Proto-Hispanic: Difference between revisions

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Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.
Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and maybe it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
|}
|}
====Consonant gradation====


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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|}
|}


==Ablaut patterns==
====Ablaut patterns====


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
==Pronoun==
===Personal===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="3"|  
!colspan="3"| 1st person
!colspan="4"| 2nd person
!colspan="4"| 3rd person
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"| 4th person
|-
!colspan="2"| Exclusive
!colspan="1"| Inclusive
!colspan="2"| Masculine
!colspan="2"| Feminine
!colspan="2"| Animate
!colspan="2"| Inanimate
|-
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
|-
!Absolutive
| *ni
| *gu
| *ɬu
| *hi
| *zu
| *bi
| *su
| *be
| *pe-rǝ
| *ɦa
| *ɦa-rǝ
| *no
| *no-rǝ
|-
!Ergative
| *da, *ni-kǝ
| *gu-kǝ
| *ɬu-kǝ
| *xa, *hi-kǝ
| *zu-kǝ
| *na, *bi-kǝ
| *su-kǝ
| *be-kǝ
| *pe-rǝ-kǝ
| *ɦa-kǝ
| *ɦa-rǝ-kǝ
| *no-kǝ
| *no-rǝ-kǝ
|-
!Dative
| *da-ɦi, *ni-r-ɦi
| *gu-r-ɦi
| *ɬu-r-ɦi
| *xa-ɦi, *hi-r-ɦi
| *zu-r-ɦi
| *na-ɦi, *bi-r-ɦi
| *su-r-ɦi
| *be-r-ɦi
| *pe-rǝ-r-ɦi
| *ɦar-ɦi
| *ɦa-rǝ-r-ɦi
| *no-r-ɦi
| *no-rǝ-r-ɦi
|-
!Instrumental
| *ni-ta-z
| *gu-ta-z
| *ɬu-ta-z
| *hi-ta-z
| *zu-ta-z
| *bi-ta-z
| *su-ta-z
| *be-ta-z
| *pe-rǝ-ta-z
| *ɦa-ta-z
| *ɦa-rǝ-ta-z
| *no-ta-z
| *no-rǝ-ta-z
|-
!Genitive possesive
| *ni-re
| *gu-re
| *ɬu-re
| *hi-re
| *zu-re
| *bi-re
| *su-re
| *be-re
| *pe-rǝ-re
| *ɦa-re
| *ɦa-rǝ-re
| *no-re
| *no-rǝ-re
|-
!Genitive locative
| *ɦi-ni-nǝ
| *ɦi-gu-nǝ
| *ɦi-ɬu-nǝ
| *ɦi-hi-nǝ
| *ɦi-zu-nǝ
| *ɦi-bi-nǝ
| *ɦi-su-nǝ
| *ɦi-be-nǝ
| *ɦi-pe-rǝ-nǝ
| *ɦi-ɦa-nǝ
| *ɦi-ɦa-rǝ-nǝ
| *ɦi-no-nǝ
| *ɦi-no-rǝ-nǝ
|-
!Vocative
| *zo
| *ʃe
| *ɬe
| *do
| *ze
| *mo
| *se
| *da, *la
| *ta, *ɫa
| *za
| *sa
| *ga
| *ka
|-
!Reflexive
| *mi-ɦiŋǝ
| *ʃi-ɦiŋǝ
| *ɬi-ɦiŋǝ
| *bi-ɦiŋǝ
| *zi-ɦiŋǝ
| *ni-ɦiŋǝ
| *si-ɦiŋǝ
| *ɫi
| *ɫu
| *dsi
| *dsu
| *tʃi
| *tʃu
|-
|}
===Demonstrative===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Proximal
!colspan="2"| Medial-proximal
!colspan="2"| Medial
!colspan="2"| Medial-distal
!colspan="2"| Distal
!colspan="2"| Indeterminate
|-
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
|-
!Absolutive
| *ɦa
| *ɦa-rǝ
| *ɦi
| *ɦi-rǝ
| *ɦe
| *ɦe-rǝ
| *ɦo
| *ɦo-rǝ
| *ɦu
| *ɦu-rǝ
| *gǝ
| *kǝ-rǝ
|-
|}
===Interrogative===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Original
! Interrogative
|-
!colspan="2"| Inanimate (What)
| *za
| *za-ɦi
|-
!rowspan="2"| Animate
! Non-human (Which)
| *kʰɨ
| *kʰɨ-ɦi
|-
! Human (Who)
| *nǝ
| *nǝ-ɦi
|-
|}
==Noun morphology==
===Declension===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="3"| Animate
!colspan="3"| Inanimate
|-
!  Singular || Plural || Indeterminate || Singular || Plural || Indeterminate
|-
! Absolutive/Nominative/Essive
| *-
| *-rǝ
| *-
| *-
| *-nǝ
| *-
|-
! Ergative
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
|-
! Dative /elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
|-
! Instrumental (Attributive/dative)
| *-z
| *-z
| *-z
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
|-
! Genitive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Allative
| *-la
| *-la
| *-la
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
|-
! Comitative
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
|-
! Innesive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Locative general
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
|-
! Essive/Prolative
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
|-
! Locative series
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
|-
!Instrumental/Comitative
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
|-
!Instrumental
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
|-
! Elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
|-
|}
===Other cases===
Oblique marks: *-rǝ-, *-ɦi-
Directive: *-rǝ
Locative: *-rǝ, *-tʰʃu
ad series: *-kǝ-, *-tʃǝ-, *-xǝ-, *-gǝ-
post/close series: *-kǝ, *-gǝ
complete series: *-ɬtʰ-
empty series: *-ɦ-
===Negative particles===
*bǝ /*-bǝ (negative/prohibitive)
*dǝ (prohibitive)
*dse/*tse
*-g- (privative)
*ɦu
*nǝ
===Other particles===
*-d- (substantivator/adjective)
*-d- (frequentative)
*-t- (substantivator of adjectives)
===Class markers===
Animate indeterminate: *(ɦ)a-
Animate maculine: *(ɦ)u- I
Animate feminine: *(ɦ)i- II
Inanimate (Factitive/frequentative): *-b- III
Affective *-ǝ-


==Verb morphology==
==Verb morphology==
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{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
!colspan="2"| Plural
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!rowspan="2"| 1st person
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
! Exclusive
| *ni
| *n-
| *da
| *da
| *gu
| *gu
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!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
! Masculine
| *xi
| *h-
| *ɣa
| *xa
| *zu  
| *zu  
| *zu
| *zu
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
| *bi
| *b-
| *na
| *na
| *su ~ *ʃu
| *su
| *su ~ *ʃu
| *su
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Thrid person particles===
===Third person particles===


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
! Indeterminate
! Indeterminate
| *ʃe
| *ʃ-
| *ga
| *ga
|-
|-
! Proximal
! Proximal
| *de
| *p-
| *ɦa
| *ɦa
|-
|-
! Medial-proximal
! Medial-proximal
| *be ~ *pe
| *d-
| *ɦi
| *ɦi
|-
|-
! Medial
! Medial
| *tʰe
| *tʰ-
| *ɦe
| *ɦe
|-
|-
! Medial-distal
! Medial-distal
| *le
| *ɫ-
| *ɦo
| *ɦo
|-
|-
! Distal
! Distal
| *ze
| *z-
| *ɦu
| *ɦu
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Pronoun==
==Phonemic correspondences with real languages==
 
===Consonants===
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! Iberian
! Basque
|-
| *ŋ
| ?
| n-/-0-/-n
|-
| *n
| ?
| n
|-
| *m
| ?
| m/n
|-
| *b
| ?
| b
|-
| *p
| ?
| p/b-
|-
| *pʰ
| ?
| p
|-
| *d
| ?
| d/t-
|-
| *t
| ?
| t
|-
| *tʰ
| ?
| t
|-
| *g
| ?
| g
|-
| *k
| ?
| k
|-
| *kʰ
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *dz
| ?
| z
|-
| *tz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *ds
| ?
| z
|-
| *ts
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰs
| ?
| z/sU
|-
| *dʃ
| ?
| z
|-
| *tʃ
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰʃ
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *z
| ?
| z
|-
| *s
| ?
| z
|-
| *ʃ
| ?
| s
|-
| *ɦ
| ?
| ɦ/h/0
|-
| *h
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *x
| ?
| g/h/0
|-
| *l
| ?
| l-/-ɾ-/-l
|-
| *ɫ
| ?
| l
|-
| *ɬ
| ?
| l-/-lh-/-rC-/-l
|-
| *ɾ
| ?
| ɾ
|-
| *r
| ?
| r
|-
| *ɹ
| ?
| ɾ/r?
|-
|}


===Personal===
===Vowels===


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
! Proto-Hispanic
!rowspan="2"|  
! Iberian
!colspan="2"| Singular
! Basque
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
| *i
| ?
| i?
|-
| *ɨ
| ?
| i/u?
|-
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
| *u
| ?
| u?
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
| *e
! Exclusive
| ?
| *ni ~ *mi
| e?
| *dsi ~ *zo / *gu
| *ʃi
| *ʃi
|-
|-
! Inclusive
| *ə
| -
| ?
| -
| e/o?
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
| *o
! Masculine
| ?
| *χu ~ *bo
| o?
| *χu ~ *du
| *zu
| *zu
|-
|-
! Feminine
| *a
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| ?
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| a?
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Demonstrative===
==Thematic lexicon==
 
===Personal relations===


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Proto-Hispanic
! Subject
! English meaning
! Object
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦa-ma || mother || madre || ? || -
|-
| *da-da-ɦi || father || padre || ? || -
|-
| *i=tʰsi/*e=tʰsi || sister || hermana || ? || -
|-
| *u=tʰsi/*o=tʰsi || brother || hermano || ? || -
|-
|}
 
===Day's cycle===
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Indeterminate
! Proto-Hispanic
| *gǝ
! English meaning
| *tʰʃɨ
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
|-
! Proximal
| *zeu̯ŋǝ / *ɦǝtʰsa / *tʰsaɦǝ || yesterday || ayer || atzo, átzo || -
| *ɦa
| *dǝ
|-
|-
! Medial-proximal
|}
| *ɦi
 
| *bǝ ~ *pǝ
===Flora===
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Medial
! Proto-Hispanic
| *ɦe
! English meaning
| *tʰǝ
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɦˈaɬtǝ-lǝ || brach, pod || rama, vaina || adar, ádar || -
| *ɦo
| *lǝ
|-
|-
! Distal
| *ɦˈakʰǝ-ŋǝ || brach, pod || tronco, rama, haz|| aihen, aien, axen || -
| *ɦu
| *zǝ
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Interrogative===
===Adjectives===


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Proto-Hispanic
! Original
! English meaning
! Interrogative
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦaɫǝ-ɦǝ || weak, slow || débil, lento || ahul, aul, abol, áhül, aultu || -
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Inanimate (What)
|}
| *za
 
| *za-ɦi
===Verbs===
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| Animate
! Proto-Hispanic
! Non-human (Which)
! English meaning
| *kʰɨ
! Spanish meaning
| *kʰɨ-ɦi
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
|-
! Human (Who)
| *e-(a)tʰzei̯-n || catch, gather, take || atrapar, coger, llevar, tomar, recoger, reunir || atzitu, atzipe, atzipatu, atsipatu || -
| *nǝ
| *nǝ-ɦi
|-
|-
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 02:37, 27 July 2020

Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and maybe it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Laminodental Apicoalveolar Postalveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal *m *n *ŋ
Stop Aspirated *pʰ *tʰ *kʰ *h
Voiceless *p *t *k
Voiced *b *d *g
Affricate Aspirated *tʰz *tʰs *tʰʃ
Voiceless *tz *ts *tʃ
Voiced *dz *ds *dʃ
Fricative *z *s *ʃ *x *ɦ
Lateral Fricative *ɬ
Aproximant *l *ɫ
Rhotic Aproximant *ɹ
Trill *r
Tap *ɾ

Consonant gradation

  Lenis Fortis Lenis/Fortis
Nasal *ŋ *n *m
Labial Stop *b *p *pʰ
Dentoalveolar Stop *d *t *tʰ
Velar Stop *g *k *kʰ
Laminodental Affricate *dz *tz *tʰz
Apicoalveolar Affricate *ds *ts *tʰs
Postalveolar Affricate *dʃ *tʃ *tʰʃ
Sibilant Fricative *z *s *ʃ
Laringal *ɦ *h *x
Lateral *l *ɫ *ɬ
Rhotic *ɾ *r *ɹ

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High *i *ɨ *u
Mid *e *ə *o
Low *a

Ablaut patterns

  I II III
Type 1 *a *e *i
Type 2 *a *ə *ɨ
Type 3 *a *o *u

Pronoun

Personal

  1st person 2nd person 3rd person 4th person
Exclusive Inclusive Masculine Feminine Animate Inanimate
Singular Plural Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Absolutive *ni *gu *ɬu *hi *zu *bi *su *be *pe-rǝ *ɦa *ɦa-rǝ *no *no-rǝ
Ergative *da, *ni-kǝ *gu-kǝ *ɬu-kǝ *xa, *hi-kǝ *zu-kǝ *na, *bi-kǝ *su-kǝ *be-kǝ *pe-rǝ-kǝ *ɦa-kǝ *ɦa-rǝ-kǝ *no-kǝ *no-rǝ-kǝ
Dative *da-ɦi, *ni-r-ɦi *gu-r-ɦi *ɬu-r-ɦi *xa-ɦi, *hi-r-ɦi *zu-r-ɦi *na-ɦi, *bi-r-ɦi *su-r-ɦi *be-r-ɦi *pe-rǝ-r-ɦi *ɦar-ɦi *ɦa-rǝ-r-ɦi *no-r-ɦi *no-rǝ-r-ɦi
Instrumental *ni-ta-z *gu-ta-z *ɬu-ta-z *hi-ta-z *zu-ta-z *bi-ta-z *su-ta-z *be-ta-z *pe-rǝ-ta-z *ɦa-ta-z *ɦa-rǝ-ta-z *no-ta-z *no-rǝ-ta-z
Genitive possesive *ni-re *gu-re *ɬu-re *hi-re *zu-re *bi-re *su-re *be-re *pe-rǝ-re *ɦa-re *ɦa-rǝ-re *no-re *no-rǝ-re
Genitive locative *ɦi-ni-nǝ *ɦi-gu-nǝ *ɦi-ɬu-nǝ *ɦi-hi-nǝ *ɦi-zu-nǝ *ɦi-bi-nǝ *ɦi-su-nǝ *ɦi-be-nǝ *ɦi-pe-rǝ-nǝ *ɦi-ɦa-nǝ *ɦi-ɦa-rǝ-nǝ *ɦi-no-nǝ *ɦi-no-rǝ-nǝ
Vocative *zo *ʃe *ɬe *do *ze *mo *se *da, *la *ta, *ɫa *za *sa *ga *ka
Reflexive *mi-ɦiŋǝ *ʃi-ɦiŋǝ *ɬi-ɦiŋǝ *bi-ɦiŋǝ *zi-ɦiŋǝ *ni-ɦiŋǝ *si-ɦiŋǝ *ɫi *ɫu *dsi *dsu *tʃi *tʃu

Demonstrative

  Proximal Medial-proximal Medial Medial-distal Distal Indeterminate
Singular Plural Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular
Absolutive *ɦa *ɦa-rǝ *ɦi *ɦi-rǝ *ɦe *ɦe-rǝ *ɦo *ɦo-rǝ *ɦu *ɦu-rǝ *gǝ *kǝ-rǝ

Interrogative

  Original Interrogative
Inanimate (What) *za *za-ɦi
Animate Non-human (Which) *kʰɨ *kʰɨ-ɦi
Human (Who) *nǝ *nǝ-ɦi

Noun morphology

Declension

  Animate Inanimate
Singular Plural Indeterminate Singular Plural Indeterminate
Absolutive/Nominative/Essive *- *-rǝ *- *- *-nǝ *-
Ergative *-kǝ *-kǝ *-kǝ *-kǝ *-kǝ *-kǝ
Dative /elative *-ɦi *-ɦi *-ɦi *-ɦi *-ɦi *-ɦi
Instrumental (Attributive/dative) *-z *-z *-z *-ɬtu *-ɬtu *-ɬtu
Genitive *-nǝ *-nǝ *-nǝ *-nǝ *-nǝ *-nǝ
Allative *-la *-la *-la *-ɫa *-ɫa *-ɫa
Comitative *-ki-n *-ki-n *-ki-n *-ki-n *-ki-n *-ki-n
Innesive *-nǝ *-nǝ *-nǝ *-nǝ *-nǝ *-nǝ
Locative general *-dǝ- *-dǝ- *-dǝ- *-dǝ- *-dǝ- *-dǝ-
Essive/Prolative *-tʰʃǝ *-tʰʃǝ *-tʰʃǝ *-tʰʃǝ *-tʰʃǝ *-tʰʃǝ
Locative series *-g-a- *-k-a- *-x-a- *-g-a- *-k-a- *-x-a-
Instrumental/Comitative *-tʰzǝ *-tʰzǝ *-tʰzǝ *-tʰzǝ *-tʰzǝ *-tʰzǝ
Instrumental *-bǝ *-bǝ *-bǝ *-bǝ *-bǝ *-bǝ
Elative *-ɦi *-ɦu *-ɦǝ *-ɦi *-ɦu *-ɦǝ

Other cases

Oblique marks: *-rǝ-, *-ɦi- Directive: *-rǝ Locative: *-rǝ, *-tʰʃu ad series: *-kǝ-, *-tʃǝ-, *-xǝ-, *-gǝ- post/close series: *-kǝ, *-gǝ complete series: *-ɬtʰ- empty series: *-ɦ-

Negative particles

  • bǝ /*-bǝ (negative/prohibitive)
  • dǝ (prohibitive)
  • dse/*tse
  • -g- (privative)
  • ɦu
  • nǝ

Other particles

  • -d- (substantivator/adjective)
  • -d- (frequentative)
  • -t- (substantivator of adjectives)

Class markers

Animate indeterminate: *(ɦ)a- Animate maculine: *(ɦ)u- I Animate feminine: *(ɦ)i- II

Inanimate (Factitive/frequentative): *-b- III

Affective *-ǝ-

Verb morphology

Personal particles

  Singular Plural
Subject Object Subject Object
1st person Exclusive *n- *da *gu *gu
Inclusive - - *ɬu *ɬu
2nd person Masculine *h- *xa *zu *zu
Feminine *b- *na *su *su

Third person particles

  Subject Object
Indeterminate *ʃ- *ga
Proximal *p- *ɦa
Medial-proximal *d- *ɦi
Medial *tʰ- *ɦe
Medial-distal *ɫ- *ɦo
Distal *z- *ɦu

Phonemic correspondences with real languages

Consonants

Proto-Hispanic Iberian Basque
*ŋ ? n-/-0-/-n
*n ? n
*m ? m/n
*b ? b
*p ? p/b-
*pʰ ? p
*d ? d/t-
*t ? t
*tʰ ? t
*g ? g
*k ? k
*kʰ ? h/0
*dz ? z
*tz ? z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*tʰz ? z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*ds ? z
*ts ? tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*tʰs ? z/sU
*dʃ ? z
*tʃ ? tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*tʰʃ ? z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*z ? z
*s ? z
*ʃ ? s
*ɦ ? ɦ/h/0
*h ? h/0
*x ? g/h/0
*l ? l-/-ɾ-/-l
*ɫ ? l
*ɬ ? l-/-lh-/-rC-/-l
*ɾ ? ɾ
*r ? r
*ɹ ? ɾ/r?

Vowels

Proto-Hispanic Iberian Basque
*i ? i?
*ɨ ? i/u?
*u ? u?
*e ? e?
*ə ? e/o?
*o ? o?
*a ? a?

Thematic lexicon

Personal relations

Proto-Hispanic English meaning Spanish meaning Basque cognate Notes
*ɦa-ma mother madre ? -
*da-da-ɦi father padre ? -
*i=tʰsi/*e=tʰsi sister hermana ? -
*u=tʰsi/*o=tʰsi brother hermano ? -

Day's cycle

Proto-Hispanic English meaning Spanish meaning Basque cognate Notes
*zeu̯ŋǝ / *ɦǝtʰsa / *tʰsaɦǝ yesterday ayer atzo, átzo -

Flora

Proto-Hispanic English meaning Spanish meaning Basque cognate Notes
*ɦˈaɬtǝ-lǝ brach, pod rama, vaina adar, ádar -
*ɦˈakʰǝ-ŋǝ brach, pod tronco, rama, haz aihen, aien, axen -


Adjectives

Proto-Hispanic English meaning Spanish meaning Basque cognate Notes
*ɦaɫǝ-ɦǝ weak, slow débil, lento ahul, aul, abol, áhül, aultu -

Verbs

Proto-Hispanic English meaning Spanish meaning Basque cognate Notes
*e-(a)tʰzei̯-n catch, gather, take atrapar, coger, llevar, tomar, recoger, reunir atzitu, atzipe, atzipatu, atsipatu -
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