Palli language

Palli is a language expanded from Thaoa. Although originally an independent society, many Andanese spilled over and soon became the new majority. Because of the strong Andanese influence, /ŋ/ is romanized as g here. (There is no /g/ anyway)

Thaoa (2674) to Palli (4175)

The inherited phonology of the crushed Thaoa state was

Labials:        pʰ   p   b   m   f   v   w
Alveolars:      tʰ   t   d   n   s   z   l
Palataloids:         č   ǯ   ň           y
Velars:         kʰ   k       ŋ   x   g
Postvelars:     qʰ               h

1. The glottal stop ʔ came to be spelled h.
2. The voiced fricatives v z g shifted to f s x.
3. The STAIRCASE SHIFT occurred:

   The voiceless fricatives x h shifted to š before any /e i/.

   The voiceless fricatives š x h shifted to f before any /o u/.

   The voiceless fricatives š s merged to s.

   The voiceless fricatives f x h merged to h.

   Note that in this shift, 1) /f/ stayed /f/ always; 2) /h/ became /f/ when before /a o u/, but became /s/ when before /e i/; 3) /š/ became /s/ when before /a e i/, but became /f/ when before /o u/; 4) /s/ stayed /s/ always.

4. The vowels e o shifted to a unconditionally. Then, ə shifted to i.
5. Syllable-final k assimilated in manner, but not position, to any following consonant.
6. Syllable-final n assimilated in position, but not manner, to any following consonant.
7. Syllable-final glottal stop (spelled "h") assimilated in both position and manner to any following consonant.
8. The uvular stop q came to be spelled hk.

These are just a small sample of the changes involved in getting to Palli (~4200 AD).