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| colspan="2" | ''d''
| colspan="2" | ''d''
|-
|-
| ''ć'' {{IPA|[c}}}
| ''ć'' {{IPA|[c]}}
| ''c'' {{IPA|[ts]}}
| ''c'' {{IPA|[ts]}}
| ''x'' {{IPA|[tʃ]}} > ''tx''{{Note|1}}
| ''x'' {{IPA|[tʃ]}} > ''tx''{{Note|1}}
| class="grayout" | n/a
| class="grayout" | n/a
| ''z > ç''{{IPA|[ts]}}
| ''z > ç''{{IPA|[ts]}}
| colspan="2" | ''z''{{IPA|[dz]}}
| colspan="2" | ''z''{{IPA|[dz]}}
|-
|-
| ''c''
| ''c''
| colspan="2" | ''c, ch''{{IPA|[k]}}
| colspan="2" | ''c, ch''{{IPA|[k]}}
| ''Ø''
| ''Ø''
| ''c''
| ''c''
| colspan="2" | ''g, gh''{{IPA|[g]}}
| colspan="2" | ''g, gh''{{IPA|[g]}}
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| ''d''
| ''d''
| colspan="2" | ''d''
| colspan="2" | ''d''
| colspan="2" | ''Ø''
| colspan="2" | ''Ø''
| ''d''
| ''d''
| ''Ø''
| ''Ø''
|-
|-
| ''ǵ''{{IPA|ɟ}}''''
| ''ǵ'' {{IPA|[ɟ]}}''''
| colspan="2" | ''g''{{IPA|[dʒ]}}
| colspan="2" | ''g''{{IPA|[dʒ]}}
| class="grayout" | n/a
| class="grayout" | n/a
| rowspan="2" | ''i, y''{{IPA|[j]}}''i, y''
| rowspan="2" | ''i, y''{{IPA|[j]}}''i, y''
| ''g(i)''{{IPA|[dʒ] (> [ʒ]?}}
| ''g(i)'' {{IPA|[dʒ] (> [ʒ]?}}
| ''i, y''
| ''i, y''
|-
|-
| ''j''
| ''j''
| ''i > j ''{{IPA|[dʒ]}}
| ''i > j ''{{IPA|[dʒ]}}
| class="grayout" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | n/a
| class="grayout" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | n/a
| style="border-left-style: none;" rowspan="1" colspan="2" |
| style="border-left-style: none;" rowspan="1" colspan="2" |
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| ''g''
| ''g''
| colspan="2" | ''g, gh''{{IPA|g}}
| colspan="2" | ''g, gh''{{IPA|g}}
| ''Ø''
| ''Ø''
| colspan="2" | ''g''
| colspan="2" | ''g''
| ''Ø''
| ''Ø''
|-
|-
| ''pj''
| ''pj''
| colspan="2" | ''(pj pi)''
| colspan="2" | ''(pj pi)''
| class="grayout" rowspan="6" | n/a
| class="grayout" rowspan="6" | n/a
| colspan="3" | ''uj, bi >be''
| colspan="3" | ''uj, bi >be''
|-
|-
| ''tj''
| ''tj''
| rowspan="2" | ''c(i)''{{IPA|[ts]}}
| rowspan="2" | ''c(i)''{{IPA|[ts]}}
| ''c(i)''
| ''c(i)''
| rowspan="2" | ''z >
| rowspan="2" | ''z >
ç''
ç''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''c(i)''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''c(i)''
|-
|-
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| ''bj''
| ''bj''
| colspan="2" | ''(bj bi)''
| colspan="2" | ''(bj bi)''
| colspan="3" | ''uj, vi >ve''
| colspan="3" | ''uj, vi >ve''
|-
|-
| ''dj''
| ''dj''
| colspan="2" | ''z''{{IPA|[dz]}}
| colspan="2" | ''z''{{IPA|[dz]}}
| rowspan="1" | ''z'' > ç {{IPA|[ts]}}''''
| rowspan="1" | ''z'' > ç {{IPA|[ts]}}''''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''g(i) (> j)''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''g(i) (> j)''
|-
|-
| ''gj''
| ''gj''
| colspan="2" | ''g(i)''
| colspan="2" | ''g(i)''
| ''x '' > ''tx''
| ''x '' > ''tx''
|-
|-
| ''m''
| ''m''
| colspan="2" | ''m''
| colspan="2" | ''m''
| colspan="2" | ''Ø''
| colspan="2" | ''Ø''
| colspan="2" | ''m''
| colspan="2" | ''m''
|-
|-
| ''n''
| ''n''
| colspan="2" | ''n''
| colspan="2" | ''n''
| colspan="2" | ''Ø''
| colspan="2" | ''Ø''
| colspan="2" | ''n''
| colspan="2" | ''n''
|-
|-
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| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''gn(i)''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''gn(i)''
|-
|-
| ''nj, gn, cĭn > ć’n''
| ''nj, gn, cĭn > ć’n''
|-
|-
| ''lj, gl, gĭl, gĕl, dĭl, dĕl''
| ''lj, gl, gĭl, gĕl, dĭl, dĕl''
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''{{IPA|[ʎ]}}
''{{IPA|[ʎ]}}
| ''*ggl
| ''*ggl
> gl, ghl(i)''
> gl, ghl(i)''
| class="" colspan="3" rowspan="2" | ''(i)gl
| class="" colspan="3" rowspan="2" | ''(i)gl
''{{IPA|[ʎ]}}'', gl(i)''
''{{IPA|[ʎ]}}'', gl(i)''
|-
|-
| ''cĭl, cĕl, cĭl, cĕl''
| ''cĭl, cĕl, cĭl, cĕl''
| rowspan="3" | ''*ccĺ >
| rowspan="3" | ''*ccĺ >
cl, chl(i)''
cl, chl(i)''
|-
|-
| ''cŭl, cŏl, căl > c’l''
| ''cŭl, cŏl, căl > c’l''
| rowspan="2" | ''cl, chl(i)''{{IPA|[kl]}}
| rowspan="2" | ''cl, chl(i)''{{IPA|[kl]}}
| rowspan="2" | ''gu > go  
| rowspan="2" | ''gu > go
 ''
''
| rowspan="4" class="" | ''gl,
| rowspan="4" class="" | ''gl,
ghl(i), (i)ghl''
ghl(i), (i)ghl''
| style="border-left-style: none;"  rowspan="2" |
| style="border-left-style: none;"  rowspan="2" |
|-
|-
| ''tŭl, tŏl, tăl > t’l''
| ''tŭl, tŏl, tăl > t’l''
|-
|-
| ''gŭl, gŏl, găl > g’l''
| ''gŭl, gŏl, găl > g’l''
| rowspan="2" | ''gl, ghl(i)''{{IPA|[gl]}}
| rowspan="2" | ''gl, ghl(i)''{{IPA|[gl]}}
| rowspan="2" | ''*ggl > gl, ghl(i)''
| rowspan="2" | ''*ggl > gl, ghl(i)''
| rowspan="2" | '' l''
| rowspan="2" | '' l''
| rowspan="2" | l
| rowspan="2" | l
|-
|-
| ''dŭl,
| ''dŭl,
dŏl, dăl &gt; d’l''<!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]--><!--[endif]-->
dŏl, dăl > d’l''<!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]--><!--[endif]-->
|-
|-
| ''s''
| ''s''
| rowspan="1" | ''s'' {{IPA|[s]}}
| rowspan="1" | ''s'' {{IPA|[s]}}
| rowspan="1" | ''ss'' {{IPA|[s]}}
| rowspan="1" | ''ss'' {{IPA|[s]}}
| &Oslash;
| Ø
| rowspan="1" | ''s''
| rowspan="1" | ''s''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" | ''s ''{{IPA|[z]}}
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" | ''s ''{{IPA|[z]}}
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| colspan="2" rowspan="1" | ''sc(i)'' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" | ''sc(i)'' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| rowspan="9" class="grayout" | n/a
| rowspan="9" class="grayout" | n/a
| rowspan="2" | ''-is, -sz &gt; s&ccedil;'' (all {{IPA|[ʃ]}})
| rowspan="2" | ''-is, -sz > sç'' (all {{IPA|[ʃ]}})
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" | ''si &nbsp;''{{IPA|[ʒ]}} (''&gt; j'' ?)
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" | ''si ''{{IPA|[ʒ]}} (''> j'' ?)
|-
|-
| ''sc&acute;, scj''
| ''sc´, scj''
| rowspan="1" | ''sc(i)''
| rowspan="1" | ''sc(i)''
| rowspan="5" style="border-right-style: none;" class="grayout" | n/a
| rowspan="5" style="border-right-style: none;" class="grayout" | n/a
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| ''ct''
| ''ct''
| style="border-right-style: none;" class="grayout"  rowspan="7" | n/a
| style="border-right-style: none;" class="grayout"  rowspan="7" | n/a
| rowspan="4" | ''x &gt; tx''
| rowspan="4" | ''x > tx''
| style="border-left-style: none;" rowspan="1" colspan="2" |
| style="border-left-style: none;" rowspan="1" colspan="2" |
|-
|-
| ''gĭd''
| ''gĭd''
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" | ''g(i) &gt; j''
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" | ''g(i) > j''
|-
|-
| '' cĭt, cĕt''
| '' cĭt, cĕt''
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| colspan="3" rowspan="1" | ''uj''
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" | ''uj''
|}
|}
== NOTES ==
== NOTES ==
Intervocalic ''b > v''; ''g' > j'' '''i''';
Intervocalic ''b > v''; ''g' > j'' '''i''';

Revision as of 10:58, 11 August 2006

This as yet unnamed Romlang initially has the developments you would expect from a Western Romance language. However at a later time there is vowel mutation by a high or low vowel (a < ă/ā, i < ī, u < ū), with final vowels later being lost, or in the case of -a being reduced to -e [ə]. Somewhat unexpectedly plurals of the first declension show forms as if the a-mutated vowels of the singular had later undergone i-mutation. This most certainly is due to analogy with the second and third declension rather than to a preserved [ai̥] ending — or did an ending pronounced [æ] cause such a 'double' mutation?

Stressed vowels
Latin VL W. Rmc. No mut. a-mut. i-mut a/i-mut. u-mut.
ī ị ĭ i e i iu > eu /y/

ī ie
ĭ į ẹ̆ e e i oe

/ø/ > e

ẹ̄ ei ie
ē ẹ ẹ̆ e e i oe > e
ẹ̄ ei ie
ĕ ę ę̆ e e i oe> e
ę̄ ie ie ue

/yø/ > /ye

ă, ā a a a a ae /æ/ > e o
ŏ ǫ ǫ̆ o o e o
ǭ uo uo ue uo
ō ọ ọ̆ o o oe > e o
ọ̄ ou uo eu ue ou
ŭ ų ọ̆ o o oe > e
 o
ọ̄ ou uo eu ue ou
ū ụ ŭ u o iu > eu oe > e u
ū uo ue

Consonants

Consonant correspondences
VL Initial Geminate Final Intervocalic
Primary Secondary Pretonic Posttonic
p p n/a p b
t t t t d
ć [c] c [ts] x [tʃ] > tx^  n/a z > ç[ts] z[dz]
c c, ch[k] Ø c g, gh[g]
b b n/a f v
d d Ø d Ø
ǵ [ɟ]' g[dʒ] n/a i, y[j]i, y g(i) [dʒ] (> [ʒ]? i, y
j i > j [dʒ] n/a
g g, ghg Ø g Ø
pj (pj pi) n/a uj, bi >be
tj c(i)[ts] c(i) z >

ç

c(i)
kj x
bj (bj bi) uj, vi >ve
dj z[dz] z > ç [ts]' g(i) (> j)
gj g(i) x > tx
m m Ø m
n n Ø n
mb n/a n/a m mb
nd n nd
ng ng[ŋ] ng[ŋg]
mj gn(i)

[ɲ]

(i)gn[ɲ] gn(i)
nj, gn, cĭn > ć’n
lj, gl, gĭl, gĕl, dĭl, dĕl gl(i)

[ʎ]

*ggl

> gl, ghl(i)

(i)gl

[ʎ], gl(i)

cĭl, cĕl, cĭl, cĕl *ccĺ >

cl, chl(i)

cŭl, cŏl, căl > c’l cl, chl(i)[kl] gu > go
gl,

ghl(i), (i)ghl

tŭl, tŏl, tăl > t’l
gŭl, gŏl, găl > g’l gl, ghl(i)[gl] *ggl > gl, ghl(i) l l
dŭl,

dŏl, dăl > d’l

s s [s] ss [s] Ø s s [z]
sj sc(i) [ʃ] n/a -is, -sz > sç (all [ʃ]) si [ʒ] (> j ?)
sc´, scj sc(i) n/a
ct n/a x > tx
gĭd g(i) > j
cĭt, cĕt
tĭc, tĕc
pt t t
pĭt, bĭt, vĭt ut ut
pĭd, bĭd, vĭd uj uj

NOTES

Intervocalic b > v; g' > j i; p, t, k', k > b, d, g', g but tj, kj > voiceless ts, gj > [dʒ] gi. Unpalatalized original g tends to disappear.

Initial k', kj, tj > ts c(i); initial g', gj > [dʒ] (g)i.

dj in all positions > [dz] z.

ct > [tʃ] spelled x, while actual x = ks > s or undergoes metathesis to sk, which may be palatalized to [ʃ] 'sc(i) along with original sc.

Voiced stops and affricates ending up final after the loss of final vowels become devoiced, spelled p, t, z [ts] (later ç), (i)x [tʃ], c.

Final [ʃ] is spelled V(i)ss/Vis, later sç, with occasionally sz/sx in early texts.

Word initial ie, ue, uo are spelled hie, hue, huo, since the normal medieval pronunciation of initial prevocalic i, u was j, v.

The vowels [æ] ae and [ø] oe were found in the earliest texts, but later merged with e, while [y] eu and. The spelling ue remained, but probably shifted from [yø] to [ye].

A k, g, sk before a front vowel that arose through mutation wasn't palatalized. They are spelled ch, gh, sch.

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