|
|
| (One intermediate revision by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| = Basic =
| | {{wip}} |
|
| |
|
| == greetings ==
| | <big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big> |
| | |
| * '''yata''' - <small>greet/farewell</small> - ''Hello. / Goodbye.''
| |
| | |
| * '''iyomani''' - <small>PROX-day-nice</small> - ''Good day/morning.''
| |
| | |
| * '''ipuamani''' - <small>PROX-evening-nice</small> - ''Good night/evening.''
| |
| | |
| * '''to tayo ka''' - <small>manner 2S.POSS Q</small> - ''How are you?''
| |
| | |
| * '''niha, nyasa''' - <small>fine thank</small> - ''Fine, thank you.''
| |
| | |
| == meeting ==
| |
| | |
| * '''ke ata tayo ka''' - <small>O name 2S.POSS Q</small> - ''What is your name?''
| |
| | |
| * '''____ ke ata nayo''' - <small>____ O name 1S.POSS</small> - ''____ is my name.''
| |
| | |
| * '''ya pesoni''' - <small>VOC meet-nice</small> - ''Nice to meet you.''
| |
| | |
| == civilities ==
| |
| | |
| * '''tsepa''' - <small>please</small> - ''Please.''
| |
| | |
| * '''nyasa''' - <small>thank</small> - ''Thank you.''
| |
| | |
| * '''nyasampa''' - <small>thank-much</small> - ''Thank you very much.''
| |
| | |
| * '''hako''' - <small>welcome</small> - ''You're welcome.''
| |
| | |
| * '''munyek''' - <small>problem-NEG</small> - ''No problem.''
| |
| | |
| * '''yali(te)''' - <small>pardon-(PREC)</small> - ''Excuse me.''<br>(getting attention, begging pardon, etc)
| |
| | |
| * '''na koya''' - <small>1S apologize</small> - ''I'm sorry.''
| |
| | |
| * '''tama''' - <small>good</small> - ''It's okay/fine.''<br>(polite response to “I’m sorry”)
| |
| | |
| * '''munak''' - <small>worry-NEG</small> - ''No worries.''<br>(informal response to “I’m sorry”)
| |
| | |
| = Communicating =
| |
| | |
| * '''na ke kala unyak''' - <small>1sg O language know-NEG</small> - ''I don't speak Kala.''
| |
| | |
| * '''ta ke enkalatla unya ka''' - <small>2sg O England-language know Q</small> - ''Do you know English?''
| |
| | |
| * '''kola ke enkalatla unyatle hina ka''' - <small>AG-INDEF O England-language know-REL be.here Q</small> - ''Is there someone here who speaks English?''
| |
| | |
| * '''yote!''' - <small>help</small> - ''Help!'' (in emergencies)
| |
| | |
| * '''na unyak''' - <small>1sg understand-NEG</small> - ''I don't understand.''
| |
| | |
| * '''pokomo ka''' - <small>urinate-place Q</small> - ''Where's the pisser?'' (informal)
| |
| | |
| * '''mo uetse ka''' - <small>place toilet Q</small> - ''Where is the toilet?'' (polite)
| |
| | |
| = Problems =
| |
| | |
| * '''ya utse''' - <small>VOC exclude</small> - ''Leave me alone.''
| |
| | |
| * '''na uehak''' - <small>1S want-NEG</small> - ''I don't want it!''<br>(useful for people who come up trying to sell you something)
| |
| | |
| * '''ya matok''' - <small>VOC touch-NEG</small> - ''Don't touch me!''
| |
| | |
| * '''na ke tsonyo nyalotli''' - <small>1S O police phone-FUT</small> - ''I'll call the police!''
| |
| | |
| * '''tsonyo''' - <small>police</small> - ''Police!''
| |
| | |
| * '''ya nusuko''' - <small>VOC steal-AG</small> - ''Stop, Thief!''
| |
| | |
| == Asking for help ==
| |
| | |
| * '''ena yotehe''' - <small>P.1S help-NEC</small> - ''I need help.''
| |
| | |
| = Test Sentences =
| |
| | |
| == Nominal Phrases ==
| |
| | |
| * '''na noya''' - <small>1s happy</small> - ''I am happy.''
| |
| * '''na noyak''' - <small>1s happy-NEG</small> - ''I am not happy.''
| |
| * '''na noyaye''' - <small>1s happy-PST</small> - ''I was happy.''
| |
| * '''ma ha noya''' - <small>and 3s happy</small> - ''She is also happy.''
| |
| * '''yema nam noya''' - <small>both 1pl happy</small> - ''We are both happy.''
| |
| * '''na noyala''' - <small>1s happy-become</small> - ''I become happy.''
| |
| * '''na noyalanko''' - <small>1s happy-become-PROG</small> - ''I'm becoming happy.''
| |
| * '''na noyanua''' - <small>1s happy-FREQ</small> - ''I stay happy.''
| |
| * '''tla poyo ua nyopa''' - <small>4s rich or poor</small> - ''You are either rich or poor.''
| |
| * '''tla noya uek muhe''' - <small>4s happy or-NEG sad</small> - ''You are neither happy nor sad.''
| |
| * '''ihito taha''' - <small>PROX-tree big</small> - ''This is a big tree.''
| |
| * '''yehito taha''' - <small>DIST-tree big</small> - ''That is a big tree.''
| |
| * '''yehito ke taha''' - <small>DIST-tree O big</small> - ''That is the big tree.''
| |
| * '''itoha niuahue nayo''' - <small>tree-AUG garden-LOC 1s.GEN</small> - ''There is a big tree in my garden.''
| |
| | |
| == Word Order ==
| |
| | |
| * '''tsumun na ke yena te ota nayo ka’e opatlaka ma’e tali onteyetle hilohue yeta'''
| |
| : <small>cautious-ADV 1s O money GEN father 1s.GEN toward danger-man in.front church determine-PST-REL plaza-LOC give</small>
| |
| :: ''I cautiously give the dangerous man my father's money at the predetermined square in front of the church.''
| |
| | |
| == Verbal Phrases - Time/Condition/Aspect ==
| |
| | |
| iyoma na ke yonahi moya PROX-day 1s O letter-DIM write I (will) write a letter today
| |
| iyoma na ke yonahi moyak PROX-day 1s O letter-DIM write-NEG I don't write the letter today
| |
| iyoma na ke yonahi moyak PROX-day 1s O letter-DIM write-NEG I don't write a letter today
| |
| yomaye na ke yonahi moya day-PST 1s O letter-DIM write I wrote a letter yesterday
| |
| yomaye na ke yonahi moyak day-PST 1s O letter-DIM write-NEG I didn't write a letter yesterday
| |
| yomaye na ke yonahi moyak day-PST 1s O letter-DIM write-NEG I didn't write the letter yesterday
| |
| sayoli na ke yonahi moyaye month-each 1s O letter-DIM write-PST I wrote a letter every month
| |
| I used to write a letter every month
| |
| I will write a letter tomorrow
| |
| I will not write a letter tomorrow
| |
| I would write a letter
| |
| I would write a letter if I had a pencil
| |
| I have written a letter
| |
| I had written a letter
| |
| I am writing a letter
| |
| I was writing a letter
| |
| | |
| == Verbal Phrases - Modalities ==
| |
| | |
| I can write a letter [I could write one now]
| |
| I can write a letter
| |
| I could write a letter
| |
| I could have written a letter
| |
| I could be writing a letter
| |
| I have to write a letter
| |
| I must write a letter
| |
| I had to write a letter
| |
| I must have written a letter
| |
| I must be writing a letter
| |
| I can/may write a letter
| |
| I could write a letter [with permission]
| |
| I need to write a letter
| |
| I needed to write a letter
| |
| | |
| == Verbal Phrases - Passive ==
| |
| | |
| The letter is written by me
| |
| The letter was written by me
| |
| The letter has been written by me
| |
| The letter will be written by me
| |
| The letter would be written by me
| |
| The letter would have been written by me
| |
| | |
| == Verbal Phrases - Imperative ==
| |
| | |
| Write a letter!
| |
| Write a letter (pl.)!
| |
| Don't write a letter!
| |
| Don't write a letter (pl.)!
| |
| Let's write a letter!
| |
| Let the letter be written!
| |
| | |
| == Verbal Phrases - Subjunctive, Doubt, Certainty, Hope, Emotion ==
| |
| | |
| I doubt that he writes a letter
| |
| I doubt that he wrote a letter yesterday
| |
| I doubt that he wrote a letter every day
| |
| I doubt that he has written a letter
| |
| I doubt that he will write a letter
| |
| I doubt that he would write a letter
| |
| I am certain that he will write a letter
| |
| I hope that he will write a letter
| |
| I'm glad that he will write a letter
| |
| | |
| == Verbal Phrases - Participles ==
| |
| | |
| The man, now writing a letter, will go to the post office later
| |
| The man, having written a letter yesterday, has gone to the post office
| |
| The man, who will write a letter tomorrow, will go the post office
| |
| The man, who would write a letter, would go the post office
| |
| (While) risking his life, he saves me
| |
| (After/while) Having risked his life, he saved me
| |
| He is an understanding man
| |
| The told message was shocking
| |
| | |
| Verbal Nouns
| |
| The reading was relaxing
| |
| Verbal Phrases - Process
| |
| I start reading my book
| |
| I continue reading my book
| |
| I stop reading my book
| |
| I finished reading my book
| |
| Subordinate phrases
| |
| na nya yonam moya nomo 1sg for letter-PL write like I like to write letters
| |
| I decided to read my book
| |
| I try to show my opinion
| |
| I decide that I will read my book
| |
| I can't decide whether he should read my book
| |
| Interrogative Phrases
| |
| What is that?
| |
| Who is this/that?
| |
| Where is he?
| |
| Where do we go (to)?
| |
| When do we go?
| |
| How do we go?
| |
| How much water do you have?
| |
| How many friends do you have?
| |
| Which/what colour do you like?
| |
| Non-interrogative phrases
| |
| I don't understand what I see
| |
| I don't know where I live
| |
| I don't know when I'll come
| |
| I don't know how I will survive this disaster
| |
| Conjunctions - Conditional phrases
| |
| If I were rich I'd buy a new car
| |
| When I am rich, I'll buy a new car
| |
| I go to the party, except when it is raining
| |
| I go to the party, unless it is raining
| |
| I go to the party, even if it is raining
| |
| It is raining, nevertheless I will go to the party
| |
| Conjunctions - Reason, Cause, Consequence
| |
| I go to the party, although it is raining
| |
| I go to the party, because it is raining
| |
| I go to the party, since it is raining
| |
| I go to the party, so (that) I can drink beer
| |
| I go to the party, so say goodbye (to me)!
| |
| I go to the party to dance with my friends
| |
| Conjunctions - Additive/Coordinative
| |
| I will go to the party, but it is raining
| |
| I will go to the party, moreover, I will eat there
| |
| Conjunctions - Temporal
| |
| I drink tea before I read my book
| |
| I drink tea after I've read my book
| |
| I drink tea while I read my book
| |
| I will drink tea as soon as I've finished （reading) my book
| |
| I am drinking tea since I finished my book
| |
| I drink tea, then I finish my book
| |
| I will eat until I'm tired
| |
| Relative Phrases
| |
| I am the man who buys an apple
| |
| I am the woman who buys an apple
| |
| I see the man, who buys an apple
| |
| I see the man, whom she sees as well
| |
| I see the man, whom I gave a present
| |
| I see the man, whom I got the news from
| |
| I see the woman, whom I had a meeting with
| |
| I see the apple, which smells good
| |
| The apple, which I see, smells good
| |
| The apple, which I looked at, smells good
| |
| The apple, which the man buys, smells good
| |
| Comparative Phrases
| |
| I'm as big as you
| |
| I'm more intelligent than you
| |
| I'm less intelligent than you
| |
| I'm the most intelligent
| |
| I sing like you
| |
| I sing like you cry
| |
| Positional Phrases - Target/reason
| |
| I give you the present
| |
| I give the present to you
| |
| This is my friend's dog
| |
| Positional Phrases - Location/Movement
| |
| The bird is in his cage
| |
| The bird flies in his cage
| |
| The bird flies into his cage
| |
| The pilot flies in his airplane
| |
| The bird is sitting on his cage
| |
| The bird is sitting on top of his cage
| |
| The bird flies over his cage
| |
| The bird flies underneath his cage
| |
| The bird flies above his cage
| |
| The bird flies under his cage
| |
| The bird flies around his cage
| |
| The bird flies through his cage
| |
| The bird flies out of his cage
| |
| The bird flies to his cage
| |
| The bird flies towards his cage
| |
| The bird flies away from his cage
| |
| The bird flies past his cage
| |
| The bird flies alongside a plane
| |
| The bird flies near his cage
| |
| The bird flies far from his cage
| |
| Positional Phrases - Temporal
| |
| I drink wine before dinner
| |
| I drink wine after dinner
| |
| I drink wine during dinner
| |
| I've been drinking wine since dinner
| |
| I drank wine five days ago
| |
| I will drink wine in five minutes
| |
| I can finish my glass of wine within five minutes
| |
| I will meet you on monday in january
| |
| Positional Phrases - Topic
| |
| My mother speaks to me about cleaning my room
| |
| Regarding my room, it is still uncleaned
| |
| As for my room, it is still uncleaned
| |
| Positional Phrases - Other
| |
| I should clean my room, according to my mother
| |
| I didn't clean my room, despite my mother's warning
| |
| I didn't clean my room, contrary to my sister
| |
| I didn't clean my room, except my desk
| |
| I cleaned my room with my mother
| |
| I cleaned my room without my mother
| |
| I cleaned my room with a broom
| |
| Correlatives
| |
| I see everybody
| |
| I see somebody
| |
| I don't see anybody
| |
| Nobody can see me
| |
| I don't see anybody except you
| |
| I see only you
| |
| I see all men
| |
| I see no men
| |
| I see every man
| |
| I see everything
| |
| I see something
| |
| I don't see anything
| |
| I don't see anything else
| |
| I don't see anything anymore
| |
| Nothing can see me
| |
| I see all books
| |
| I see no books
| |
| I see every book
| |
| I see some books
| |
| I see some book
| |
| I see no book at all
| |
| I see the entire book
| |
| I see the book itself
| |
| I see the same book
| |
| I see such a book
| |
| You can choose any book
| |
| Nobody can see me
| |
| I have looked everywhere
| |
| I haven't looked anywhere
| |
| I have looked somewhere
| |
| We will meet sometime
| |
| We will meet sometimes
| |
| We will never meet
| |
| We will always meet
| |
| We will often meet
| |
| We will usually meet
| |
| We will rarely meet
| |
| Quantity
| |
| na ke mayampa yoha 1sg O water-much have I have a lot of water
| |
| I have enough water
| |
| I have too much water
| |
| I have a litre of water
| |
| I have five bottles of water
| |
| I have more water
| |
| I have less water
| |
| I only have water
| |
| I have water as well
| |
| I already have water
| |
| I still have water
| |
