Proto-Uralic/I: Difference between revisions

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|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mordv. !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_i
! colspan="10"| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i)
| old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)?
|-
|-
| "to suck"
| "to suck"
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || ńim-, əm-
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || *ńim-, *əm-
| Two variants *imi-, *ńimi-
| Two variants *imə-, *ńimə-
|-
|-
| "stone"
| "stone"
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || ''köv-'' || *käw || *kööɣ || -
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || köö<br/>: köve- || *käw || *kööɣ || -
|-
| "year ring"
| ''*süü'' || '''*sēvɤ''' || - || *šĭja || *si || - || *täw || - || *tiə
| *siwə?
|-
|-
| "name"
| "name"
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| ĺem || style="color:red"| *lʏm || *ńim || neev || *näm || *neem || *nim
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| *ľem || style="color:red"| ''*lü̆m'' || style="color:green"| *ńim || style="color:green"| neev<br/>: neve- || *nämə || *neem || *nim
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
|-
|-
| "long"
| "long"
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peɬ-''' || *pir-
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peL-''' || *pir-
|-
| "tooth, flint"
| *pii || - || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || ''*pəj''
| S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ
|-
|-
| "tooth"
| "hedgehog"
| *pii || (''*pānē'') || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || -
| *siili || - || *śejəľ || Hi. šülə ~<br/>Me. '''šulo''' || - || †sül || '''"soule"''' || - || -
| *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H?
|-
|-
| "mouse"
| "ceiling space"
| *hiiri || - || šejer || - || '''*šɨr''' || egeer || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
| *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''*seŋ'''
|-
|-
| "last"
| "last"
| *vii-<!--viime-, viipy- --> || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
| *vii--<!--viime-, viipy- --> || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
|-
| "to kill"
| - || <span style="color:green">*fɤðō-</span><br/>"to beat" || - || - || *vijɨ- || öl- || *äl- || *weeL- ||
| H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded.
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - || *ńir-- || ńiir(o)- || - || - || Ne. ńira-
|-
|-
| "cloud"
| "cloud"
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peĺ || *pəl<!--@~7--> || *piĺ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peləŋ'' || -
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peľ || *pĭl ||style="color:green"| *piľ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peLəŋ'' || -
| Kh. *e / _CC?
| Kh. *e / _CC?
|-
| "to smell"
| - || KiT *lɤkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || Vj <span style="color:green">ɭööɣ-</span> || -
|-
| "connecting river"
| - || - || - || ''*wiš'' || *vis(k-) || *äɣt || - || - || -
| StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-.
|-
| "tongs"
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bast"
| *niini || - || (<span style="color:red">ľeŋgɜ</span>) || ń/ni || ńiń/n || - || - || - || -
| can be *nijənə, *nixənə etc.
|-
| "now"
| *nükü-- || - || Er. ńej<br/>~ Mk. ''ńi'' || - || *ni<!--K Peč. nɨn--> || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| "to stay"
| *pisü- || - || *pezə- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 46: Line 85:
|-
|-
| "5"
| "5"
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || vete ||style="color:red"| *vəəć || *vit || *öt || *ät || *weet || '''*wüt'''
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color:green"| *vĭć || *vit || öt(ö-) || *ät || *weet || *wü(ə)t
| H. *wi- → ö-. FS *wiiti
| *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'?
|-
| "gadfly"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *päləm || *peeLəm || #pil-
|-
| "to pull"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńär-əmt- || *ńeer- || -
| CMs *ńä- > *ńi-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?)
|-
| "mouse"
| *hiiri || - || *šeŋəŕ || - || ''*šɨr'' || '''egeer'''<br/>: '''egere-''' || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
|-
| "behind"
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || Hi məŋge ~<br/>Me '''möŋgö''' || K. ''mɨ-śt'' || mëg || CMs *män-t || - || -
| F *iwä > *üwä > *öö
|-
| "illness"
| *kitu- || - || - || - || ''*kɨž'' || - || - || ''*kečə'' || -
|-
| "prop"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ńežə- || - || K. ''mɨdž'' || - || E määs || ''*me₂č'' || -
| Fi. nyde better < *nüðə
|-
| "conifer branch"
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || ''*lɨs(k-)'' || - || - || style="color:red"| *leepəs || -
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || K <span style="color:red">''šɨlgɨ-''</span> || -  || '''*tiɣl-''' || ''*ɬe₁ɣəL-'' || *tij-
| Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/
|-
| "to bathe"
| - || - || - || - || ''*pɨlaś-'' || style="color:red"| '''*fürö-''' || *päɣl- || *pööɣəL- || -
| cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??)
|-
| "rise (of water)"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ɨt-va'' || - || - || *eepət- || -
|-
| "spark"
| *kipen-- || *kɤpɤ || - || - || K. ''*kɨń'' || - || - || - || -
| S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also ''*küben''
|-
| "threshing<br/>ground"
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. '''inšɨr'''<br/> ~ K. ''rɨnɨš'' || - || - || - || -
| E. '''rehi'''. Gmc (''Riege'' etc) ← F.
|-
| "thick; big"
| - || - || *ečkɜ || - || K. ''*ɨdžɨt'' || - || - || - || -
| medials?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä)
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī-ɤ
|-
| "to soften"
| - || *tīnɤ- || - || - || - || - || *tim-<br/>*tintəl- || *tentəL- || -
| StUE4
|-
| "coal"
| - || *čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen<br/>: sene- || - || - || -
| Or H. < *ćänä "tinder"
|-
| "smell"
| - || *cīvnɤ || *čijńɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixə-nə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ??
|-
|-
| "eye"
| "eye"
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || seĺme || *s/šinzä || *śin || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || *śeľmɜ || *s/šinzä || ''*śin(m-)'' || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
|-
|-
| "father; big"
| "father; big"
| *isä || *ɤčē || '''oćä''' || *ɪza || - || öös || *äs || - || style="color:red"| '''*ejsä'''
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ĭźa || - || öös || *äćə || - || style="color:red"| '''*äjsä'''
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy?
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)?
|-
|-
| "to appear"
| "to appear"
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || || || || || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || - || - || - || - || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
|-
|-
| "to pass over"
| "(to) smell"
| - || *vɤlē- || - || - || *vi- || öl- || *äl- || *weeɬ- ||
| - || *ɤpsē- || Mk. '''opəś''' || *üpš ||style="color:red"| K. isk- || ''iiz(e-)'' || *ät(ə)- || *eepəL || *əptə-
| H. *wi- → ö-
|-
| "to cover"
| *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || -
|-
| "deep; calm"
| *tüveni || *tɤvē || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *täwənt || *teeɣən || -
| F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: <font color="red">*süvä</font>?
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || *käšV || *kööčəɣ || -
|-
| "fir; pine"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| Hi tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || N. teexər || -
| OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?!
|-
|-
| "to smell"
| "to hit"
| - || ɤpsē- || '''opəś-''' || *üpš- || K. is- || ''iiz-'' || *ät- || *eepəɬ- || əptə-
| - || - || *keŕV- || *kĭre- || *köral- || - || Tv kär- || - || -
|-
|-
| "age"
| "sky"
| *ikä || *(j)ɤkē || '''ij''' || - || - || eev || - || - || -
| - || - || *meńəľ || - || - || mëńń || - || - || -
| ← IE?
| *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń
|-
|-
| "crowd"
| "crowd"
| - || *vɤlvē || veĺä || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *vɤlvē || *veľɜ || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "slanted"
| "slanted"
| *vino || *vɤńē || veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "gap"
| - || - || - || *wiš || *vis || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "trap"
| "trap"
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style="color:red"| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style="color:red"| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick"
| *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-'''<br/>~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay"
|-
|-
| "more, to add"
| "more, to add"
| *lisä || *lɤsē || ĺezä || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *lisä || *lɤsē || *ľezɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| ""
| "rowan"
| || || || || || || || ||
| *pihlä || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style="color:red"| *pĭzlə || U. '''paledź'''<br/>~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - || *päćər || ''*pećər'' || -
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans
! colspan="10"| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!)
|-
|-
| "place"
| "place"
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *stīja-
| ← Gmc *stīja-
|-
| ""
| *hiici || *sijtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Sk *tiitə)
| ← Gmc *sīdōn
|-
| "office, position"
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong
|-
| "good"
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir *šiva. Mo ''*čiva'' independantly. MaPH ''šuŋɜ'' "healthy" = different
|-
| "belt"
| *hihna || - || *kšna || *šü̆štə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *šikšna
|-
| "wax"
| - || - || *kšta || *šištə || U śuś ~ K śiś || - || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "sand"
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - ||style="color:green"| *ɭowi || -
| B ^ F → P → Kh
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē
Line 104: Line 244:
| "breast"
| "breast"
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| Somewhat regular. S. *i → *í also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
| *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
|-
| "inside; breast"
| *sisä- || *čīńčē || style="color:red"| *seźəm<!--NSES--> || *ćĭźə || - || sü(ü)ɟ;<br/>čëč || N śiś || E ťuťi || *sünsə
| Cf. the previous
|-
|-
| "little bird"
| "little bird"
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čiinč || *sinsä-
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čii₂nč || *sinsä-
| Onomatopoetic?
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
|-
| "to let go"
| "to let go"
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. *tejə ??
|-
|-
| "sno, frost"
| "sno, frost"
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grandmother"
| - || *īmē || - || - || - || - || - || *ii₁mə || #imä
|-
| "frost"
| - || *pīcē || - ||style="color:red"| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || -
| Most better *pëčə
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
|-
|-
| "daughter-in-law"
| "daughter-in-law"
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. ''-meń'' ~ K. ''moń'' || mëń || mäń || *meeń || '''*meńä'''
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. -meń ~ K. mooń || mëń || *mäńə || *meeń || '''*mäńä'''
|-
|-
| "to rut"
| "to rut"
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. ''kemdžɨ-'' ~ K. ''koj'' || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| ''*kej-ma,<br/>*kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. kemdžɨ-<br/>~ K. koj || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| *kixi ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
| *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
|-
|-
| "to pull"
| "to rip"
| *kisko- || *kɤškó- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. ''keśɯ-'' ~ K. ''koś-'' || ''kiisaal-'' || - || - || -
| *kisko- || *kɤškō- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~<br/>Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. keś- ~ K. koś- || ''kiišaal-'' || E '''*küštəl-''' || *köös- || -
| Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kičke-]]
| OU *ü? H. also ''köszvény'' "gout". Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kïčkə-]]
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Messy stuff
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
|-
| "dark"
| "to tear"
| *pim-eða || - || - || - || *peĺmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
| *-ðʲm- ?
|-
|-
| "to unhair"
| "fang"
| *nivo- || *nɤvē- || ńeveĺ- || - || - || - || - || '''*noow-''' || '''*nɯŋkə-'''
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "weather"
| "sweet"
| ''*ilma'' || *ɤlmē || - || - || U. in ~ K. jen || - || '''*jiiləm''' || '''*jiiɬəm''' || -
| *imelä || N amiidi || - || - || '''*juumol''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| F better ← "to suck"
| "to sho"
| *viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc.
|-
|-
| "slanted"
| "slanted"
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk || U. '''vož''' ~ K. viž || - || - || - || -
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~<br/>Me. wažɤk || U '''vož''' ~ K *veež || - || - || - || -
| P. "intersection"
| P. "intersection"
|-
| "to press"
| *liccat- || - || - || *ləźərte- ~<br/>"JU" lazerte- || K. <span style="color:red">ľićkɨ-</span> || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to sneeze"
| *niistä- || - || - || *nü̆/ǔšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| prob. unrel.: S *nīstē- 'to claim', P *ńiskɨ-- 'to whet, etc.'
|-
| "scoop; board"
| *lippVj || - || Er. ľipuža<br/>~ Mk. ľebža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to bind"
| *nito- || *nëðē- || *ńed'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. IE
|-
| "woman"
| - || *nīsōn || Er. ńizaka,<br/>ńizańa || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "yarn"
| - || - || - || *šü̆rtə || '''*šort''' || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü
|-
| "whole"
| - || - || - || *ćĭl'''ä''' || *ćɨl || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "fire"
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz<br/>: tüze- || *tääwət || *töɣət || -
| ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular?
|-
| "quiver"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| tëgëz || *täwət || '''*tii₁ɣət''' || -
| Possibly *-ŋ-.
|-
| "to run, jump"
| - || - || - || - || - || üüz- || *it(ɣəl-) || *ii₁t- || -
|-
| "doe; mother"
| - || - || - || - || - || üsöö || - || *ees || -
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || šit- || - || -
| better *čekt-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: rest
|-
| "son-in-law"
| '''*vävvü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~<br/>Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wi²ŋə
| Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-?
|-
| "knee ~ elbow"
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || -
|-
|-
| "to tear"
| "to tear"
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
| - || *ńɤckē- || - || - || K. ńečkɨ- || ńeš- || - || E <span style="color:red">''ńeć-''</span> ||
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. inšɨr ~ K. rɨnɨš || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
| E. '''rehi'''. Cf. Ger. Riege?!
|-
|-
| "short; to cut"
| "dark"
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || *riiɣ- || -
| *pimeðä || - || - || - || *peľmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark"
|-
| "to unhair"
| - || *nɤvē- || ńeveľe/ila- || - || - || - || ''nä/oɣt-'' || style="color:green"| '''*ɳaaw-''' || '''*nïŋkə-'''
| F. nivo- ← S.
|-
| "to sho"
| Es. viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc?
|-
|-
| "narro"
| "narro"
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || *tij-
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || #täj-
| Better *ä
|-
|-
| "decking"
| "decking"
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || Ne. ćet ~ Ka. tɤɤʔ
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || *tät
| better *täskə?
|-
|-
| "grave"
| "grave"
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| šiir || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| ''šee/iir(o-)'',<br/>†seyr || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || style="color:red"| *ćüw-, *śiɣ- || - || -
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || <span style="color:red">*ćiɣ</span><br>'time' || - || -
|-
| source for Ms?? Better *e-ä
| "smoke; fog"
| - || - || - || - || *čɨŋ || - || '''*šeeŋkʷ-''' || '''*čüüɣ''' ||
| Rather *äx or something
|-
| "smell"
| - || *cīvnɤ || čijńe || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixi-ni?
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || süt- || šit- || - || -
|-
|-
| "sleigh belt"
| "sleigh belt"
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śään
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śān
| ← IE?
| ← IE?
|-
|-
| "hill"
| "to moov"
| E. süŋk || - || - || *šʏŋɣä || - ||style="color:red"| šeeg ||style="color:red"| *śääŋkʷ || style="color:red"| *śooŋk ||
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
| S '''*čoaŋkē''' "tuber" cf. F. *soŋka
|-
|-
| "all"
| "peg"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *ćɪlä || U. ćɨl- ~ K. ćil- || - || - || - || -
| - || *cɤŋkē || - || - || *čög<!--K → čegɤs--> || čegeľ || - || - || -
| Or S ~ *tüŋkä
|-
|-
| "fang"
| "gums"
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *igen || - || - || - || *aŋ || iiń(e-) || - || - || -
| Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg
|-
|-
| "sap"
| "evening"
| - || - || - || - || *li || - || - || - || Kam. "lêji"
| *ilta || - || Mk. iľä || - || - || - || - || W *iiLaaj || -
|-
| better *je-?
| "to moov"
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
|-
|-
| "sand"
| "son"
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - || *ḷowi ||
| - || - || - || *iɣə || - || - || - || N. jiix (!) || Sk. ii
|-
|-
| "to smash"
| "this / that / it"
| *licca- || - || - || *ləzərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- || K. ĺićkɯ- || || || ||
| *se : *sii- || - || *śä "this"<br/>*śijä "there" || '''*seðe''' || - || - || - || *ćii₁ || style="color:red"| '''*kä(tɜ)'''
|-
|-
| ""
| "I"
| *lippi || - || Er. ĺipuža ~ Mk. ĺebžat || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *minä :<br/> *minu-|| '''*mon''' || '''*mon''' || *mĭńə₂ || *mön || (een :<br/>''engëm'') || (*äm) || *mää(n) || *mə̈n
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 08:37, 26 December 2018

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i) old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)?
"to suck" *ime- ńɤmɤ- - - K. ńim- ëm- - *eem- *ńim-, *əm- Two variants *imə-, *ńimə-
"stone" *kivi - kev *küj U. kɤ ~ K. ki köö
: köve-		 *käw *kööɣ -
"year ring" *süü *sēvɤ - *šĭja *si - *täw - *tiə *siwə?
"name" *nimi *nɤmɤ *ľem *lü̆m *ńim neev
: neve-		 *nämə *neem *nim Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
"long" *pit-kä - - - - fël-, föl- *pälit *peL- *pir-
"tooth, flint" *pii - pej *püj *piń fog *päŋk *pööŋk *pəj S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ
"hedgehog" *siili - *śejəľ Hi. šülə ~
Me. šulo		 - †sül "soule" - - *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H?
"ceiling space" *sii- - - - *śig - - *siiŋ *seŋ
"last" *vii-- - - - - veeg - - -
"to kill" - *fɤðō-
"to beat"		 - - *vijɨ- öl- *äl- *weeL- H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded.
"to scrape" - - - - *ńir-- ńiir(o)- - - Ne. ńira-
"cloud" *pilvi *pɤlvɤ peľ *pĭl *piľ- felhöö - *peLəŋ - Kh. *e / _CC?
"to smell" - KiT *lɤkɤ - - - - - Vj ɭööɣ- -
"connecting river" - - - *wiš *vis(k-) *äɣt - - - StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-.
"tongs" *pihti *pɤstɤ peš - K. peš - - - -
"bast" *niini - (ľeŋgɜ) ń/ni ńiń/n - - - - can be *nijənə, *nixənə etc.
"now" *nükü-- - Er. ńej
~ Mk. ńi		 - *ni - - - - *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
"to stay" *pisü- - *pezə- pižä- - - - - - *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
""
"visible" *ilmi *ɤlmɤ - - - - - - - ← *ilma
"wonder" *imeh *ɤmɤs - - - - - - - ← B?
"5" *viici *vītɤ *veťɜ *vĭć *vit öt(ö-) *ät *weet *wü(ə)t *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'?
"gadfly" - - - - - - *päləm *peeLəm #pil-
"to pull" - - - - - ńer- *ńär-əmt- *ńeer- - CMs *ńä- > *ńi-
Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?)
"mouse" *hiiri - *šeŋəŕ - *šɨr egeer
: egere-		 *täŋkər *ɬööŋkər -
"behind" *möö- *mɤŋē mej- Hi məŋge ~
Me möŋgö		 K. mɨ-śt mëg CMs *män-t - - F *iwä > *üwä > *öö
"illness" *kitu- - - - *kɨž - - *kečə -
"prop" - - *ńežə- - K. mɨdž - E määs *me₂č - Fi. nyde better < *nüðə
"conifer branch" - - - *lüjəš *lɨs(k-) - - *leepəs -
"to fly" - - - - K šɨlgɨ- - *tiɣl- *ɬe₁ɣəL- *tij- Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/
"to bathe" - - - - *pɨlaś- *fürö- *päɣl- *pööɣəL- - cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??)
"rise (of water)" - - - - K. ɨt-va - - *eepət- -
"spark" *kipen-- *kɤpɤ - - K. *kɨń - - - - S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also *küben
"threshing
ground" 		*riihi - - - U. inšɨr
~ K. rɨnɨš		 - - - - E. rehi. Gmc (Riege etc) ← F.
"thick; big" - - *ečkɜ - K. *ɨdžɨt - - - - medials?
Samic *ī-ɤ
"to soften" - *tīnɤ- - - - - *tim-
*tintəl-		 *tentəL- - StUE4
"coal" - *čīnɤ - - - seen
: sene-		 - - - Or H. < *ćänä "tinder"
"smell" - *cīvnɤ *čijńɜ - - - - - - *čixə-nə?
Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ??
"eye" *silmä *čɤlmē *śeľmɜ *s/šinzä *śin(m-) sëm *šäm *seem *səjmä
"father; big" *isä *ɤčē Mk. oćä *ĭźa - öös *äćə - *äjsä Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from oću "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)?
"to appear" *itä- *ɤcé- - - - - *ätər- *eet- *ətä- Cf. IE *ǵīd-
"(to) smell" - *ɤpsē- Mk. opəś *üpš K. isk- iiz(e-) *ät(ə)- *eepəL *əptə-
"to cover" *pint-eh - - - *pod fëd- *pänt- *peent- -
"deep; calm" *tüveni *tɤvē - *tüɣə - - *täwənt *teeɣən - F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä?
"knife" - - - kü̆źə - keeš *käšV *kööčəɣ -
"fir; pine" - - - Hi tɤrke - - *tärəɣ N. teexər - OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?!
"to hit" - - *keŕV- *kĭre- *köral- - Tv kär- - -
"sky" - - *meńəľ - - mëńń - - - *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń
"crowd" - *vɤlvē *veľɜ *-wəlä - - - - -
"slanted" *vino *vɤńē Er veńaža - - - - - -
"trap" *rita *rɤtē - *lüðe K. *ri - - - -
"to stick" *pistä- *pɤstē- - Hi. pište-
~ Me. pɤšte-		 - - - - - *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay"
"more, to add" *lisä *lɤsē *ľezɜ - - - - - -
"rowan" *pihlä - *piźəl *pĭzlə U. paledź
~ K. pelɨź		 - *päćər *pećər -
""
Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!)
"place" *sija *sɤjē - - - - - - - ← Gmc *stīja-
"" *hiici *sijtɤ - - - - - - (Sk *tiitə) ← Gmc *sīdōn
"office, position" *virka *vīrkē - - - - - - - ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong
"good" *hüvä *sɤvē - - - - - - - ← Ir *šiva. Mo *čiva independantly. MaPH šuŋɜ "healthy" = different
"belt" *hihna - *kšna *šü̆štə - - - - - ← B. *šikšna
"wax" - - *kšta *šištə U śuś ~ K śiś - - - - ← II
"sand" *liiva - - - U. luo ~ K. lɨva - - *ɭowi - B ^ F → P → Kh
Samic *ī_ē
"breast" *nisä *ńīńčē *ńimsä- *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
"inside; breast" *sisä- *čīńčē *seźəm *ćĭźə - sü(ü)ɟ;
čëč		 N śiś E ťuťi *sünsə Cf. the previous
"little bird" - *cīcē- - - K. džɨdž - - *čii₂nč *sinsä- Onomatopoetic?
"to let go" - *tīptē- tuvto- - - - - - - cf. *tejə ??
"sno, frost" - *rīnē - *rün - - - - -
"grandmother" - *īmē - - - - - *ii₁mə #imä
"frost" - *pīcē - *pöršə *puuž - - *paačəm - Most better *pëčə
""
""
Permic e ~ o
"daughter-in-law" *miniä *mɤńē - - U. -meń ~ K. mooń mëń *mäńə *meeń *mäńä
"to rut" *kej-ma,
*kii-ma		 *kīkɤ- - - U. kemdžɨ-
~ K. koj		 kej-, höö *käj- *kööj- - *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
"to rip" *kisko- *kɤškō- Er. śkiŕa- ~
Mk. kəśkəŕa-		 - U. keś- ~ K. koś- kiišaal- E *küštəl- *köös- - OU *ü? H. also köszvény "gout". Cf. *kïčkə-
TBS: FP only
"to tear" *riicu- *rīččō- - - *reź- - - - -
"fang" - *čɤlā- ćilä - - - - - -
"sweet" *imelä N amiidi - - *juumol - - - - F better ← "to suck"
"slanted" *vita - vaša- Hi. wočɤk ~
Me. wažɤk		 U vož ~ K *veež - - - - P. "intersection"
"to press" *liccat- - - *ləźərte- ~
"JU" lazerte-		 K. ľićkɨ- - - - -
"to sneeze" *niistä- - - *nü̆/ǔšte- - - - - - prob. unrel.: S *nīstē- 'to claim', P *ńiskɨ-- 'to whet, etc.'
"scoop; board" *lippVj - Er. ľipuža
~ Mk. ľebža		 - - - - - -
"to bind" *nito- *nëðē- *ńeda- - - - - - - Cf. IE
"woman" - *nīsōn Er. ńizaka,
ńizańa		 - - - - - -
"yarn" - - - *šü̆rtə *šort - - - - Or *ü
"whole" - - - *ćĭlä *ćɨl - - - - Or *ü?
TBS: East only
"fire" - - - - - tüüz
: tüze-		 *tääwət *töɣət - ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular?
"quiver" - - - - - tëgëz *täwət *tii₁ɣət - Possibly *-ŋ-.
"to run, jump" - - - - - üüz- *it(ɣəl-) *ii₁t- -
"doe; mother" - - - - - üsöö - *ees -
"to shine" - - - - - šüt- šit- - - better *čekt-?
TBS: rest
"son-in-law" *vävvü *vīvɤ ov Hi. wiŋgə ~
Me. weŋə		 - vöö - *wööŋ *wi²ŋə Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-?
"knee ~ elbow" - - - - *pidźəs - *päs - -
"to tear" - *ńɤckē- - - K. ńečkɨ- ńeš- - E ńeć-
""
"dark" *pimeðä - - - *peľmɨt - - - *pəjmətä *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark"
"to unhair" - *nɤvē- ńeveľe/ila- - - - nä/oɣt- *ɳaaw- *nïŋkə- F. nivo- ← S.
"to sho" Es. viisA- - - - U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- viɟaaz- - - - Cf. Gmc?
"narro" - - ťäj- - - - - - #täj- Better *ä
"decking" - - - - K. tis(k)a - - - *tät better *täskə?
"grave" - - - *šüɣer - šee/iir(o-),
†seyr		 - - -
"to run; to hurry" - - Er. čije- - - šiet- *ćiɣ
'time'		 - - source for Ms?? Better *e-ä
"sleigh belt" - *čɤnɤ - - - - - - Ne. śān ← IE?
"to moov" *liikku- - - - - - *luk-, *läkʷ- *ɬok- *ləkə-
"peg" - *cɤŋkē - - *čög čegeľ - - - Or S ~ *tüŋkä
"gums" *igen - - - *aŋ iiń(e-) - - - Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg
"evening" *ilta - Mk. iľä - - - - W *iiLaaj - better *je-?
"son" - - - *iɣə - - - N. jiix (!) Sk. ii
"this / that / it" *se : *sii- - *śä "this"
*śijä "there"		 *seðe - - - *ćii₁ *kä(tɜ)
"I" *minä :
*minu-		 *mon *mon *mĭńə₂ *mön (een :
engëm)		 (*äm) *mää(n) *mə̈n
""
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