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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Phonemes===
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| !Latin
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| !A a
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| !B b
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| !D d
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| !E e
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| !I i
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| !Y y
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| !L l
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| !M m
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| !N n
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| !O o
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| !P p
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| !R r
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| !S s
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| !T t
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| !U u
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| !F f
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| !H h
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| !Ŧ ŧ
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| |-
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| !Cyrillic
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| |А а
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| |Б б
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| |Д д
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| |Е е
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| |И и
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| |Л л
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| |М м
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| |Н н
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| |Й й
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| |О о
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| |П п
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| |Р р
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| |С с
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| |Т т
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| |У у
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| |Ф ф
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| |Х х
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| |Ҫ ҫ
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| |-
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| !IPA
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| |/ä/
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| |/b/
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| |/d/
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| |/e/
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| |/i/
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| |/j/
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| |/l/
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| |/m/
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| |/n/
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| |/o/
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| |/p/
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| |/ɾ/
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| |/s/
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| |/t/
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| |/u/
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| |/f/
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| |/h/
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| |/θ/
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| |-
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| !Ibapan
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| |−
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| |Π
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| |T
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| |=
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| |≡
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| |ᗑ
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| |𐐤
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| |𐋅
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| |ⵖ
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| |⸫
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| |Ⳙ
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| |ⵐ
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| |Ꞁ
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| |Ʇ
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| |⸪
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| |Ш
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| |Ⰽ
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| |⅄
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| |-
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| !Name
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| |a
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| |ba
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| |da
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| |e
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| |i
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| |yi
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| |li
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| |mi
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| |ni
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| |o
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| |po
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| |ro
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| |so
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| |to
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| |u
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| |fu
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| |hu
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| |ŧu
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| |}
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|
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Word Order===
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| *'''001.''' Ibapan word order is SVO, subject-verb-object. In interrogative sentences the word order is VSO.
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| *'''002.''' The indirect object precedes the direct object.
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| *'''003.''' The genitive noun follows the head noun.
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| *'''004.''' Adjectives and determiners precede the nouns they qualify.
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| *'''005.''' The adjective follows the standard of comparison.
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| *'''006.''' The dependent verb precedes the auxiliary verb.
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| *'''007.''' The adjective precedes the dependent verb.
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| *'''008.''' Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
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| *'''009.''' Adverbials of time precede those of space.
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| *'''010.''' Particles modifying sentences are placed first in the sentence.
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|
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|
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| ===Verbs===
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| *'''011.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
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| *'''012.''' Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs. There are two tenses in Ibapan, past, and non-past.
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| *'''013.''' The verb in the non-past tense is marked with the pre-particle '''pe-'''.
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| ::'''ehera''', love; '''Hu pe-ehera''', I love.
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| ::'''hepo''', do; ''' Ŧe pe-hepo''', he does.
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| *'''014.''' The past tense is marked with the pre-particle '''pa-'''.
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| ::'''rito''', cook; '''Hu pa-rito''', I cooked.
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| ::'''sesi''', sew; ''' Ŧe pa-sedi''', she sewed.
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| *'''015.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
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| *'''016.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the pre-particles '''me''' or '''ma''': '''Ŧe me-ehera hune''', She may love me.
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| *'''017.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood uses the unmarked form of the verb; '''Ehera hune''', Love me.
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| *'''018.''' The [[Wikipedia:Hortative#cohortative|cohortative]] and [[Wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive moods]] are formed with the pre-particle '''ye''' with the appropriate pronoun following in the objective form: '''ye-eola ŧene ''', Let him sing.
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| *'''019.''' The passive form of the verb is formed with the post-particle '''ni''': '''yu nifiso pe-ehera ni''', The mother is loved; '''yu nomu pa-rito ni''', The apple was cooked.
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| *'''020.''' A verbal noun is formed by preceding the verb with the definite article. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund: '''yu paye otuha pe-ruo yu nimotene ua hune ''', Swimming strengthens my limbs.
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| *'''021.''' Sentence negation is indicated by the use of the negative particle '''uahe''': '''hu pe-ehera uahe''', I do not love.
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| *'''022.''' A question is indicated by changing the sentence order to VSO: '''hu pe-ehera tane''', I love you; '''pe-ehera hu tane?''', Do I love you?
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| *'''023.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, precede the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent: '''hu yu-hehi pa-ŧuŧa ŧusapetene''', I was afraid to touch a toad; '''ŧe yu-are pe-bimo''', He wants to go.
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| ::A direct object is placed between the infinitive and the verb: '''hu yu-are ŧene pa-bimo''', I wanted him to go.
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| *'''024.''' Verbs may be formed from perceptible nouns and from adjectives by using them as verbs: '''epofu''', flower,: '''yu sulute pa-epofu habeti''', The roses bloomed yesterday.
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| *'''025.''' Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives by using the verb '''ruo''', make: '''biso''', wide; ''' Ŧete biso pe-ruo yu losunane''', They are widening the road.
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|
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|
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| ===Nouns===
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| *'''026.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] ('''upuna''') are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
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| *'''027.''' There is no noun classes in Ibapan.
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| *'''028.''' A noun must be preceded by a determiner or an adjective: '''yu peliso pe-iona uli''', the man is here; '''na pelisote pe-iona uli''', men are here.
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| *'''029.''' Plurality is indicated by suffixing '''-te''' to the noun. The accent then shifts to the new penultimate syllable: '''pelíso''', man; '''pelisóte''', men.
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| *'''030.''' Possession is indicated by the preposition '''ua''', of: '''yu nomu ua yu fihopu '''; the child's apple.
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| *'''031.''' The suffix '''-ne''' marks the direct object of the verb: '''hu pe-dameri yu usapéne''', I see the bird. The accent shifts to the noun's new penultimate syllable.
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| ::The suffix '''-ne''' is affixed after the plural suffix: '''hu pe-dameri yu usapenéte''', I see the birds.
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| *'''032.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives by using an adjective or a determiner: '''desi''', short; '''yu desi''', shortness.
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| *'''033.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs by using an adjective or a determiner: '''esiho''', begin, '''yu esiho''', beginning; '''imoru''', hope, '''yu imoru''', hope.
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| *'''034.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed by using the word '''yunopa''', person: '''pieso''', young; '''pieso yunopa''', youth; '''hiso''', old; '''hiso yunopa''', elder.
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| *'''035.''' The agent of a verb is formed by using the word '''yunopa''', person: '''eola''', sing; '''yu eola yunopa''', the singer.
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| *'''036.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed by using the word '''isohe''', tool: '''huda''', cut; '''yu huda isohe''', the knife.
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| *'''037.''' Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed from verbs by using the word: '''rasehi''', thing; '''yu upiosa rasehi''', the dream.
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| *'''038'''. A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the prefixes '''re-''' and '''ni-''', respectively: '''fihopu''', child; '''ni-fihopu''', girl; '''re-fihopu''', boy.
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| *'''039'''. Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by reduplication of the last two syllables: '''yu usapesape''', the flock of birds; '''yu ohufahufa''', the school of fish; '''yu pitopito''', archipelago.
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| *'''040.''' Nouns may be used to modify other nouns: '''yu duapi rufeni''', the mountain stream.
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|
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|
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| ===Modifiers===
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| *'''041.''' In Ibapan grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers since their form does not change from class to class.
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|
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| ====Adjectives====
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| *'''041.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
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| *'''042.''' Adjectives are placed before the noun between it and any determiner: '''yu hemi re-fihopu''', the good boy; '''yu hemi re-fihopute''', the good boys.
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| *'''043.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the elative (ELT), is formed by reduplication: '''pieso''', young; '''pieso pieso''',younger, youngest.
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| *'''044'''. Reduplication of only the first syllable means ''very'' or ''too'': '''pipieso''', very young, too young.
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| *'''045.''' Negative comparison is formed with the word '''iyiro''', less: '''nehiso''', distant; '''iyiro nehiso''', less/least distant.
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| *'''046.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the word '''otu''', equal. The preposition '''uo''', as, is used with the noun of comparison: '''miaha''', white; '''otu miaha''', as white, '''uafe epofu pe-iona otu miaha uo na houpa''', This flower is as white as snow.
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| *'''047.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
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| *'''048.''' There are two participles in Ibapan.
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| ::a. The present participle is formed by using the present form of the verb as an adjective: '''yu pe-paye ohufa''', the swimming fish.
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| ::b. The past participle is formed by using the past form of the verb as an adjective: '''yu pa-dabosi ruemi''', the sunken boat.
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| *'''049.''' Nouns of material may be used like adjectives: '''yu mobu uola''', the stone house.
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| *'''050.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''e-''': '''unemi''', even; '''e-unemi''', uneven.
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| *'''051.''' '''yunui''', like, combined with a noun forms an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like: '''usape''', bird; '''usapeyunui''', like a bird.
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| *'''052.''' Adjectives with the meaning "without" are expressed with the preposition '''oi''', without: '''imoru''', hope; '''oi na imoru''', hopeless.
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|
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| ====Determiners====
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| *'''053.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, ''etc''.
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| *'''054.''' The definite article is '''yu''' placed before the noun: '''peliso''', man; '''yu peliso''', the men.
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| *'''055.''' The definite article is used before nouns that are used in an abstract or general sense: '''besemi''', brave; '''yu besemi''', bravery.
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| *'''056.''' The indefinite article is '''na''' placed before the noun: '''hapiho''', woman; '''na hapiho''', a woman. The indefinite article is also used when no other modifier is present: '''na epofute pe-epofu ie yu ieso''', Flowers bloom in the spring.
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| *'''057.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of the definite article: '''fiso hapihote pe-rito''', Three women are cooking. They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by an adjective or determiner: '''mare hapihote fiso pe-home''', Three sad women are crying.
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| *'''058.''' The demonstrative determiners are '''uafe''', this/these; and '''hiope''', that/those; '''hiope usape''', that bird; '''uafe epofute''', these flowers.
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| *'''059.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''hebi''', any.
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| *'''060.''' The assertive indefinite determine is '''mohu''', some.
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|
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|
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| ====Numerals====
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| *'''060.''' The Ibapans have an octal numeral system.
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|
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| !1
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| !2
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| !3
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| !4
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| !5
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| !6
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| !7
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| !8
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| |-
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| |'''ipo'''
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| |'''alu'''
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| |'''fiso'''
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| |'''fiti'''
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| |'''ripo'''
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| |'''yiyo'''
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| |'''yiro'''
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| |'''hufu'''
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| |}
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| *'''061.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''hufu''', eight.
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|
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| |-
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| !9
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| !10
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| !11
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| !12
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| !13
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| !14
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| !15
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| |-
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| |'''hufuipo'''
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| |'''hufualu'''
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| |'''hufufiso'''
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| |'''hufufiti'''
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| |'''hufuripo'''
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| |'''hufuyiyo'''
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| |'''hufuyiro'''
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| |}
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|
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| *'''062.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to '''hufu''', eight.
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|
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| |-
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| !16
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| !24
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| !32
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| !40
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| !48
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| !56
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| !64
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| |-
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| |'''aluhufu'''
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| |'''fisohufu '''
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| |'''fitihufu'''
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| |'''ripohufu'''
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| |'''yiyohufu'''
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| |'''yirohufu'''
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| |'''hufuhufu'''
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| |}
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|
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| *'''063.''' Compounds of 64 can be made by prefixing the proper ordinal to '''hufuhufu''': '''aluhufuhufu''', 128, but the Ibapans seldom need to count that high.
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| *'''064.''' The ordinals are made by adding the suffix '''-fi''' to the cardinal number: '''alufi''', second.
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| *'''065.''' The adverbial numbers are made by adding the suffix '''-ŧu ''' to the ordinal number: '''aluŧu''', twice; '''hufuŧu''', eight times.
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|
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| ====Adverbs====
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| *'''066.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
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| *'''067.''' They have the same form as the adjective, but follow the verb they modify: '''yu besemi peliso''', the brave man; '''ta pa-hepo besemi, '''He acted bravely.
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| *'''068.''' The elative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; '''besemi''', bravely; '''besemi besemi ''', more bravely.
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|
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|
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| ===Pronouns===
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| *'''069.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Ibapan.
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| *'''070.''' The personal pronouns are '''hu''', I; '''hute''', we; '''ta''', you (''sg.''); '''tate''', you (''pl.''); '''ŧe''', he, she, it; '''ŧete''', they.
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| *'''071.''' The interrogative pronoun is '''ŧafe''' which stands for the interrogative pronouns ''who'', ''what'' and ''which''.
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| *'''072.''' The relative pronoun is '''uru''' which stands for the relative pronouns ''who'' and ''which''.
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| *'''073.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the personal pronoun as both subject and object; '''hu pa-rupa hune''', I hurt myself.
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| *'''074.''' Reduplication is used to form the intensive pronouns: '''hu hu pe-are''', I myself will go.
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| *'''075.''' The demonstrative pronouns are the same as the demonstrative determiners, '''uafe''', this; '''uafete''', these; and '''hiope''', that; '''hiopete''', those, but take the direct object particle as needed: '''hu pe-bimo hiopetene''', I want those.
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| *'''076.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners: '''hebi yunopa''', anyone, anybody, '''hebi rasehi''', anything; '''mohu yunopa''', someone, somebody; '''mohu rasepi''', something; '''uahe yunopa''', no one, nobody; '''uahe rasepi''' nothing.
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| *'''077.''' There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''ua''': '''uafe pe-iona epofu ua ta, hiope pe-iona ua yu''', This is your flower, that is mine.
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|
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|
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| ===Postpositions===
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| *'''078.''' Ibapan uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for): '''ie yu eohoema''', at the beach.
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| *'''079.''' If there is no motion involved, the noun without a marker is used with the postposition: '''yu rufisa pe-iona ou yu ferisa''', The cup is on the table.
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| *'''080.''' If there is motion involved, the object marker is added to the noun: '''hu pa-desi yu rufisa ou yu ferisane''', I put the cup on(to) the table.
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|
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|
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| ===Conjunctions===
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| *'''081.''' A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
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| *'''082.''' In Ibapan there are three types of conjunctions.
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| *'''083.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance: '''re-elimo ua hu heo hu esitu na nomute heo na erote.''' My brother and I like apples and pears.
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| *'''084.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance: '''ta fio pe-liora fio pe-iape.''' You will either eat your supper or go to bed.
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| *'''085.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause: '''heori ŧe pe-iona esufa, pa-esofa.''' Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
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|
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|
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| ==Octal Table==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| !1
| |
| !2
| |
| !3
| |
| !4
| |
| !5
| |
| !6
| |
| !7
| |
| !8
| |
| |-
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| |'''ipo'''
| |
| |'''alu'''
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| |'''fiso'''
| |
| |'''fiti'''
| |
| |'''ripo'''
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| |'''yiyo'''
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| |'''yiro'''
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| |'''hufu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !9
| |
| !10
| |
| !11
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| !12
| |
| !13
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| !14
| |
| !15
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| !16
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| |-
| |
| |'''hufuipo '''
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| |'''hufualu'''
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| |'''hufufiso'''
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| |'''hufufiti '''
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| |'''hufuripo '''
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| |'''hufuyiyo'''
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| |'''hufuyiro'''
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| |'''aluhufu'''
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| |-
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| !17
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| !18
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| !19
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| !20
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| !21
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| !22
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| !23
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| !24
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| |-
| |
| |'''aluhufuipo'''
| |
| |'''aluhufualu'''
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| |'''aluhufufiso '''
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| |'''aluhufufiti'''
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| |'''aluhufuripo'''
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| |'''aluhufuyiyo'''
| |
| |'''aluhufuyiro'''
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| |'''fisohufu'''
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| |-
| |
| !25
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| !26
| |
| !27
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| !28
| |
| !29
| |
| !30
| |
| !31
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| !32
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| |-
| |
| |'''fisohufuipo'''
| |
| |'''fisohufualu'''
| |
| |'''fisohufufiso'''
| |
| |'''fisohufufiti'''
| |
| |'''fisohufuripo'''
| |
| |'''fisohufuyiyo'''
| |
| |'''fisohufuyiro'''
| |
| |'''fitihufu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !33
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| !34
| |
| !35
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| !36
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| !37
| |
| !38
| |
| !39
| |
| !40
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''fitihufuipo'''
| |
| |'''fitihufualu'''
| |
| |'''fitihufufiso'''
| |
| |'''fitihufufiti'''
| |
| |'''fitihufuripo'''
| |
| |'''fitihufuyiyo'''
| |
| |'''fitihufuyiro'''
| |
| |'''ripohufu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !41
| |
| !42
| |
| !43
| |
| !44
| |
| !45
| |
| !46
| |
| !47
| |
| !48
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''ripohufuipo'''
| |
| |'''ripohufualu'''
| |
| |'''ripohufufiso'''
| |
| |'''ripohufufiti'''
| |
| |'''ripohufuripo'''
| |
| |'''ripohufuyiyo'''
| |
| |'''ripohufuyiro'''
| |
| |'''yiyohufu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !49
| |
| !50
| |
| !51
| |
| !52
| |
| !53
| |
| !54
| |
| !55
| |
| !56
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''yiyohufuipo'''
| |
| |'''yiyohufualu'''
| |
| |'''yiyohufufiso'''
| |
| |'''yiyohufufiti'''
| |
| |'''yiyohufuripo'''
| |
| |'''yiyohufuyiyo'''
| |
| |'''yiyohufuyiro'''
| |
| |'''yirohufu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !57
| |
| !58
| |
| !59
| |
| !60
| |
| !61
| |
| !62
| |
| !63
| |
| !64
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''yirohufuipo'''
| |
| |'''yirohufualu'''
| |
| |'''yirohufufiso'''
| |
| |'''yirohufufiti'''
| |
| |'''yirohufuripo'''
| |
| |'''yirohufuyiyo'''
| |
| |'''yirohufuyiro'''
| |
| |'''hufuhufu'''
| |
| |}
| |
