Tëxaië: Difference between revisions

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'''Tëxaië'''  is a constructed language, created by Macy Sinrich, a 16-year-old student in Cherry Hill, New Jersey in 2019.
== Phonology==
Tëxaië has an extremely large phonemic inventory, with 76 consonants, 12 vowels, 7 diphthongs, and 3 triphthongs. Like many Ethiopian Semitic, Northwest caucasian, Quechuan, Athabaskan, Cushitic, and Nguni languages, Tëxaië is rich in ejectives accompanying its plosive and affricate consonants.
=== Consonants ===
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|
! colspan=2 | Bilabial
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br />dental
! rowspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan=2 | Post-<br />alveolar
! rowspan=2 | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br />velar
! colspan=2 | Uvular
! rowspan=2 | Pharyngeal
! rowspan=2 | Glottal
|- class=small
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
!plain
!lat.
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lab.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lab.</small>
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
|m m̥
|mʲ
|
|
|n n̥
|
|
|ɲ
|ŋ ŋ̊
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Prenasalized stop
|mb
|
|
|
|nd
|
|
|
|ŋg
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosive
! <small>plain</small>
|p b
|pʲ bʲ
|
|
|t d
|
|
|c ɟ
|k g
|kʷ gʷ
|
|q ɢ
|qʷ ɢʷ
|
|ʔ
|-
! <small>ejective]</small>
|pʼ
|
|
|
|tʼ
|
|
|cʼ
|kʼ
|kʷʼ
|
|qʼ
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! <small>plain</small>
|
|
|
|t̪͡θ d̪͡ð
|t͡s d͡z
|t͡ɬ
|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
|
|k͡x
|
|
|q͡χ
|
|
|
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
|
|
|
|t̪͡θʼ
|t͡sʼ
|t͡ɬʼ
|t͡ʃʼ
|
|k͡xʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Fricative
|
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s z
|ɬ ɮ
|ʃ ʒ
|ç
|x ɣ
|xʷ ɣʷ
|
|χ
|χʷ
|ħ
|h
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
|
|
|
|
|ɹ
|l
|
|j
|
|ʍ
|w
|
|
|ʕ
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Tap/flap
|
|
|
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Trill
|
|
|
|
|r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ʀ
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
!Front
!Central
! Back
|-
! Close
|i <big>•</big> iː
|
|u <big>•</big> uː
|-
! Close-mid
|e <big>•</big> eː
|
|o <big>•</big> oː
|-
! Mid
|
|ə
|
|-
! Open-mid
|ɛ
|
|
|-
! Open
|a <big>•</big> aː
|
|
|-
! Diphthongs
| colspan="4"| {{IPA|eɪ &nbsp; aɪ &nbsp; aʊ &nbsp; eʊ &nbsp; ia &nbsp; iə &nbsp; ua}}
|-
! Triphthongs
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|eɪə &nbsp; aɪə &nbsp; aʊə}}
|}
== Writing System ==
===Alphabet===
Tëxaië is written using its own alphabet, Totëxaië. The Totëxaië alphabet consists of 52 letters. Tëxaië uses a writing system derived from Greek, Cyrillic, Coptic, Phoenician, and Hebrew. With the addition of a number of letters that have their origins in, the  Runic, Aramaic, Cherokee, and Latin alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-----
! Letter
! Name
! Romanisation
! IPA
|-----
| Ⲁ ⲁ|| Ⲁ || a || {{IPA|/ä/}}
|-----
| Б б || Бε|| be || {{IPA|/b/}}
|-----
| Ꝩ ꝩ || Ꝩε || ve || {{IPA|/v/}}
|-----
| ג|| גε ||ge|| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|-----
| Δ δ || Δε || de || {{IPA|/d/}}
|-----
| Ⲇ ⲇ ||Ⲇe || dhe || {{IPA|/ð/}}
|-----
| E ε|| E || e || {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|-----
| Ƣ ƣ || Ƣe || xe|| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|-----
| Ꝛ ꝛ || ꝛɛ || re || {{IPA|/ɹ/}}
|-----
| O o || O || o || {{IPA|/o/}}
|-----
| И и || И || ī || {{IPA|/i/}}
|-----
| 𐡉 || 𐡉e || ya || {{IPA|/j/}}
|-----
| К к || Кⲁ || ka || {{IPA|/k/}}
|-----
| L l || El || el || {{IPA|/l/}}
|-----
| ʎ ⅄ || ⅄ || ey || {{IPA|/e/}}
|-----
| Ⲙ ⲙ || Eⲙ || em || {{IPA|/m/}}
|-----
| Ⲛ ⲛ || Eⲛ || en || {{IPA|/n/}}
|-----
| Ӈ ӈ || Eӈ || eng || {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-----
| Ñ ñ || Eñe || eñe || {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|-----
| U υ|| U || u || {{IPA|/u/}}
|-----
| פ || פε || pe || {{IPA|/p/}}
|-----
| Ф ф || Фe || fe|| {{IPA|/f/}}
|-----
| 𐌘 || 𐌘ⲁ || qa || {{IPA|/q/}}
|-----
| Γ г || Γⲁ || ǥa || {{IPA|/ɢ/}}
|-----
| Ρ ρ || Ρe || tte || {{IPA|/ɾ/}}
|-----
| P p || Pʎ || rrey || {{IPA|/r/}}
|-----
| Σ ς || Eς || es || {{IPA|/s/}}
|-----
| T t || Tε || te || {{IPA|/t/}}
|-----
| 𐩻 || 𐩻ⲁ || tha || {{IPA|/θ/}}
|-----
| W ω || Wⲁ  || ša || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|-----
| 1 || 1ⲁ  || ča || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|-----
| Q q || Qⲁ || tja || {{IPA|/c/}}
|-----
| Ц ц || Цⲁ || tsa || {{IPA|/t͡s/}}
|-----
| J j || Jⲁ || ja || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|-----
| γ || γⲁ || dja || {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
|-----
| 𐌆 || 𐌆ⲁ || dza || {{IPA|/d͡z/}}
|-----
| Ⱶ ⱶ || Ⱶⲁ || ha || {{IPA|/h/}}
|-----
| Ϧ ϧ || Ϧⲁ || kha || {{IPA|/x/}}
|-----
| Χ χ || Χⲁ|| cha || {{IPA|/ç/}}
|-----
| Y y || Yⲁ || wa || {{IPA|/w/}}
|-----
| З з || Зe || ze || {{IPA|/z/}}
|-----
| Ƨ ƨ || Ƨⲁ || ža || {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|-----
| 7 || 7 || ' || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|-----
| Ꮭ ꮭ || Ꮭⲁ || tla || {{IPA|/t͡ɬ/}}
|-----
| Л л || Ëл || ëdl || {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}}
|-----
| 𐍈 ƕ || 𐍈ⲁ|| hwa || {{IPA|/ʍ/}}
|-----
| | Ë ë || Ë || ë || {{IPA|/ə/}}
|-----
|𐌇  ||𐌇ⲁ || ḥa|| {{IPA|/ħ/}}
|-----
| ሠ || ሠⲁ || hla || {{IPA|/ɬ/}}
|-----
| 𐌏 || 𐌏eⲛ || ʿen || {{IPA|/ʕ/}}
|-----
| Ʀ ʀ || Ʀⲁ || ǧa || {{IPA|/ʀ/}}
|-----
| ך || ךⲁ || x̂a || {{IPA|/χ/}}
|}
==Grammar==
=== Morphology===
Tëxaië is a synthetic , fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. In more traditional terminology, it is an inflected language, but typologists are apt to say "inflecting". Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.
The grammatical function can be changed by changing the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. (Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. Inflections are never prefixed.)
The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called ''declension''. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect, a process called "grammatical conjugation''. Some words are uninflected and undergo neither process, such as adverbs, prepositions, and interjections.
===Nouns===
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions, a group of nouns with similar inflected forms. The declensions are identified by the genitive singular form of the noun. The first declension is signified by the genitive singular ending. The second declension is signified by the genitive singular ending. The third declension is signified by the genitive singular ending. The fourth declension is signified by the genitive singular ending. The fifth declension is signified by the genitive singular.
There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence by means of inflections. Thus, the [[word order]] is
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative. The thing or person acting.''
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject and as the object of a preposition demonstrating place to which.
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, with special verbs, with certain prepositions, and if it is used as agent, reference, or even possessor.
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument or when the noun is used as the object of certain prepositions; adverbial.
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object: "the horse of the man", or "the man's horse"; in both instances, the word ''man'' would be in the [[genitive case]]. It also indicates the partitive, in which the material is quantified.
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.
===Pronouns===
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. Tëxaië has three persons (first, second and third) and two numbers (singular and plural); in the third person singular, there are also distinct pronoun forms for male, female and neuter gender. Principal forms are shown in the adjacent table.
Tëxaië personal pronouns have two cases, ''subject'' and ''object''. Subject pronouns are used in subject position ('''''I''' like to eat chips, but '''she''' does not''). Object pronouns are used for the object of a verb or preposition (''John likes '''me''' but not '''her''''').
* person (1st, 2nd, 3rd person);
* number (singular/plural);
* gender masculine, feminine, neuter, epicene)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Person
! colspan="2" |Number/Gender
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Subject
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Object
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Determiner
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Possessive
! style="width:6em;line-height:1.2;" |Reflexive
|-
! rowspan="2" |First
! colspan="2" |Singular
|Eגo
|Μᄉ
|Μиⱶи
|Μᄉ
|Μᄉuⲙ
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|Yᄉ
|Συи
|Σиби
|Σᄉ
|Συuς
|-
! rowspan="2" |Second
! colspan="2" |Singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |ᛏυ
| rowspan="2" |ᛏυи
| rowspan="2" |ᛏиби
|ᛏυuⲙ
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|ᛏυuς
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Third
!Masculine
|Иς
| rowspan="3" |⅄𐡉υς
| rowspan="3"| ⅄
|⅄uⲙ
| rowspan="3" |⅄𐡉υς
|-
!Feminine
|⅄𐡉‎ⲁ
|⅄𐡉‎ⲁⲙ
|-
!Neuter
|Иδ
|Иδ
|-
!Epicene
|И𐡉ⲁ
|⅄𐡉opυⲙ
|⅄iς
|⅄𐡉ⲁ
|⅄𐡉opυⲙ
|}
In addition to the personal pronouns exemplified in the above table, There are also pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table. For more detailed discussion, see the following subsections.
{| class="wikitable"
!Demonstrative
!Relative
!Indefinite
!Interrogative
|-
|Кε
|Кyoδ/Кyεⲙ/Кyиuς
|Uⲛ / Σꝩⲁ / Σε
|Uⲛ / Σꝩⲁ / Σε
|-
===Adjectives===
There are two types of regular adjectives: first, second- declension and third-declension. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first- and second-declension.
|ᛏε
|Кyи
|Nε / Nεꝩⲁ / Nil
|Кyи
|-
|Δⲁ
|Кyⲁl
|Nεкᛏⲁ / Noגoⲛ / Nиⲙo
|Кyⲁl
|-
|Δε
|Кyεl
|Nεкo / Nεкyo / Nикᛏⲁ
|
|}<br />Second and third-declension nouns, respectively. Adjectives also have positive, comparative, and superlative forms.
===Tense===
There are six general Grammatical tenses (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect and future perfect), three Grammatical moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive, in addition to the infinitive, participle, gerund, gerundive and supine), three Grammatical persons (first, second and third), two numbers (singular and plural), two Grammatical voices (active and passive) and two Grammatical aspects (perfective and imperfective). Verbs are described by four principal parts:
# The first principal part is the first-person singular, present tense,  active voice, indicative mood form of the verb. If the verb is impersonal, the first principal part will be in the third-person singular.
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative form. Like the first principal part, if the verb is impersonal, the third principal part will be in the third-person singular.
# The fourth principal part is the supine form or the nominative singular of the perfect passive participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show one gender of the participle or all 4 genders in the nominative singular. The fourth principal part will be the future participle if the verb cannot be made passive. The fourth principal part is sometimes omitted for intransitive verbs, they can be made passive if they are used impersonally, and the supine exists for such verbs.
Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (<nowiki>''I, we'') and second (''you''</nowiki>) persons except for emphasis.
Tëxaië is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific- low, medium and high. A low honorific is used where no respect is due, a medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality and high honorific signifies respect.
== Vocabulary ==
===Basic Vocabulary===
{| class="wikitable"
! Meaning || Totëxaië || IPA|| Romanization
|-
| '''''Earth'''''||Tεpⲁ||tɛrä||Terra
|-
| '''''Sky'''''||Oρⲁⲛo||o.ɾäno||Ottano
|-
| '''''Wind'''''||ꝩεⲛδ||vɛnd||Vend
|-
|'''''Water'''''||Ⲁкyⲉ||äkʷə||Akwë
|-
|'''''Fire'''''||Иגⲛиς||i.gnis||Īgnis
|-
|'''''Man'''''||Yиρo||wi.ɾo||Wītto
|-
|'''''Woman'''''||Фεⲙиⲛⲁ||fɛminä||Femīna
|-
|'''''Mom'''''||Μⲁⲙⲁ||mämä||Mama
|-
|'''''Dad'''''||פⲁפⲁ||päpä||Papa
|-
|'''''Sister'''''||Σopop||soror||Sorrorr
|-
|'''''Brother'''''||Фpⲁyɛp||frätɛr||Frraterr
|-
|'''''Eat'''''||Лⲁ||ɮä||Dla
|-
|'''''Drink'''''||Νⲁפⲁ||nä.pä||Napa
|-
|'''Great'''||Μⲁגⲛo||mä.gno||Magno
|-
|'''''Ethnicity'''''||E𐩻ⲛoς||ɛθ.nos||Ethnos
|-
|'''''House'''''||Кⲁςⲁ||kasa||Kasa
|-
|'''''Night'''''||Ⲛиχt||niçt||Nīcht
|-
|'''''Day'''''||Δεג||dɛg||Deg
|-
| '''''Sun'''''||Σolⲁ||so.lä||Sola
|-
| '''''Moon'''''||Lυⲛⲁ||lu.na||Luna
|-
| '''''Star'''''||Σtεlⲁ||stɛlä||Stela
|-
| '''''Good'''''||Бoⲛⲁ||bo.nä||Bona
|-
| '''''Bad'''''||Μⲁlⲁ||mälä||Mala
|-
| '''''Old'''''||Ⱶεl||hɛl||Hel
|-
| '''''New'''''||Ⲛoꝩⲁ||no.vä||Nova
|-
| '''''Go'''''||גo||go||Go
|-
| '''''Stop'''''||Σtoפʼ||stopʼ||Stopʼ
|-
| '''Yes'''''||Δⲁ||dä||Da
|-
| '''''No'''''||Lo||lo||Lo
|-
| '''''Ok'''''||Oкʎ||o.keɪ||Okey
|-
| '''''Love'''''||Ⲁⲙop||ämor||Amorr
|-
| '''''Hate'''''||Ⱶᄉᛏ||heɪt||Heyt
|}
=== Colors ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=4 | Colors
|-
! Totëxaië
! Meaning
! IPA
! Romanization
|-
| ''Oϧρⲁ''
| red
|oxɾä
|Okhtta
|-
| ''Nⲁρⲁñⲉ''
| orange
|näɾäɲə
|Nattañë
|-
| ''Opפиⲙεⲛt''
| yellow
|orpimɛnt
|Orrpīment
|-
| ''Ⲙⲁlⲁχиtⲁ''
| green
|mäläçitä
|Malachīta
|-
| ''Lⲁפизⲁ''
| blue
|läpizä
|Lapīza
|-
| ''Iⲛδиⲁ''
|indigo
|indiä
|īndīa
|-
| ''Ⲙⲁӈגⲁⲛεςиⲉ''
|purple
|mäŋgänɛsiə
|Mangganesië
|-
| ''Кυlⲁ''
| black
|kulä
|Kula
|-
| ''Кⲁlкиtⲉ''
| white
|käɫkitə
|Kalkitë
|-
| ''גρⲁi''
| grey
|gɾaɪ
|Gttai
|-
| ''Tυρкyⲁςиⲉ''
| turquoise
|tuɾkʷäsiə
|Tuttkwasīë
|-
| ''Poςⲁ''
| pink
|ro.sä
|Rrosa
|}
=== Numerals ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=4 | Cardinal numerals
|-
! Totëxaië
! Meaning
! IPA
! Romanization
|-
| ''Uⲛи''
| one
|u.ni
|Unī
|-
| ''Δyo''
| two
|dwo
|Dwo
|-
| ''Tρε𐡉ες''
| three
|tɾɛ.jɛs
|Ttteyyes
|-
| ''КyεTyoρ''
| four
|kʷɛ.twoɾ
|Kwetwott
|-
| ''פεⲛкyⲉ''
| five
|pɛnkʷə
|Penkwë
|-
| ''Σεкς''
| six
|sɛ.ks
|Seks
|-
| ''Σεפtεⲙ''
| seven
|sɛptɛm
|Septem
|-
| ''Ⲁкto''
| eight
|ä.kto
|Akto
|-
| ''Νεyo''
| nine
|nɛ.wo
|Newo
|-
| ''Δεкεⲙ''
| ten
|dɛ.kɛm
|Dekem
|-
| ''פεⲛкyⲉδεкεⲙ''
| fifthy
|pɛnkʷədɛ.kɛm
|Penkwëdekem
|-
| ''Δɛкⲉδεкεⲙ''
| one hundred
|dɛkədɛkɛm
|Dekëdekem
|-
| ''Μиlиo''
| thousand
|mi.ljo
|Milio
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=4 | Ordinal numerals
|-
! Totëxaië
! Meaning
! IPA
! Romanization
|-
| ''פρotⲁpⲁ''
| first
|pɾotara
|Prrotatta
|-
| ''Δυtⲁρⲁ''
|second
|dutäɾä
|Dutatta
|-
| ''TρиTo''
| third
|tɾito
|Tttīto
|-
| ''Кyεtyop7to''
| fourth
|kʷɛ.tworto
|Kwetworrto
|-
| ''פεⲛкyⲉto''
| fifth
|pɛnkʷəto
|Penkwëto
|-
| ''Σεкςto''
| sixth
|sɛ.ksto
|Seksto
|-
| ''Σεפtεⲙto''
| seventh
|sɛptɛmto
|Septemto
|-
| ''Ⲁкtoto''
| eighth
|ä.ktoto
|Aktoto
|-
| ''Νεyoto''
| ninth
|nɛ.woto
|Newoto
|-
| ''Δεкⲁto''
| tenth
|dɛ.kato
|Dekato
|-
| ''פεⲛкyⲉδεкεⲙto''
| fifthieth
|pɛnkʷədɛ.kɛmto
|Penkwëdekemto
|-
| ''Δɛкⲉδεкεⲙto''
| one hundredth
|dɛkədɛkɛmto
|Dekëdekemto
|-
| ''Μиlиoto''
|one thousandth
|mi.ljoto
|Mīlīoto
|}
===Days of the Week===
{| class="wikitable"
! Meaning || Totëxaië || IPA|| Romanization
|-
| '''''Sunday'''''||Δиⲁδεג||diädɛg||Dīadeg
|-
| '''''Monday'''''||Δyoιδεג||dwoɪdɛg||Dwoideg
|-
| '''''Tuesday'''''||Ⲁⲙ𐡉υςⲁδεג||ämʲusädɛg||Amjusadeg
|-
|'''''Wednesday'''''||Μиγⲁδεג||miɟädɛg||Mīdjadeg
|-
|'''''Thursday'''''||פεⲛкyoиδεג||pɛnkʷodɛg||Penkwodeg
|-
|'''''Friday'''''||Σбⲁᛏикⲁ||sabätikä||Sabatika
|-
|'''''Saturday'''''||Δopⲙⲁδεג||dormädɛg||Dorrmadeg
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 13:21, 22 January 2020

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