Proto-Cardial: Difference between revisions

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Proto-Cardial is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Cardial]] languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 6.200 BC, and it's asociated to [[wikipedia:Cardium pottery|Cardium pottery]].
'''Proto-Cardial''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Cardial]] languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around '''6.200 BC''', and it's asociated to [[wikipedia:Cardium pottery|Cardium pottery]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Verbal paradigm===
====Class I====
Subject is marked with: Nominative
Object is marked with: Absolutive
====Class II====
Subject is marked with: Nominative
Object is marked with: Absolutive
====Class III====
Subject is marked with: Ergative
Object is marked with: Absolutive
====Class IV====
Subject is marked with: Nominative
Object is marked with: Absolutive
====Class V====
Subject is marked with: Nominative
Object is marked with: Absolutive


==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==
[[Category:Cardial]]

Revision as of 08:01, 28 October 2018

Proto-Cardial is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Cardial languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 6.200 BC, and it's asociated to Cardium pottery.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
Sibilant Lateral
Nasals *m *n
Stops Ejective *p' *t' *k' *q'
Voiceless *p *t *k *q
Voiced *b *d *g
Affricates Ejective *ts' *tʃ'
Voiceless *ts *tʃ *tɬ
Voiced *dz *dʒ
Fricatives *s ~ *z? *ʃ ~ *ʒ? *x *h
Liquid *l *r

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High *i *u
Mid *e *o
Low *a

The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages.

  Palatized Central Labialized
High *ʲɨ /i/ *ʷɨ /u/
Mid *ʲə /e/ *ʷə /o/
Low *ʲɐ /æ/ *ʷɐ /a/

Morphology

Pronouns

  Singular Plural
1st person Exclusive *ʔɐgɐ ~ *ʔɐkɐ *ŋɐ
Inclusive - *bɐ
2nd person Casual *t'u *χa
Polite *si *χæ
3rd person *sɐ *sɐ?
Demonstrative Proximal *ʔi *hi
Medial-proximal *ʔe *he
Medial-distal *ʔu *hu
Distal *ʔa *ha
Indeterminate *t'ɐ *t'ɐ?
Interrogative/relative Thing (What) *mɐ *mɐ?
Person (Who) *ŋɨʃɐ *ŋɨʃɐ?

Verbal paradigm

Class I

Subject is marked with: Nominative

Object is marked with: Absolutive


Class II

Subject is marked with: Nominative

Object is marked with: Absolutive

Class III

Subject is marked with: Ergative

Object is marked with: Absolutive


Class IV

Subject is marked with: Nominative

Object is marked with: Absolutive


Class V

Subject is marked with: Nominative

Object is marked with: Absolutive


Lexicon