular plural
1st סֻסֶ֜אִ suséi
my horses 		סֻסֶ֜נֻ susénu
our horses
2nd סֻסֶ֜כַ suséxa
your horses 		סֻסֶ֜לֶם suséxem
your horses
3rd סֻסֶ֜אׇ suséo
his/her horses 		סֻסֶ֜הֶם suséhem
their horses
  • 2.9.4.2 Feminine nouns in -a have אַתּ- -aŧ before the pronominal endings.
person singular plural
1st תׇּרַתִ toraŧi
my law 		תּרַתֶ֜נֻ toraŧénu
our law
2nd תׇּרַ֫תכַּ toraŧka
your law 		toraŧkem
your law
3rd תׇּרַתׇ toraŧo
his/her law 		תׇּרַתַם toraŧam
their law
person singular plural
1st תׇּרׇתִ toroŧi
my laws 		תׇּרׇתֶ֜נֻ toroŧénu
our laws
2nd תׇּרׇתֶ֜כַ toroŧéxa
your laws 		תָּרָתֶ֜כֶם toroŧéxem
your laws
3rd תׇּרׇתׇ toroŧo
his/her laws 		תׇּרׇתֶ֜כֶם toroŧéhem
their laws
  • 2.9.4.5 A noun with a pronominal suffix is definite, therefore:
    • 2.9.4.5.1 a modifying adjective has the definite article.
סֻסִ הְהַזַכּ susi hăhazak, my strong horse
דַּבַרׇ הַתׇּבִם davaro hatovim, his good words.
    • 2.9.4.5.2 when the direct object of a verb, eŧ- is required.
רַאִ֜תִ אֵת־סֻסׇ raíŧi eŧ-suso, I see his horse.
    • 2.9.4.5.3 But eŧ- is omitted when reference is made to a part of the body. ::שַלַכ יַדׇ șalax yađo, he put forth his hand.


The Preposition

  • 2.10.1 There are two types of prepositions.
  • 2.10.2 The first type consists of the three prepositions בְּ bă in, לְ lă to, and כְּ kă like that are prefixed to the noun.
לְמֶ֜לֶכ lămélex, to a king
    • 2.10.2.1 When the noun is determined by the definite article, the two combine into a single syllable retaining the vowel of the article.
לַמֶ֜לֶכ lamélek, to the king.
These words are proclitic and are pronounced as the first syllable of the word.
    • 2.10.2.2 If the noun begins with יְ yă-, these prepositions become בִּ bi, לִli, and כִּ ki and replace the יְ yă-.
יְרֻשַלַ֜אִם yărușaláim, Jerusalem; בִּרֻשַלַ֜אִם birușaláim, to Jerusalem.
    • 2.10.2.3 If the noun begins with Că-, these prepositions become בִּ bi, לִli, and כִּ ki and the ă is dropped.
שְמֻאֶל șămuel, Samuel; כִּשמֻאֶל kișmuel, like Samuel.
    • 2.10.2.4 In all other cases these prepositions become ba, la, and ka.
כַּלׇם kalom, dream; בַּכַלׇם baxalom, in a dream.
  • 2.10.3. The second group consists of prepositions written as separate words.
אֶ֜צֶל הַבַּיִת éțel habayiŧ, near the house.
Those prepositions formerly joined to the noun with a hyphen (maxaf) are now written as separate words. The most common are אֶל el to, towards; אַל al on, upon; and מִן min from.
מִן הַבַּיִת min habayiŧ, from the house.
  • 2.10.4 A juxtaposed noun and prepositional phrase (or local adverb) constitute a predication.
הַנַ֜עַר בַּבַּיִתּ haná'ar babayiŧ, the young man is in the house.
  • 2.10.5 The noun פַּנִם panim, face, in the plural, forms a part of several prepositions.
לִפנֶ lifne, in the presence of, before; לִפנֶ הַמֶ֜לֶכ lifne hamélex, before the king.
מִפנֶ mifne, from the presence of, from before, because of; מִפנֶ מִלכַּמַ mifne milkama, because of the war.
אַלפנֵ alpne, on the surface of, up against; אַלפנֵ הַכׅר alpne haxir, up against the wall.
  • 2.10.6 There are other prepositions compounded from nouns.
אַלדַּבַר al-davar because of, אַלדַּבַר אֶ֜זֶרִ al-dăvar ézeri, because of my help.
בְּתׇכ băŧox, in the midst of; בְּתׇכׇ băŧoxo, in the midst of it.
  • 2.10.7 The suffix אַ- –a added to a noun, proper or common, indicates motion toward, with or without the article.
הַר har, mountain; הְהַ֜יַ hahára, to the mountain.


The Conjunction

  • 2.11.1 The coordinating conjunction "and" is אֻ u, and is prefixed to the noun.
אֻ־בַּיִת u-bayiŧ, and a house.


The Interrogative

  • 2.12.1 Any sentence may be converted into a question by prefixing hă- to the first word.
הְ־תׇּבַ הַיַ הַאֶ֜רֶץ hătova haya haéreț. Is the land good?


The Relative Construction

  • 2.13.1 A relative clauses is expressed with שֵר șer.
הַכׇּהֶן שֶר כַתַב אֶת-הַסֶ֜פֶר ha-kohen șer kaŧav eŧ-haséfer. The priest who wrote the book.
  • 2.13.2. When the relative construction involves a preposition, שֵר șer is combined with the preposition as if it were a noun.
לַשֶר lașer, to whom/which
מִנ שֶר min-șer, from whom/which
אֶ֜צֶל שֶר éțel șer, near whom/which.
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