Verbs in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
(Undo revision 135769 by Ahzoh (talk))
Line 13: Line 13:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-ṣras'' || ''nu-ṣras-eŋ'' || threw, said || ''ni-ṣres'' || ''ni-ṣres-eŋ'' || was thrown, was said
  | ''nu-ṣras'' || ''nu-ṣras-em'' || threw, said || ''ni-ṣres'' || ''ni-ṣres-em'' || was thrown, was said
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''ṣaras'' || ''ṣars-eŋ'' || throws, says || ''ṣares'' || ''ṣers-eŋ'' || is thrown, is said
  | ''ṣaras'' || ''ṣars-em'' || throws, says || ''ṣares'' || ''ṣers-em'' || is thrown, is said
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ṣarus'' || ''ṣurs-eŋ'' || will throw, will say || ''ṣaris'' || ''ṣirs-eŋ'' || will be thrown, will be said
  | ''ṣarus'' || ''ṣurs-em'' || will throw, will say || ''ṣaris'' || ''ṣirs-em'' || will be thrown, will be said
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 32: Line 32:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nū-bal'' || ''nū-bal-eŋ'' || smelled, tasted || ''nī-bel'' || ''nī-bel-eŋ'' || was smelled, was tasted
  | ''nū-bal'' || ''nū-bal-em'' || smelled, tasted || ''nī-bel'' || ''nī-bel-em'' || was smelled, was tasted
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''yabal'' || ''yabl-eŋ'' || smell,taste || ''yabel'' || ''yebl-eŋ'' || is smelled, is tasted
  | ''yabal'' || ''yabl-em'' || smell,taste || ''yabel'' || ''yebl-em'' || is smelled, is tasted
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''yabul'' || ''yubl-eŋ'' || will smell, will taste || ''yabil'' || ''yibl-eŋ'' || will be smelled, will be tasted
  | ''yabul'' || ''yubl-em'' || will smell, will taste || ''yabil'' || ''yibl-em'' || will be smelled, will be tasted
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 51: Line 51:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-dāl'' || ''nu-dāl-eŋ'' || dug out, revealed || ''ni-dēl'' || ''ni-dēl-eŋ'' || was dug out, was revealed
  | ''nu-dāl'' || ''nu-dāl-em'' || dug out, revealed || ''ni-dēl'' || ''ni-dēl-em'' || was dug out, was revealed
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''dāl'' || ''dāl-eŋ'' || dig out, reveal || ''dēl'' || ''dēl-eŋ'' || is dug out, is revealed
  | ''dāl'' || ''dāl-em'' || dig out, reveal || ''dēl'' || ''dēl-em'' || is dug out, is revealed
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''dūl'' || ''dūl-eŋ'' || will dig out, will reveal || ''dīl'' || ''dīl-eŋ'' || will be dug out, will be revealed
  | ''dūl'' || ''dūl-em'' || will dig out, will reveal || ''dīl'' || ''dīl-em'' || will be dug out, will be revealed
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 70: Line 70:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-nśā'' || ''nu-nśā-ŋ'' || wanted, desired || ''ni-nśē'' || ''ni-nśē-ŋ'' || was wanted, was desired
  | ''nu-nśā'' || ''nu-nśā-m'' || wanted, desired || ''ni-nśē'' || ''ni-nśē-m'' || was wanted, was desired
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''naśā'' || ''naśā-ŋ'' || want, desire || ''naśē'' || ''naśē-ŋ'' || is wanted, is desired
  | ''naśā'' || ''naśā-m'' || want, desire || ''naśē'' || ''naśē-m'' || is wanted, is desired
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''naśū'' || ''naśū-ŋ'' || will want, will desire || ''naśī'' || ''naśī-ŋ'' || will be wanted, will be desired
  | ''naśū'' || ''naśū-m'' || will want, will desire || ''naśī'' || ''naśī-m'' || will be wanted, will be desired
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 89: Line 89:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-dān'' || ''nu-dān-eŋ'' || was heavy, pressed down || ''ni-dēn'' || ''ni-dēn-eŋ'' || was pressed down
  | ''nu-dān'' || ''nu-dān-em'' || was heavy, pressed down || ''ni-dēn'' || ''ni-dēn-em'' || was pressed down
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''dān'' || ''dān-eŋ'' || is heavy, presses down || ''dēn'' || ''dēn-eŋ'' || is pressed down
  | ''dān'' || ''dān-em'' || is heavy, presses down || ''dēn'' || ''dēn-em'' || is pressed down
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''dūn'' || ''dūn-eŋ'' || will be heavy, will press down || ''dīn'' || ''dīn-eŋ'' || will be pressed down
  | ''dūn'' || ''dūn-em'' || will be heavy, will press down || ''dīn'' || ''dīn-em'' || will be pressed down
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 108: Line 108:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-ṣras-śa'' || ''nu-ṣars-a-śa-ŋ'' || made throw, made say || ''ni-ṣres-śa'' || ''ni-ṣers-a-śa-ŋ'' || was made to throw, was made to say
  | ''nu-ṣras-śa'' || ''nu-ṣars-a-śa-m'' || made throw, made say || ''ni-ṣres-śa'' || ''ni-ṣers-a-śa-m'' || was made to throw, was made to say
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''ṣaras-śa'' || ''ṣars-a-śa-ŋ'' || makes throw, makes say || ''ṣares-śa'' || ''ṣers-a-śa-ŋ'' || is made to throw, is made to say
  | ''ṣaras-śa'' || ''ṣars-a-śa-m'' || makes throw, makes say || ''ṣares-śa'' || ''ṣers-a-śa-m'' || is made to throw, is made to say
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ṣarus-śa'' || ''ṣurs-a-śa-ŋ'' || will make throw, will make say || ''ṣaris-śa'' || ''ṣirs-a-śa-ŋ'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  | ''ṣarus-śa'' || ''ṣurs-a-śa-m'' || will make throw, will make say || ''ṣaris-śa'' || ''ṣirs-a-śa-m'' || will be made to throw, will be made to say
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 126: Line 126:
  |-
  |-
  ! Past
  ! Past
  | ''nu-ṣras-ku'' || ''nu-ṣars-a-ku-ŋ'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ni-ṣres-ku'' || ''ni-ṣers-a-ku-ŋ'' || was thrown to, was spoken to
  | ''nu-ṣras-ku'' || ''nu-ṣars-a-ku-m'' || threw to, spoke to || ''ni-ṣres-ku'' || ''ni-ṣers-a-ku-m'' || was thrown to, was spoken to
  |-
  |-
  ! Present
  ! Present
  | ''ṣaras-ku'' || ''ṣars-a-ku-ŋ'' || throws to, speaks to || ''ṣares-ku'' || ''ṣers-a-ku-ŋ'' || is thrown to, is spoken to
  | ''ṣaras-ku'' || ''ṣars-a-ku-m'' || throws to, speaks to || ''ṣares-ku'' || ''ṣers-a-ku-m'' || is thrown to, is spoken to
  |-
  |-


  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ṣarus-ku'' || ''ṣurs-a-ku-ŋ'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''ṣaris-ku'' || ''ṣirs-a-ku-ŋ'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  | ''ṣarus-ku'' || ''ṣurs-a-ku-m'' || will throw to, will speak to || ''ṣaris-ku'' || ''ṣirs-a-ku-m'' || will be thrown to, will be spoken to
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 08:09, 21 September 2020

Vrkhazhian verbs are called ʾāṣṣarēsan (singular ʾāṣṣarēsa). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root. The verb only conjugates for three tenses (past, present, and future), two voices (active and passive), and two numbers (singular and plural).

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular, it is called ṣaras because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as the "fused verbs", the "short verbs", or the "cut verbs", depending on the position of the radical within the root.

(Triliteral Verbs)

(Full Verbs)

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣras nu-ṣras-em threw, said ni-ṣres ni-ṣres-em was thrown, was said
Present ṣaras ṣars-em throws, says ṣares ṣers-em is thrown, is said
Future ṣarus ṣurs-em will throw, will say ṣaris ṣirs-em will be thrown, will be said

(Fused Verbs)

The initial radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and ???

y-b-l (to smell, to taste)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nū-bal nū-bal-em smelled, tasted nī-bel nī-bel-em was smelled, was tasted
Present yabal yabl-em smell,taste yabel yebl-em is smelled, is tasted
Future yabul yubl-em will smell, will taste yabil yibl-em will be smelled, will be tasted

(Short Verbs)

The middle radical is either a ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes the corresponding /i/ or /u/, respectively, when conjugated in the future tense.

d-w-l (to dig out, to remove, to reveal, to uncover)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-dāl nu-dāl-em dug out, revealed ni-dēl ni-dēl-em was dug out, was revealed
Present dāl dāl-em dig out, reveal dēl dēl-em is dug out, is revealed
Future dūl dūl-em will dig out, will reveal dīl dīl-em will be dug out, will be revealed

(Cut Verbs)

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨w⟩ and becomes elided while lengthening the preceding vowel.

n-ś-y (to want, to desire)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-nśā nu-nśā-m wanted, desired ni-nśē ni-nśē-m was wanted, was desired
Present naśā naśā-m want, desire naśē naśē-m is wanted, is desired
Future naśū naśū-m will want, will desire naśī naśī-m will be wanted, will be desired

(Biliteral Verbs)

There are a lot of verbal roots consisting of only two radicals, the forms they take when conjugated are very similar to middle weak verbs, except in the past tense.

d-n (to be heavy, to press down)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-dān nu-dān-em was heavy, pressed down ni-dēn ni-dēn-em was pressed down
Present dān dān-em is heavy, presses down dēn dēn-em is pressed down
Future dūn dūn-em will be heavy, will press down dīn dīn-em will be pressed down

Extensions To the Verb

The Instrumental-Causative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣras-śa nu-ṣars-a-śa-m made throw, made say ni-ṣres-śa ni-ṣers-a-śa-m was made to throw, was made to say
Present ṣaras-śa ṣars-a-śa-m makes throw, makes say ṣares-śa ṣers-a-śa-m is made to throw, is made to say
Future ṣarus-śa ṣurs-a-śa-m will make throw, will make say ṣaris-śa ṣirs-a-śa-m will be made to throw, will be made to say

The Dative-Locative Applicative

ṣ-r-s (to throw, to say)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Past nu-ṣras-ku nu-ṣars-a-ku-m threw to, spoke to ni-ṣres-ku ni-ṣers-a-ku-m was thrown to, was spoken to
Present ṣaras-ku ṣars-a-ku-m throws to, speaks to ṣares-ku ṣers-a-ku-m is thrown to, is spoken to
Future ṣarus-ku ṣurs-a-ku-m will throw to, will speak to ṣaris-ku ṣirs-a-ku-m will be thrown to, will be spoken to

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Ḳūya ʾāwi bēdu pālku.
Ḳūya ʾāw-i bēd-u pāl-ku-∅
3fs.NOM man-OBL.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG give\ACT.PRES-APL-SG
"She gives the man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

ʾĀwe bēdu pēlku.
ʾĀw-e bēd-u pēl-ku-∅
man-NOM.MASC.SG book-OBL.FEM.SG give\PASS.PRES-APL-SG
"The man is given a book."
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Verbs_in_Vrkhazhian&oldid=135770"