Proto-Uralic/I: Difference between revisions
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! Comments | ! Comments | ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| | ! colspan="10"| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i) | ||
| old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)? | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "to suck" | | "to suck" | ||
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || ńim-, əm- | | *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || *ńim-, *əm- | ||
| Two variants * | | Two variants *imə-, *ńimə- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "stone" | | "stone" | ||
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || '' | | *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || köö<br/>: köve- || *käw || *kööɣ || - | ||
|- | |||
| "year ring" | |||
| ''*süü'' || '''*sēvɤ''' || - || *šĭja || *si || - || *täw || - || *tiə | |||
| *siwə? | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "name" | | "name" | ||
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| | | *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| *ľem || style="color:red"| ''*lü̆m'' || style="color:green"| *ńim || style="color:green"| neev<br/>: neve- || *nämə || *neem || *nim | ||
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen- | | Cf. IE; PBS *inmen- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "long" | | "long" | ||
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''* | | *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peL-''' || *pir- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "tooth, flint" | ||
| * | | *pii || - || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || ''*pəj'' | ||
| S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "hedgehog" | | "hedgehog" | ||
| *siili || - || * | | *siili || - || *śejəľ || Hi. šülə ~<br/>Me. '''šulo''' || - || †sül || '''"soule"''' || - || - | ||
| * | | *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "ceiling space" | | "ceiling space" | ||
| *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''* | | *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''*seŋ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "last" | | "last" | ||
| *vii-<!--viime-, viipy- --> || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || - | | *vii--<!--viime-, viipy- --> || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "to kill" | ||
| - || | | - || <span style="color:green">*fɤðō-</span><br/>"to beat" || - || - || *vijɨ- || öl- || *äl- || *weeL- || | ||
| H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "to scrape" | | "to scrape" | ||
| - || - || - || - || *ńir- || ńiir- || - || - || Ne. ńira- | | - || - || - || - || *ńir-- || ńiir(o)- || - || - || Ne. ńira- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "cloud" | | "cloud" | ||
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || | | *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peľ || *pĭl ||style="color:green"| *piľ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peLəŋ'' || - | ||
| Kh. *e / _CC? | | Kh. *e / _CC? | ||
|- | |||
| "to smell" | |||
| - || KiT *lɤkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || Vj <span style="color:green">ɭööɣ-</span> || - | |||
|- | |||
| "connecting river" | |||
| - || - || - || ''*wiš'' || *vis(k-) || *äɣt || - || - || - | |||
| StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "tongs" | | "tongs" | ||
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || - | | *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "bast" | ||
| * | | *niini || - || (<span style="color:red">ľeŋgɜ</span>) || ń/ni || ńiń/n || - || - || - || - | ||
| | | can be *nijənə, *nixənə etc. | ||
|- | |||
| "now" | |||
| *nükü-- || - || Er. ńej<br/>~ Mk. ''ńi'' || - || *ni<!--K Peč. nɨn--> || - || - || - || - | |||
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "to stay" | | "to stay" | ||
| * | | *pisü- || - || *pezə- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| | | *i-ü > *ü-ü in F. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "" | | "" | ||
Line 70: | Line 85: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "5" | | "5" | ||
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color: | | style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color:green"| *vĭć || *vit || öt(ö-) || *ät || *weet || *wü(ə)t | ||
| | | *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'? | ||
|- | |||
| "gadfly" | |||
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *päləm || *peeLəm || #pil- | |||
|- | |||
| "to pull" | |||
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńär-əmt- || *ńeer- || - | |||
| CMs *ńä- > *ńi- | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |||
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?) | |||
|- | |||
| "mouse" | |||
| *hiiri || - || *šeŋəŕ || - || ''*šɨr'' || '''egeer'''<br/>: '''egere-''' || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || - | |||
|- | |||
| "behind" | |||
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || Hi məŋge ~<br/>Me '''möŋgö''' || K. ''mɨ-śt'' || mëg || CMs *män-t || - || - | |||
| F *iwä > *üwä > *öö | |||
|- | |||
| "illness" | |||
| *kitu- || - || - || - || ''*kɨž'' || - || - || ''*kečə'' || - | |||
|- | |||
| "prop" | |||
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ńežə- || - || K. ''mɨdž'' || - || E määs || ''*me₂č'' || - | |||
| Fi. nyde better < *nüðə | |||
|- | |||
| "conifer branch" | |||
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || ''*lɨs(k-)'' || - || - || style="color:red"| *leepəs || - | |||
|- | |||
| "to fly" | |||
| - || - || - || - || K <span style="color:red">''šɨlgɨ-''</span> || - || '''*tiɣl-''' || ''*ɬe₁ɣəL-'' || *tij- | |||
| Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/ | |||
|- | |||
| "to bathe" | |||
| - || - || - || - || ''*pɨlaś-'' || style="color:red"| '''*fürö-''' || *päɣl- || *pööɣəL- || - | |||
| cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??) | |||
|- | |||
| "rise (of water)" | |||
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ɨt-va'' || - || - || *eepət- || - | |||
|- | |||
| "spark" | |||
| *kipen-- || *kɤpɤ || - || - || K. ''*kɨń'' || - || - || - || - | |||
| S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also ''*küben'' | |||
|- | |||
| "threshing<br/>ground" | |||
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. '''inšɨr'''<br/> ~ K. ''rɨnɨš'' || - || - || - || - | |||
| E. '''rehi'''. Gmc (''Riege'' etc) ← F. | |||
|- | |||
| "thick; big" | |||
| - || - || *ečkɜ || - || K. ''*ɨdžɨt'' || - || - || - || - | |||
| medials? | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| | ! colspan="10"| Samic *ī-ɤ | ||
|- | |||
| "to soften" | |||
| - || *tīnɤ- || - || - || - || - || *tim-<br/>*tintəl- || *tentəL- || - | |||
| StUE4 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "coal" | | "coal" | ||
| - || čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen || - || - || - | | - || *čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen<br/>: sene- || - || - || - | ||
| Or H. < *ćänä "tinder" | |||
|- | |||
| "smell" | |||
| - || *cīvnɤ || *čijńɜ || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
| *čixə-nə? | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) | ! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ?? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "eye" | | "eye" | ||
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || * | | *silmä || *čɤlmē || *śeľmɜ || *s/šinzä || ''*śin(m-)'' || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "father; big" | | "father; big" | ||
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || * | | *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ĭźa || - || öös || *äćə || - || style="color:red"| '''*äjsä''' | ||
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)? | | Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to appear" | | "to appear" | ||
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || || || || || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä- | | *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || - || - || - || - || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä- | ||
| Cf. IE *ǵīd- | | Cf. IE *ǵīd- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to | | "(to) smell" | ||
| - || * | | - || *ɤpsē- || Mk. '''opəś''' || *üpš ||style="color:red"| K. isk- || ''iiz(e-)'' || *ät(ə)- || *eepəL || *əptə- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to cover" | | "to cover" | ||
| *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || - | | *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "deep; calm" | ||
| * | | *tüveni || *tɤvē || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *täwənt || *teeɣən || - | ||
| | | F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: <font color="red">*süvä</font>? | ||
|- | |||
| "knife" | |||
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || *käšV || *kööčəɣ || - | |||
|- | |||
| "fir; pine" | |||
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| Hi tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || N. teexər || - | |||
| OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?! | |||
|- | |||
| "to hit" | |||
| - || - || *keŕV- || *kĭre- || *köral- || - || Tv kär- || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| "sky" | |||
| - || - || *meńəľ || - || - || mëńń || - || - || - | |||
| *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "crowd" | | "crowd" | ||
| - || *vɤlvē || * | | - || *vɤlvē || *veľɜ || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "slanted" | | "slanted" | ||
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er | | *vino || *vɤńē || Er veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "trap" | | "trap" | ||
Line 118: | Line 198: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to stick" | | "to stick" | ||
| *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-''' ~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || - | | *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-'''<br/>~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay" | | *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "more, to add" | | "more, to add" | ||
| *lisä || *lɤsē || * | | *lisä || *lɤsē || *ľezɜ || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "rowan" | | "rowan" | ||
| * | | *pihlä || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style="color:red"| *pĭzlə || U. '''paledź'''<br/>~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - || *päćər || ''*pećər'' || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "" | | "" | ||
| || || || || || || || || | | || || || || || || || || | ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| * | ! colspan="10"| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!) | ||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "place" | | "place" | ||
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || - | | *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| ← Gmc | | ← Gmc *stīja- | ||
|- | |||
| "" | |||
| *hiici || *sijtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Sk *tiitə) | |||
| ← Gmc *sīdōn | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "office, position" | | "office, position" | ||
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || - | | *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā ( | | ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong | ||
|- | |||
| "good" | |||
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
| ← Ir *šiva. Mo ''*čiva'' independantly. MaPH ''šuŋɜ'' "healthy" = different | |||
|- | |||
| "belt" | |||
| *hihna || - || *kšna || *šü̆štə || - || - || - || - || - | |||
| ← B. *šikšna | |||
|- | |||
| "wax" | |||
| - || - || *kšta || *šištə || U śuś ~ K śiś || - || - || - || - | |||
| ← II | |||
|- | |||
| "sand" | |||
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - ||style="color:green"| *ɭowi || - | |||
| B ^ F → P → Kh | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē | ! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē | ||
Line 150: | Line 244: | ||
| "breast" | | "breast" | ||
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä- | | *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä- | ||
| | | *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa) | ||
|- | |||
| "inside; breast" | |||
| *sisä- || *čīńčē || style="color:red"| *seźəm<!--NSES--> || *ćĭźə || - || sü(ü)ɟ;<br/>čëč || N śiś || E ťuťi || *sünsə | |||
| Cf. the previous | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "little bird" | | "little bird" | ||
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || * | | - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čii₂nč || *sinsä- | ||
| Onomatopoetic? | | Onomatopoetic? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to let go" | | "to let go" | ||
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || - | | - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| cf. *tejə ?? | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "sno, frost" | | "sno, frost" | ||
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || - | | - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |||
| "grandmother" | |||
| - || *īmē || - || - || - || - || - || *ii₁mə || #imä | |||
|- | |||
| "frost" | |||
| - || *pīcē || - ||style="color:red"| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || - | |||
| Most better *pëčə | |||
|- | |||
| "" | |||
| || || || || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| "" | |||
| || || || || || || || || | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o'' | ! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "daughter-in-law" | | "daughter-in-law" | ||
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. | | *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. -meń ~ K. mooń || mëń || *mäńə || *meeń || '''*mäńä''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to rut" | | "to rut" | ||
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. | | ''*kej-ma,<br/>*kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. kemdžɨ-<br/>~ K. koj || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || - | ||
| * | | *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F. | ||
|- | |||
| "to rip" | |||
| *kisko- || *kɤškō- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~<br/>Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. keś- ~ K. koś- || ''kiišaal-'' || E '''*küštəl-''' || *köös- || - | |||
| OU *ü? H. also ''köszvény'' "gout". Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kïčkə-]] | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |||
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only | |||
|- | |||
| "to tear" | |||
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| "fang" | |||
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| "sweet" | |||
| *imelä || N amiidi || - || - || '''*juumol''' || - || - || - || - | |||
| F better ← "to suck" | |||
|- | |||
| "slanted" | |||
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~<br/>Me. wažɤk || U '''vož''' ~ K *veež || - || - || - || - | |||
| P. "intersection" | |||
|- | |||
| "to press" | |||
| *liccat- || - || - || *ləźərte- ~<br/>"JU" lazerte- || K. <span style="color:red">ľićkɨ-</span> || - || - || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| "to sneeze" | |||
| *niistä- || - || - || *nü̆/ǔšte- || - || - || - || - || - | |||
| prob. unrel.: S *nīstē- 'to claim', P *ńiskɨ-- 'to whet, etc.' | |||
|- | |||
| "scoop; board" | |||
| *lippVj || - || Er. ľipuža<br/>~ Mk. ľebža || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| "to bind" | |||
| *nito- || *nëðē- || *ńed'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
| Cf. IE | |||
|- | |||
| "woman" | |||
| - || *nīsōn || Er. ńizaka,<br/>ńizańa || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| "yarn" | |||
| - || - || - || *šü̆rtə || '''*šort''' || - || - || - || - | |||
| Or *ü | |||
|- | |||
| "whole" | |||
| - || - || - || *ćĭl'''ä''' || *ćɨl || - || - || - || - | |||
| Or *ü? | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |||
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only | |||
|- | |||
| "fire" | |||
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz<br/>: tüze- || *tääwət || *töɣət || - | |||
| ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular? | |||
|- | |||
| "quiver" | |||
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| tëgëz || *täwət || '''*tii₁ɣət''' || - | |||
| Possibly *-ŋ-. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "to | | "to run, jump" | ||
| * | | - || - || - || - || - || üüz- || *it(ɣəl-) || *ii₁t- || - | ||
| | |- | ||
| "doe; mother" | |||
| - || - || - || - || - || üsöö || - || *ees || - | |||
|- | |||
| "to shine" | |||
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || šit- || - || - | |||
| better *čekt-? | |||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="10"| | ! colspan="10"| TBS: rest | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "son-in-law" | | "son-in-law" | ||
| '''* | | '''*vävvü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~<br/>Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wi²ŋə | ||
| Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? | | Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "knee ~ elbow" | | "knee ~ elbow" | ||
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || - | | - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "to tear" | ||
| - || * | | - || *ńɤckē- || - || - || K. ńečkɨ- || ńeš- || - || E <span style="color:red">''ńeć-''</span> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "" | | "" | ||
Line 191: | Line 364: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "dark" | | "dark" | ||
| * | | *pimeðä || - || - || - || *peľmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä | ||
| *- | | *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to unhair" | | "to unhair" | ||
| | | - || *nɤvē- || ńeveľe/ila- || - || - || - || ''nä/oɣt-'' || style="color:green"| '''*ɳaaw-''' || '''*nïŋkə-''' | ||
| F. nivo- ← S. | |||
| ' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "to sho" | | "to sho" | ||
| | | Es. viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || - | ||
| Cf. Gmc | | Cf. Gmc? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "narro" | | "narro" | ||
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || * | | - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || #täj- | ||
| Better *ä | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "decking" | | "decking" | ||
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || | | - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || *tät | ||
| better *täskə? | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "grave" | | "grave" | ||
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| | | - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| ''šee/iir(o-)'',<br/>†seyr || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to run; to hurry" | | "to run; to hurry" | ||
| - || - || čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || style="color:red" | | - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || <span style="color:red">*ćiɣ</span><br>'time' || - || - | ||
| source for Ms?? Better *e-ä | |||
| * | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "sleigh belt" | | "sleigh belt" | ||
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. | | - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śān | ||
| ← IE? | | ← IE? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "to moov" | ||
| | | *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "peg" | ||
| - || - || - | | | - || *cɤŋkē || - || - || *čög<!--K → čegɤs--> || čegeľ || - || - || - | ||
| Or S ~ *tüŋkä | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "gums" | ||
| | | *igen || - || - || - || *aŋ || iiń(e-) || - || - || - | ||
| Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "evening" | ||
| *ilta || - || Mk. iľä || - || - || - || - || W *iiLaaj || - | |||
| better *je-? | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "son" | ||
| | | - || - || - || *iɣə || - || - || - || N. jiix (!) || Sk. ii | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "this / that / it" | ||
| * | | *se : *sii- || - || *śä "this"<br/>*śijä "there" || '''*seðe''' || - || - || - || *ćii₁ || style="color:red"| '''*kä(tɜ)''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "" | | "I" | ||
| * | | *minä :<br/> *minu-|| '''*mon''' || '''*mon''' || *mĭńə₂ || *mön || (een :<br/>''engëm'') || (*äm) || *mää(n) || *mə̈n | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "" | | "" | ||
| || || || || || || || || | | || || || || || || || || | ||
|} | |} |
Latest revision as of 08:37, 26 December 2018
Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i) | old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)? | |||||||||
"to suck" | *ime- | ńɤmɤ- | - | - | K. ńim- | ëm- | - | *eem- | *ńim-, *əm- | Two variants *imə-, *ńimə- |
"stone" | *kivi | - | kev | *küj | U. kɤ ~ K. ki | köö : köve- |
*käw | *kööɣ | - | |
"year ring" | *süü | *sēvɤ | - | *šĭja | *si | - | *täw | - | *tiə | *siwə? |
"name" | *nimi | *nɤmɤ | *ľem | *lü̆m | *ńim | neev : neve- |
*nämə | *neem | *nim | Cf. IE; PBS *inmen- |
"long" | *pit-kä | - | - | - | - | fël-, föl- | *pälit | *peL- | *pir- | |
"tooth, flint" | *pii | - | pej | *püj | *piń | fog | *päŋk | *pööŋk | *pəj | S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ |
"hedgehog" | *siili | - | *śejəľ | Hi. šülə ~ Me. šulo |
- | †sül | "soule" | - | - | *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H? |
"ceiling space" | *sii- | - | - | - | *śig | - | - | *siiŋ | *seŋ | |
"last" | *vii-- | - | - | - | - | veeg | - | - | - | |
"to kill" | - | *fɤðō- "to beat" |
- | - | *vijɨ- | öl- | *äl- | *weeL- | H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded. | |
"to scrape" | - | - | - | - | *ńir-- | ńiir(o)- | - | - | Ne. ńira- | |
"cloud" | *pilvi | *pɤlvɤ | peľ | *pĭl | *piľ- | felhöö | - | *peLəŋ | - | Kh. *e / _CC? |
"to smell" | - | KiT *lɤkɤ | - | - | - | - | - | Vj ɭööɣ- | - | |
"connecting river" | - | - | - | *wiš | *vis(k-) | *äɣt | - | - | - | StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-. |
"tongs" | *pihti | *pɤstɤ | peš | - | K. peš | - | - | - | - | |
"bast" | *niini | - | (ľeŋgɜ) | ń/ni | ńiń/n | - | - | - | - | can be *nijənə, *nixənə etc. |
"now" | *nükü-- | - | Er. ńej ~ Mk. ńi |
- | *ni | - | - | - | - | *i-ü > *ü-ü in F. |
"to stay" | *pisü- | - | *pezə- | pižä- | - | - | - | - | - | *i-ü > *ü-ü in F. |
"" | ||||||||||
"visible" | *ilmi | *ɤlmɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← *ilma |
"wonder" | *imeh | *ɤmɤs | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← B? |
"5" | *viici | *vītɤ | *veťɜ | *vĭć | *vit | öt(ö-) | *ät | *weet | *wü(ə)t | *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'? |
"gadfly" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *päləm | *peeLəm | #pil- | |
"to pull" | - | - | - | - | - | ńer- | *ńär-əmt- | *ńeer- | - | CMs *ńä- > *ńi- |
Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?) | ||||||||||
"mouse" | *hiiri | - | *šeŋəŕ | - | *šɨr | egeer : egere- |
*täŋkər | *ɬööŋkər | - | |
"behind" | *möö- | *mɤŋē | mej- | Hi məŋge ~ Me möŋgö |
K. mɨ-śt | mëg | CMs *män-t | - | - | F *iwä > *üwä > *öö |
"illness" | *kitu- | - | - | - | *kɨž | - | - | *kečə | - | |
"prop" | - | - | *ńežə- | - | K. mɨdž | - | E määs | *me₂č | - | Fi. nyde better < *nüðə |
"conifer branch" | - | - | - | *lüjəš | *lɨs(k-) | - | - | *leepəs | - | |
"to fly" | - | - | - | - | K šɨlgɨ- | - | *tiɣl- | *ɬe₁ɣəL- | *tij- | Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/ |
"to bathe" | - | - | - | - | *pɨlaś- | *fürö- | *päɣl- | *pööɣəL- | - | cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??) |
"rise (of water)" | - | - | - | - | K. ɨt-va | - | - | *eepət- | - | |
"spark" | *kipen-- | *kɤpɤ | - | - | K. *kɨń | - | - | - | - | S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also *küben |
"threshing ground" |
*riihi | - | - | - | U. inšɨr ~ K. rɨnɨš |
- | - | - | - | E. rehi. Gmc (Riege etc) ← F. |
"thick; big" | - | - | *ečkɜ | - | K. *ɨdžɨt | - | - | - | - | medials? |
Samic *ī-ɤ | ||||||||||
"to soften" | - | *tīnɤ- | - | - | - | - | *tim- *tintəl- |
*tentəL- | - | StUE4 |
"coal" | - | *čīnɤ | - | - | - | seen : sene- |
- | - | - | Or H. < *ćänä "tinder" |
"smell" | - | *cīvnɤ | *čijńɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *čixə-nə? |
Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ?? | ||||||||||
"eye" | *silmä | *čɤlmē | *śeľmɜ | *s/šinzä | *śin(m-) | sëm | *šäm | *seem | *səjmä | |
"father; big" | *isä | *ɤčē | Mk. oćä | *ĭźa | - | öös | *äćə | - | *äjsä | Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from oću "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)? |
"to appear" | *itä- | *ɤcé- | - | - | - | - | *ätər- | *eet- | *ətä- | Cf. IE *ǵīd- |
"(to) smell" | - | *ɤpsē- | Mk. opəś | *üpš | K. isk- | iiz(e-) | *ät(ə)- | *eepəL | *əptə- | |
"to cover" | *pint-eh | - | - | - | *pod | fëd- | *pänt- | *peent- | - | |
"deep; calm" | *tüveni | *tɤvē | - | *tüɣə | - | - | *täwənt | *teeɣən | - | F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä? |
"knife" | - | - | - | kü̆źə | - | keeš | *käšV | *kööčəɣ | - | |
"fir; pine" | - | - | - | Hi tɤrke | - | - | *tärəɣ | N. teexər | - | OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?! |
"to hit" | - | - | *keŕV- | *kĭre- | *köral- | - | Tv kär- | - | - | |
"sky" | - | - | *meńəľ | - | - | mëńń | - | - | - | *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń |
"crowd" | - | *vɤlvē | *veľɜ | *-wəlä | - | - | - | - | - | |
"slanted" | *vino | *vɤńē | Er veńaža | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
"trap" | *rita | *rɤtē | - | *lüðe | K. *ri | - | - | - | - | |
"to stick" | *pistä- | *pɤstē- | - | Hi. pište- ~ Me. pɤšte- |
- | - | - | - | - | *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay" |
"more, to add" | *lisä | *lɤsē | *ľezɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
"rowan" | *pihlä | - | *piźəl | *pĭzlə | U. paledź ~ K. pelɨź |
- | *päćər | *pećər | - | |
"" | ||||||||||
Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!) | ||||||||||
"place" | *sija | *sɤjē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *stīja- |
"" | *hiici | *sijtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | (Sk *tiitə) | ← Gmc *sīdōn |
"office, position" | *virka | *vīrkē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong |
"good" | *hüvä | *sɤvē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← Ir *šiva. Mo *čiva independantly. MaPH šuŋɜ "healthy" = different |
"belt" | *hihna | - | *kšna | *šü̆štə | - | - | - | - | - | ← B. *šikšna |
"wax" | - | - | *kšta | *šištə | U śuś ~ K śiś | - | - | - | - | ← II |
"sand" | *liiva | - | - | - | U. luo ~ K. lɨva | - | - | *ɭowi | - | B ^ F → P → Kh |
Samic *ī_ē | ||||||||||
"breast" | *nisä | *ńīńčē | *ńimsä- | *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa) | ||||||
"inside; breast" | *sisä- | *čīńčē | *seźəm | *ćĭźə | - | sü(ü)ɟ; čëč |
N śiś | E ťuťi | *sünsə | Cf. the previous |
"little bird" | - | *cīcē- | - | - | K. džɨdž | - | - | *čii₂nč | *sinsä- | Onomatopoetic? |
"to let go" | - | *tīptē- | tuvto- | - | - | - | - | - | - | cf. *tejə ?? |
"sno, frost" | - | *rīnē | - | *rün | - | - | - | - | - | |
"grandmother" | - | *īmē | - | - | - | - | - | *ii₁mə | #imä | |
"frost" | - | *pīcē | - | *pöršə | *puuž | - | - | *paačəm | - | Most better *pëčə |
"" | ||||||||||
"" | ||||||||||
Permic e ~ o | ||||||||||
"daughter-in-law" | *miniä | *mɤńē | - | - | U. -meń ~ K. mooń | mëń | *mäńə | *meeń | *mäńä | |
"to rut" | *kej-ma, *kii-ma |
*kīkɤ- | - | - | U. kemdžɨ- ~ K. koj |
kej-, höö | *käj- | *kööj- | - | *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F. |
"to rip" | *kisko- | *kɤškō- | Er. śkiŕa- ~ Mk. kəśkəŕa- |
- | U. keś- ~ K. koś- | kiišaal- | E *küštəl- | *köös- | - | OU *ü? H. also köszvény "gout". Cf. *kïčkə- |
TBS: FP only | ||||||||||
"to tear" | *riicu- | *rīččō- | - | - | *reź- | - | - | - | - | |
"fang" | - | *čɤlā- | ćilä | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
"sweet" | *imelä | N amiidi | - | - | *juumol | - | - | - | - | F better ← "to suck" |
"slanted" | *vita | - | vaša- | Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk |
U vož ~ K *veež | - | - | - | - | P. "intersection" |
"to press" | *liccat- | - | - | *ləźərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- |
K. ľićkɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
"to sneeze" | *niistä- | - | - | *nü̆/ǔšte- | - | - | - | - | - | prob. unrel.: S *nīstē- 'to claim', P *ńiskɨ-- 'to whet, etc.' |
"scoop; board" | *lippVj | - | Er. ľipuža ~ Mk. ľebža |
- | - | - | - | - | - | |
"to bind" | *nito- | *nëðē- | *ńeda- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. IE |
"woman" | - | *nīsōn | Er. ńizaka, ńizańa |
- | - | - | - | - | - | |
"yarn" | - | - | - | *šü̆rtə | *šort | - | - | - | - | Or *ü |
"whole" | - | - | - | *ćĭlä | *ćɨl | - | - | - | - | Or *ü? |
TBS: East only | ||||||||||
"fire" | - | - | - | - | - | tüüz : tüze- |
*tääwət | *töɣət | - | ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular? |
"quiver" | - | - | - | - | - | tëgëz | *täwət | *tii₁ɣət | - | Possibly *-ŋ-. |
"to run, jump" | - | - | - | - | - | üüz- | *it(ɣəl-) | *ii₁t- | - | |
"doe; mother" | - | - | - | - | - | üsöö | - | *ees | - | |
"to shine" | - | - | - | - | - | šüt- | šit- | - | - | better *čekt-? |
TBS: rest | ||||||||||
"son-in-law" | *vävvü | *vīvɤ | ov | Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. weŋə |
- | vöö | - | *wööŋ | *wi²ŋə | Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-? |
"knee ~ elbow" | - | - | - | - | *pidźəs | - | *päs | - | - | |
"to tear" | - | *ńɤckē- | - | - | K. ńečkɨ- | ńeš- | - | E ńeć- | ||
"" | ||||||||||
"dark" | *pimeðä | - | - | - | *peľmɨt | - | - | - | *pəjmətä | *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark" |
"to unhair" | - | *nɤvē- | ńeveľe/ila- | - | - | - | nä/oɣt- | *ɳaaw- | *nïŋkə- | F. nivo- ← S. |
"to sho" | Es. viisA- | - | - | - | U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- | viɟaaz- | - | - | - | Cf. Gmc? |
"narro" | - | - | ťäj- | - | - | - | - | - | #täj- | Better *ä |
"decking" | - | - | - | - | K. tis(k)a | - | - | - | *tät | better *täskə? |
"grave" | - | - | - | *šüɣer | - | šee/iir(o-), †seyr |
- | - | - | |
"to run; to hurry" | - | - | Er. čije- | - | - | šiet- | *ćiɣ 'time' |
- | - | source for Ms?? Better *e-ä |
"sleigh belt" | - | *čɤnɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. śān | ← IE? |
"to moov" | *liikku- | - | - | - | - | - | *luk-, *läkʷ- | *ɬok- | *ləkə- | |
"peg" | - | *cɤŋkē | - | - | *čög | čegeľ | - | - | - | Or S ~ *tüŋkä |
"gums" | *igen | - | - | - | *aŋ | iiń(e-) | - | - | - | Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg |
"evening" | *ilta | - | Mk. iľä | - | - | - | - | W *iiLaaj | - | better *je-? |
"son" | - | - | - | *iɣə | - | - | - | N. jiix (!) | Sk. ii | |
"this / that / it" | *se : *sii- | - | *śä "this" *śijä "there" |
*seðe | - | - | - | *ćii₁ | *kä(tɜ) | |
"I" | *minä : *minu- |
*mon | *mon | *mĭńə₂ | *mön | (een : engëm) |
(*äm) | *mää(n) | *mə̈n | |
"" |