Poswa irregular verbs: Difference between revisions

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==Irregular verbs==
:''NOTE, I currently no longer consider Poswa to have irregular verbs. Rather, a verb consists of four principal parts, which must be learned for each verb.  Thus, either all the verbs are irregular or none of them are.''
 
==Syncopating verbs==
Many verbs with bisyllabic stems and a stem-final consonant undergo syncope when the verbal inflection suffixes are attached.  Verbs with other stem shapes are not affected; however, in some cases a longer verb may be historically derived from a compound of two words, and the verb as a whole may follow a syncopating pattern derived from its second element.
 
===Reflexive syncopating verbs===
Many syncopating verbs are reflexives ending in a ''-p'' sound.  The non-reflexive versions of these verbs generally do not undergo syncope since they almost always have a syllable shape of CVCV.  Note that transitive reflexives are in common use and often encode meanings similar to English constructions such as "I flashed my eyes at you."  Transitives of verbs that resemble English adjectives often encode meanings such as "I am smaller than you."
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Bare stem
! meaning
! 1st person past<BR>intransitive
! 
! 1st person past<BR>transitive
!  Notes
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  pronap ||    to stand with the hands on the hips
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  prompi
|  ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"|  prompebi
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| rimap  ||    to be mild, avoid extremes
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  rimpi     
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"|  rimpebi
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| patemop  ||  to hold fast, stand firm; to remain, stay in place 
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|      patempi 
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"|  patempebi
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pwabap  ||    to hide oneself
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|    pwapfi   
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"|  pwappebi
|
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pabap  ||    to blush; to be visibly embarrassed
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|        papfi
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"|  pappebi
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| palop  || to take off one's clothes; to strip   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  palfi   
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"|  palpebi
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"| 
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"| 
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"| 
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"| 
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"| 
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"| 
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"| 
| 
|}
 
===Other syncopating verbs===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Bare stem
! meaning
! 1st person past<BR>intransitive
! 
! 1st person past<BR>transitive
!  Notes
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  wopas ||    to be kind, nice, to please
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  wopši     
|  ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"|  wopsebi
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| šuvapa  ||    to hug
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  šuffi     
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"|  šuffebi 
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"| 
| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
| ||  style="background-color:#ffb9d2;"| 
| 
|}
 
==Verbs with irregular suppletive stems==
For example, the verb '''šane''' "to dance" is most commonly seen in its suppletive reciprocal form, '''šwes''', "to dance with a partner".  The sound change that led to this suppletion was very common, but in most verbs, one form or the other was restored by analogy.  In this verb, it did not happen because the bare form of the verb was not often used.
 
==Other irregular verbs==
[[Poswa]] has many irregular verbs.  Many are commonly used verbs such as '''pys''' "to find", but some are merely the result of peculiar sound changes or lexical suppletion.
[[Poswa]] has many irregular verbs.  Many are commonly used verbs such as '''pys''' "to find", but some are merely the result of peculiar sound changes or lexical suppletion.
      
      
Line 89: Line 206:
===M===
===M===
   
   
====mi====
The verb ''mi'' "to see" is an irregular verb with a stem change to the oblique variant '''v-''':
{| class="wikitable"
! mi
!
! Past
! Present
! Imperative
|-
| rowspan="3"|Intransitive
| 1st person
|  vi
|  vo
|  vub
|-
| 2nd person
|  ve
|  vae
|  vi
|-
| 3rd person
|  vel
|  va
|  vob
|-
| rowspan="3"|Transitive
| 1st person
|  vebi
|  vabo
|  vwub
|-
| 2nd person
|  vebe
|  vabae
|  vwi
|-
| 3rd person
|  vebel
|  vaba
|  vwob
|}
The forms of this verb  carry over to compound verbs with ''mi'' as the last element, such as the emphatic '''blomi''' "to see with one's eyes" and '''tomi''' "to imagine, to visually hallucinate or see a mirage".  Indeed, ''mi'' was a regular verb until it was analogized towards the compound forms that underwent the sound change, since the sound change /mi/ ---> /v/ only happened in unstressed syllables.  Thus one can say
:'''Vebi!'''
::I saw you!
:'''Pupo! ''To''vebi!'''
::Whoops! I ''thought'' I saw you!
Likewise,
:'''Vub!'''
::Let me see!
:'''Blovub!'''
::Really! Let me see!
The change of /mi/ > /v/ is irregular even in unstressed syllables because Poswa usually protects verbs ending in ''-e'' or ''-i'' from this particular change, as they would otherwise coalesce with verbs ending in ''-a''.  This protection was due to analogy with another series of verbs that did not undergo that sound change because they originally ended with final consonants that disappeared.  However, certain "valuable" verbs such as ''mi'' underwent the change after all because they were very commonly used.
===N===
===N===
====niapa====
Below is the conjugation for '''niapa''' "to shield, protect from harm".  For most of the table, '''niapa''' is a "hyper-regular" verb, meaning that it disobeys even the consonant mutation rules that the regular nouns follow.  But in the transitive imperative, it becomes irregular in the sense that it is one of the very few verbs in which the normally reliable ''-b-'' that appears in transitive verbs has changed to ''-p-''.  This is under the influence of a previously existing ''-š-'':
:
{| class="wikitable"
! niapa
!
! Past
! Present
! Imperative
|-
| rowspan="3"|Intransitive
| 1st person
|  niapi
|  niapo
|  niapub
|-
| 2nd person
|  niape
|  niapae
|  niapi
|-
| 3rd person
|  niapel
|  niapa
|  niapob
|-
| rowspan="3"|Transitive
| 1st person
|  niapebi
|  niapabo
|  niappub
|-
| 2nd person
|  niapebe
|  niapabae
|  niappi
|-
| 3rd person
|  niapebel
|  niapaba
|  niappob
|}
:'''Niappi!'''
::Protect me!
====nu====
Below is the conjugation for the verb '''nu''' "to lack; to have none".  Despite its meaning, it is not necessary to make the verb grammatically passive, and indeed, it is almost always used intransitively: 
;NOTE TO SELF.  THIS CANNOT WORK BECAUSE IT CONFLICTS WITH THE POSITIVE IN A FEW FORMS.  A SECOND MORPHEME NEEDS TO BE ADDED HERE, MAKING IT EFFECTIVELY A DOUBLE NEGATIVE.  PERHAPS "PLA" (WHICH BECOMES P_) WOULD WORK, MEANING IT WOULD BE A DOUBLE VERB WITH FORMS LIKE PIBI, POBO, PU(B)BUB, ETC ... ALTHOUGH SOME FORMS WOULD LIKELY HAVE CHANGED INTO F'S.  A SECOND OPTION IS TO SIMPLY RETAIN THE ORIGINAL FORM OF "PLA" (PŠI, PŠO, PŠUB, ETC) INSTEAD OF DROPPING THE Š. YET A THIRD OPTION IS TO USE PLA, MAKING THIS VERB IDENTICAL TO DŽI PA BELOW, BUT DISTINGUISH THE TWO BASED ON HOW THEY AFFECT THE PRECEDING MORPHEME.
{| class="wikitable"
! 
! Agent
! Patient
! style="background-color:#ffda47;" | Past
! style="background-color:#ff475d;" | Present
! style="background-color:#47c2ff;" | Imperative
|-
| rowspan="3"|Intransitive
| 1st person
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | bi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | bo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | bub
|-
| 2nd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | be
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | bae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | bi
|-
| 3rd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | bel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | ba
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | bob
|-
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"|1st person
| 2nd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
|-
| 3rd person
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | 
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 2nd person
| 1st person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
|-
| 3rd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | 
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 3rd person
| 1st person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
|-
| 2nd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |   
|}
The reason for the existence of this verb is that Poswa nearly always avoids the use of pronouns, and the pronouns it does have are merely verbs with person endings on, and thus are inconvenient.


===P===
===P===
====pa====
   
'''Pa''' is an alternate stem of '''tiša'''. It means "to transform, become something else." Its full form is '''dži pa''', but the ''dži'' prefix shows only that it governs the locative case rather than the accusative and is never pronounced or even written down outside of a dictionary. 
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ pa
! 
! Agent
! Patient
! style="background-color:#ffda47;" | Past
! style="background-color:#ff475d;" | Present
! style="background-color:#47c2ff;" | Imperative
|-
| rowspan="3"|Intransitive
| 1st person
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | po
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pub
|-
| 2nd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pe
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pi
|-
| 3rd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pa
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pob
|-
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"|1st person
| 2nd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pebi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pabo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pypub
|-
| 3rd person
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | 
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 2nd person
| 1st person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pebe
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pabae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pypi
|-
| 3rd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | 
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 3rd person
| 1st person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pebel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | paba
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pypob
|-
| 2nd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |   
|}
 
This is an unusual verb because it governs the locative case rather than the accusative.  This also means that it is used intransitively for senses that could be considered syntactically transitive. It is only used directly after the noun it modifies. For example, one can say
 
:'''Pupembulam ''pi''.'''
::I ''turned into'' a pumpkin.
 
However, the verb can still be used transitively, as in
:'''Plažallam ''pypi''!'''
::''Make me into'' a supermodel!


====pampap====
====pampap====
Line 415: Line 284:
::I made you comb your hair.<ref>This could be an error.  What seems to be the case is that the intransitive forms of the reflexive and the plain verb merged, and the transitive ones didn't.  Thus, either the two verbs merged completely due to analogy, or they are separate after all and this verb is irregular only in its intransitive form.</ref>
::I made you comb your hair.<ref>This could be an error.  What seems to be the case is that the intransitive forms of the reflexive and the plain verb merged, and the transitive ones didn't.  Thus, either the two verbs merged completely due to analogy, or they are separate after all and this verb is irregular only in its intransitive form.</ref>


====pappo====
The verb '''pappo''' "to bite" is a suppletive verb that is otherwise regular:
{| class="wikitable"
! 
! Agent
! Patient
! style="background-color:#ffda47;" | Past
! style="background-color:#ff475d;" | Present
! style="background-color:#47c2ff;" | Imperative
|-
| rowspan="3"|Intransitive
| 1st person
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |  pappwub
|-
| 2nd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwe
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pappwi
|-
| 3rd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwa
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |  pappwob
|-
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"|1st person
| 2nd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwebi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwabo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pappwubub
|-
| 3rd person
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | 
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 2nd person
| 1st person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwebe
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwabae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pappwubi
|-
| 3rd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | 
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 3rd person
| 1st person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  pappwebel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |  pappwaba
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |  pappwubob
|-
| 2nd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |   
|}
This verb was formed from the merger of the two stems '''pappo''' "to bite, as with fangs; to hold with the teeth" and the rare verb '''pappop''' "to chew", a derivative of ''pappop'' "cheeks".  Even though ''pappop'' was longer, its conjugated forms were shorter than those of ''pappo''.  The new verb thus shares the meaning of both original verbs:
:'''''Pappwebi'' beffap.'''
::''I bit'' on the stick.
:'''''Pappwebi'' popfop.'''
::''I carried'' my pen (in my teeth).
The iterative form of the verb, which takes the infix ''-at-'', is most often used when the sense of a repeated action is intended:
:'''Tašepi ''pappwatwebi''.'''
::''I was chewing'' on an apple.


However, when the sense of a single pointed thrust is meant, as in the case of a sharp-toothed animal that bites into someone but does not intend to bite anything off, the simple aspect is used after all:
:'''Bibubbum pypiop ''pappwaba''.'''
::Spiders ''are biting'' my hands.


====peppla====
====peppla====
Line 627: Line 417:
::"I'm praying for a boat."
::"I'm praying for a boat."


====pobbia====
Below is the conjugation for '''pobbia''' "to lactate":


{| class="wikitable"
   
! pobbia
!
! Past
! Present
! Imperative
|-
| rowspan="3"|Intransitive
| 1st person
| pobbwi
|  pobbwo
|  pobbwub
|-
| 2nd person
|  pobbwe
|  pobbwae
|  pobbwi
|-
| 3rd person
|  pobbwel
|  pobbwa
|  pobbwob
|-
| rowspan="3"|Transitive
| 1st person
|  pobbwebi
|  pobbwabo
|  pobbwubub
|-
| 2nd person
|  pobbwebe
|  pobbwabae
|  pobbwubi
|-
| 3rd person
|  pobbwebel
|  pobbwaba
|  pobbwubob
|}
 
The rarely used transitive form of this verb was analogized from an earlier form producing ''*pobbwiwebi'' and so on:
 
:'''Be₁, piabo₂ pobbwo.₃  Wavam?₄'''
::Yes₁, I'm still₂ lactating.₃  Why?₄
 
Note that this is not a reflexive verb, but that it can be used with a reflexive marker, in which case it becomes regular:
 
:'''Pobbiafi₁ burmanub.₂'''
::I milked myself₁ with the breast pump.₂


====pys====
====pys====
Line 785: Line 526:




====sys====
====swavop====
The verb '''sys''' "to sleep" is an irregular stem-changing verb.  All of its forms rhyme perfectly with those of ''pys'' "to find", and thus, to know one is to know the other:
The verb '''swavop''' "to dream" is a syncopating verb showing regressive voicing assimilation in some forms and progressive voicing assimilation in others.  The transitive form expresses meanings such as "I dreamt about you".  Despite its appearance, this verb is not etymologically related to the word for sleep:
 


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! sys
!
!  
! Agent
! Past
! Patient
! Present
! style="background-color:#ffda47;" | Past
! Imperative
! style="background-color:#ff475d;" | Present
! style="background-color:#47c2ff;" | Imperative
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"|Intransitive
| rowspan="3"|Intransitive
| 1st person
| 1st person
|  swi
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| swo
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swaffi
|  swub
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swaffo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |  swaffub
|-
|-
| 2nd person
| 2nd person
|  swe
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| swae
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swaffe
| swi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swaffae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swaffi
|-
|-
| 3rd person
| 3rd person
|  swel
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| swa
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  swaffel
| swob
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |  swaffa
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |    swaffob
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"|Transitive
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
| 1st person
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"|1st person
|  swebi
| 2nd person  
|  swabo
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
|  swubub
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
|-
| 3rd person
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |   
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 2nd person
| 1st person  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
|-
| 3rd person 
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | 
|-
|-
| 2nd person
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 3rd person
|  swebe
| 1st person  
| swabae
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| swubi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
|-
|-
| 3rd person
| 2nd person
| swebel
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |
| swaba
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| swubob
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |   
|}
|}


:'''Tus, ''swebi''?'''
====sys====
::Did ''I put you to sleep''?
The verb '''sys''' "to sleep" is an irregular stem-changing verb.  All of its non-oblique forms rhyme perfectly with those of ''pys'' "to find", and thus, to know one is to know the other:
 
For the most part, the multitude of verbs ending in ''-sis'' such as '''besis''' "to sleep like a baby (fitfully)" and '''pipsis''' "to sleep in a tree" behave regularly and thus do not rhyme with the simple standalone verb for sleep.  However, ad hoc coinages do exist, particularly for words in which the first morpheme in the compound has not been affected by sound changes.  Poswobs thus can choose between
:'''Beswi!'''
::I slept like a baby!
Using the normal verb for sleep, or
:'''Besiši!'''
::I slept like a baby!
Treating it like a normal -s verb.


===Š===


===T===
====tos====
Below is the conjugation for the verb '''tos''' "to be able to do something": 


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 857: Line 607:
| 1st person
| 1st person
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | tšwi
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | tšwo
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | tšwub
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swub
|-
|-
| 2nd person
| 2nd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | tšwe
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swe
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | tšwae
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | tšwi
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swi
|-
|-
| 3rd person
| 3rd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | tšwel
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | tšwa
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swa
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | tšwob
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swob
|-
|-
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"|1st person
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"|1st person
| 2nd person   
| 2nd person   
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | twebi
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swebi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | twabo
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swabo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | twubub
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swubub
|-
|-
| 3rd person  
| 3rd person  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swefi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swafo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swufub
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 2nd person
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 2nd person
| 1st person   
| 1st person   
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | twebe
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swebe
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | twabae
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swabae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | twubi
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swubi
|-
|-
| 3rd person   
| 3rd person   
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swefe
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swafae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |  
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swufi
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 3rd person
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 3rd person
| 1st person   
| 1st person   
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | twebel
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swebel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | twaba
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swaba
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | twubob
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swubob
|-
|-
| 2nd person   
| 2nd person   
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | swefel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | swafa
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |  
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | swufob
|}
|}


:'''Tus, ''swebi''?'''
::Did ''I put you to sleep''?


This word can be used either as a standalone verb in a serial verb construction or as the second element of a compound.  When used as a compound, it undergoes further phonetic assimilation with the verb it modifies, and in some words becomes almost identical with the plain verbal endings, as though it were an inflection rather than a separate verb:
For the most part, the multitude of verbs ending in ''-sis'' such as '''besis''' "to sleep like a baby (fitfully)" and '''pipsis''' "to sleep in a tree" behave regularly and thus do not rhyme with the simple standalone verb for sleep.  However, ad hoc coinages do exist, particularly for words in which the first morpheme in the compound has not been affected by sound changes.  Poswobs thus can choose between
:'''Beswi!'''
::I slept like a baby!
Using the normal verb for sleep, or
:'''Besiši!'''
::I slept like a baby!
Treating it like a normal -s verb.


:'''Messambabo.'''
===Š===
::I'm hugging you.
 
:'''Messampwabo.'''
::I can hug you.
 
Thus some teachers now speak of this verb as though it were a new verbal mood, the "habilitative", rather than a simple compound of two verbs.  However, although the verb '''tos''' is irregular, the sound changes it undergoes in compounds like the above are regular, and therefore it behaves in an expected way for a compound.


===T===
===TŠ===
===TŠ===


Line 927: Line 680:
===W===
===W===


====wol====
 
Below is the conjugation for the verb '''wol''' "to have something on; to be ridden on".  Despite its meaning, it is not necessary to make the verb grammatically passive, and indeed, it is almost always used intransitively: 
 
===Ž===
 
==bottom==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 941: Line 697:
| 1st person
| 1st person
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | wewi
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | wewo
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | wewub
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
|-
|-
| 2nd person
| 2nd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | wewe
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | wewae
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | wewi
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
|-
|-
| 3rd person
| 3rd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | wewel
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | wewa
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | wewob
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
|-
|-
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
Line 992: Line 748:
|}
|}


The reason for the existence of this verb is that Poswa nearly always avoids the use of pronouns, and the pronouns it does have are merely verbs with person endings on, and thus are inconvenient.  The [[Poswa_nouns#Possession|possessive]] markers work well for concepts like "my book", "her shoes", and so on, but it is sometimes necessary to use pronouns in a way that does not imply formal possession.  This is accomplished in several ways, giving the speaker the choice of which wording to use.  This verb is the commonest choice.  Thus, one hears sentences like
==Verbs with suppletive negatives==
Some verbs have suppletive negative forms.  These take negative verb agreement, which means that, for example,  


:'''Polaputa ''wewo'' pypožvusaba.'''
:'''Bripfa!'''
::The cat ''on me'' is annoying me.
::He's not breathing!


:'''Pufaepa ''wewo'' blilfiba.'''
can also be emphasized as
::The shorts ''I'm wearing'' are tight.


;NOTE TO SELF<nowiki>:</nowiki> IS THIS THE SAME SETUP USED TO SAY "BOOKS IVE READ" ETC? OR NOT?
:'''  ''Puba'' bripfa!'''
::He's ''not'' breathing!


==Notes==
Here, one sentence has the negative auxiliary verb '''puba''' and the other does not, but both sentences have the same meaning because the verb is considered to be negative regardless of the presence of the auxiliary. 
;Deixis
 
Note to self: consider replacing the patient "1st/2nd/3rd person" with "proximal" and "distal" instead, as that's really what they are. This could be called a deictic person system.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Verb stem
! meaning
! Negative stem
! 
! Notes
! 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| two ||  to translate Womb Magic words
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| kitšy   
|style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| || regular development from a shared common stem
| style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| žebis  ||    to breathe
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| bribap     
|style="background-color:#fff1b9;"|    || parent verb no longer in use
| style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| 
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| fip  ||  to touch  
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| blaba     
|style="background-color:#fff1b9;"|    || used after a verb to indicate "without touching (it)"
| style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"|
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
|style="background-color:#fff1b9;"|  ||
| style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"|
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
|style="background-color:#fff1b9;"|  ||
| style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"|
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
|style="background-color:#fff1b9;"|  ||
| style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"|
|-
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|  ||   
|style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"|       
|style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ||
| style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"|
|}
 
==Verbs with suppletive cessatives==


===Ž===




==bottom==
==Other irregular verbs==
====pappo====
The verb '''pappo''' "to bite" is a suppletive verb that is otherwise regular:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 1,022: Line 824:
| 1st person
| 1st person
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |   
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |  pappwub
|-
|-
| 2nd person
| 2nd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwe
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pappwi
|-
|-
| 3rd person
| 3rd person
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
|  style="text-align:center;" |  —
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwa
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |   
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |  pappwob
|-
|-
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
| rowspan="6"|Transitive
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"|1st person
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"|1st person
| 2nd person   
| 2nd person   
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwebi
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwabo
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |  
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pappwubub
|-
|-
| 3rd person  
| 3rd person  
Line 1,052: Line 854:
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 2nd person
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 2nd person
| 1st person   
| 1st person   
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwebe
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwabae
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pappwubi
|-
|-
| 3rd person   
| 3rd person   
Line 1,063: Line 865:
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 3rd person
| style="vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2"| 3rd person
| 1st person   
| 1st person   
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" |  
| style="background-color:#fff1b9;" | pappwebel
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" |
| style="background-color:#ffb9d2;" | pappwaba
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" |
| style="background-color:#b9e8ff;" | pappwubob
|-
|-
| 2nd person   
| 2nd person   
Line 1,073: Line 875:
|}
|}


This verb was formed from the merger of the two stems '''pappo''' "to bite, as with fangs; to hold with the teeth" and the rare verb '''pappop''' "to chew", a derivative of ''pappop'' "cheeks".  Even though ''pappop'' was longer, its conjugated forms were shorter than those of ''pappo''.  The new verb thus shares the meaning of both original verbs:
:'''''Pappwebi'' beffap.'''
::''I bit on'' the stick.
:'''''Pappwebi'' popfop.'''
::''I carried'' my pen (in my teeth).
The iterative form of the verb, which takes the infix ''-at-'', is most often used when the sense of a repeated action is intended:
:'''Tašepi ''pappwatwebi''.'''
::''I was chewing'' on an apple.
However, when the sense of a single pointed thrust is meant, as in the case of a sharp-toothed animal that bites into someone but does not intend to bite anything off, the simple aspect is used after all:
:'''Bibubbum pypiop ''pappwaba''.'''
::Spiders ''are biting'' my hands.
;Deixis
;Deixis
Note to self: consider replacing the patient "1st/2nd/3rd person" with "proximal" and "distal" instead, as that's really what they are.  This could be called a deictic  person system.
Note to self: consider replacing the patient "1st/2nd/3rd person" with "proximal" and "distal" instead, as that's really what they are.  This could be called a deictic  person system.


==Notes==
==Notes==

Latest revision as of 11:36, 2 December 2019

NOTE, I currently no longer consider Poswa to have irregular verbs. Rather, a verb consists of four principal parts, which must be learned for each verb. Thus, either all the verbs are irregular or none of them are.

Syncopating verbs

Many verbs with bisyllabic stems and a stem-final consonant undergo syncope when the verbal inflection suffixes are attached. Verbs with other stem shapes are not affected; however, in some cases a longer verb may be historically derived from a compound of two words, and the verb as a whole may follow a syncopating pattern derived from its second element.

Reflexive syncopating verbs

Many syncopating verbs are reflexives ending in a -p sound. The non-reflexive versions of these verbs generally do not undergo syncope since they almost always have a syllable shape of CVCV. Note that transitive reflexives are in common use and often encode meanings similar to English constructions such as "I flashed my eyes at you." Transitives of verbs that resemble English adjectives often encode meanings such as "I am smaller than you."


Bare stem meaning 1st person past
intransitive 		1st person past
transitive 		Notes
pronap to stand with the hands on the hips prompi prompebi
rimap to be mild, avoid extremes rimpi rimpebi
patemop to hold fast, stand firm; to remain, stay in place patempi patempebi
pwabap to hide oneself pwapfi pwappebi
pabap to blush; to be visibly embarrassed papfi pappebi
palop to take off one's clothes; to strip palfi palpebi

Other syncopating verbs

Bare stem meaning 1st person past
intransitive 		1st person past
transitive 		Notes
wopas to be kind, nice, to please wopši wopsebi
šuvapa to hug šuffi šuffebi

Verbs with irregular suppletive stems

For example, the verb šane "to dance" is most commonly seen in its suppletive reciprocal form, šwes, "to dance with a partner". The sound change that led to this suppletion was very common, but in most verbs, one form or the other was restored by analogy. In this verb, it did not happen because the bare form of the verb was not often used.

Other irregular verbs

Poswa has many irregular verbs. Many are commonly used verbs such as pys "to find", but some are merely the result of peculiar sound changes or lexical suppletion.

A

B

bana

The verb bana "to create pleasure" is a syncopating verb usually found as the second or third element of a compound. It is often used to describe sexual pleasure, but is not limited to this sense.

Agent Patient Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person — bvi bvo bvub
2nd person — bve bvae bvi
3rd person — bvel bva bvob
Transitive 1st person 2nd person bvebi bvabo bvybub
3rd person
2nd person 1st person bvebe bvabae bvybi
3rd person
3rd person 1st person bvebel bvaba bvybob
2nd person

Since this verb mostly occurs in contexts in which one would expect the sound rule bv ---> b to kick in, it seems unusual that the forms of the verb begin with bv- rather than b-. This is because the hypothetical b- forms would be identical with the verb endings themselves, and thus the entire stem of the verb would have been syncopated away. Thus, the -v- is retained.

F

I

K

L

M

N

P

pampap

The verb pampap is the reflexive form of pampa "to comb". Because it is reflexive, it is generally understood to mean to comb one's hair. It is a hyper-regular syncopating verb:


Agent Patient Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person — pampi pampo pampub
2nd person — pampe pampae pampi
3rd person — pampel pampa pampob
Transitive 1st person 2nd person pampebi pampabo pampypub
3rd person
2nd person 1st person pampebe pampabae pampypi
3rd person
3rd person 1st person pampebel pampaba pampypob
2nd person
Pampo.
I'm combing my hair.

The transitive forms of this verb are rarely used, and when they are, the understood meaning is not "I comb your hair" and so on (which would use the simple verb pampa) but rather

Pampebi.
I made you comb your hair.[1]


peppla

Below is the conjugation of peppla "to lack; to have none":

NOTE TO SELF. THIS COULD EASILY CHANGE TO PEPI, PEPO, PEPUB ETC SINCE IT IS MOSTLY USED TRANSITIVELY AND THEREFORE ALWAYS FOLLOWS A WORD ENDING IN -P. THIS MEANS THAT TWO /PP/ OCCUR IN A ROW, WHICH TRIGGERS A SOUND RULE CHANGING THE SECOND TO /P/. BUT ONLY IF THE WORD IS UNSTRESSED.
THIS WOULD MAKE IT HOMOPHONOUS WITH THE VERB 'PEPEBI' ETC MEANING "I DIDNT (DO IT)" BUT THIS IS NOT A PROBLEM BECAUSE THIS ONLY OCCURS DIRECTLY AFTER A NOUN.
peppla
Agent Patient Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person — peppi peppo peppub
2nd person — peppe peppae peppi
3rd person — peppel peppa peppob
Transitive 1st person 2nd person peppebi peppabo peppypub
3rd person
2nd person 1st person peppebe peppabae peppypi
3rd person
3rd person 1st person peppebel peppaba peppypob
2nd person

Thus one can say

Plwop peppabo.
I don't have a choice.
Bipimpwembwap peppabo.
I don't have a gun.
Peppo.
I don't have anything.

plomip

The verb plomip "to pray, to request for" is a syncopating verb:

plomip Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person plompwi plompwo plompwub
2nd person plompwe plompwae plompwi
3rd person plompwel plompwa plompwob
Transitive 1st person plompwebi plompwabo plompwubub
2nd person plompwebe plompwabae plompwubi
3rd person plompwebel plompwaba plompwubob

Note that this verb is a doublet of plommip, which has no significant difference in meaning. Plommip is regular because there are no sound changes which could have created an -mmp- cluster in the middle of a word. Thus

Pawiapop plompwabo.

and

Pawiapop plommipwabo.

both mean

"I'm praying for a boat."



pys

The verb pys "to find" is an irregular stem-changing verb:


pys Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person pwi pwo pwub
2nd person pwe pwae pwi
3rd person pwel pwa pwob
Transitive 1st person pwebi pwabo pwubub
2nd person pwebe pwabae pwubi
3rd person pwebel pwaba pwubob
Pwebi bwafwap temwašem.
I found a worm on the ground.
Pwufi* pammiap!
Seek out a bottle of wine!

⁎Note, this uses an experimental "third conjugation" which is used for transitive verbs that have a "distal" object instead of the more common proximal one. Normally, since the bottle is mentioned in the sentence, I would think the proximal conjugation would be appropriate, but I may change my mind.

Oblique

This verb has an oblique form used when inserting infixes into the stem of the verb: pip. This is not actually irregular, but because verbs ending in -ys can belong to any of several different conjugations, it must be learned with the verb.

Homophony with forms of pwos

This verb collides with an alternate conjugation of the normally regular verb pwos "to give, to donate". The collision happened fairly recently. What this means is that Poswobs sometimes use pys where one would expect pwos.

R

S

Below is the conjugation of sopa "to answer, respond appropriately":[2]

sopa Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person soffi soffo soffub
2nd person soffe soffae soffi
3rd person soffel soffa soffob
Transitive 1st person soffebi soffabo soffypub
2nd person soffebe soffabae soffypi
3rd person soffebel soffaba soffypob



swavop

The verb swavop "to dream" is a syncopating verb showing regressive voicing assimilation in some forms and progressive voicing assimilation in others. The transitive form expresses meanings such as "I dreamt about you". Despite its appearance, this verb is not etymologically related to the word for sleep:

Agent Patient Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person — swaffi swaffo swaffub
2nd person — swaffe swaffae swaffi
3rd person — swaffel swaffa swaffob
Transitive 1st person 2nd person
3rd person
2nd person 1st person
3rd person
3rd person 1st person
2nd person

sys

The verb sys "to sleep" is an irregular stem-changing verb. All of its non-oblique forms rhyme perfectly with those of pys "to find", and thus, to know one is to know the other:


Agent Patient Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person — swi swo swub
2nd person — swe swae swi
3rd person — swel swa swob
Transitive 1st person 2nd person swebi swabo swubub
3rd person swefi swafo swufub
2nd person 1st person swebe swabae swubi
3rd person swefe swafae swufi
3rd person 1st person swebel swaba swubob
2nd person swefel swafa swufob
Tus, swebi?
Did I put you to sleep?

For the most part, the multitude of verbs ending in -sis such as besis "to sleep like a baby (fitfully)" and pipsis "to sleep in a tree" behave regularly and thus do not rhyme with the simple standalone verb for sleep. However, ad hoc coinages do exist, particularly for words in which the first morpheme in the compound has not been affected by sound changes. Poswobs thus can choose between

Beswi!
I slept like a baby!

Using the normal verb for sleep, or

Besiši!
I slept like a baby!

Treating it like a normal -s verb.

Š

T

TŠ

U

V

W

Ž

bottom

Agent Patient Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person —
2nd person —
3rd person —
Transitive 1st person 2nd person
3rd person
2nd person 1st person
3rd person
3rd person 1st person
2nd person

Verbs with suppletive negatives

Some verbs have suppletive negative forms. These take negative verb agreement, which means that, for example,

Bripfa!
He's not breathing!

can also be emphasized as

Puba bripfa!
He's not breathing!

Here, one sentence has the negative auxiliary verb puba and the other does not, but both sentences have the same meaning because the verb is considered to be negative regardless of the presence of the auxiliary.

Verb stem meaning Negative stem Notes
two to translate Womb Magic words kitšy regular development from a shared common stem
žebis to breathe bribap parent verb no longer in use
fip to touch blaba used after a verb to indicate "without touching (it)"

Verbs with suppletive cessatives

Other irregular verbs

pappo

The verb pappo "to bite" is a suppletive verb that is otherwise regular:

Agent Patient Past Present Imperative
Intransitive 1st person — pappwi pappwo pappwub
2nd person — pappwe pappwae pappwi
3rd person — pappwel pappwa pappwob
Transitive 1st person 2nd person pappwebi pappwabo pappwubub
3rd person
2nd person 1st person pappwebe pappwabae pappwubi
3rd person
3rd person 1st person pappwebel pappwaba pappwubob
2nd person

This verb was formed from the merger of the two stems pappo "to bite, as with fangs; to hold with the teeth" and the rare verb pappop "to chew", a derivative of pappop "cheeks". Even though pappop was longer, its conjugated forms were shorter than those of pappo. The new verb thus shares the meaning of both original verbs:

Pappwebi beffap.
I bit on the stick.
Pappwebi popfop.
I carried my pen (in my teeth).

The iterative form of the verb, which takes the infix -at-, is most often used when the sense of a repeated action is intended:

Tašepi pappwatwebi.
I was chewing on an apple.

However, when the sense of a single pointed thrust is meant, as in the case of a sharp-toothed animal that bites into someone but does not intend to bite anything off, the simple aspect is used after all:

Bibubbum pypiop pappwaba.
Spiders are biting my hands.
Deixis

Note to self: consider replacing the patient "1st/2nd/3rd person" with "proximal" and "distal" instead, as that's really what they are. This could be called a deictic person system.

Notes

  1. ↑ This could be an error. What seems to be the case is that the intransitive forms of the reflexive and the plain verb merged, and the transitive ones didn't. Thus, either the two verbs merged completely due to analogy, or they are separate after all and this verb is irregular only in its intransitive form.
  2. ↑ This was actually an error ... sopo, etc should be soffo, unless it was regularized during the change of pf>ff and then later underwent pf>p.
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