Verbs in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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  |-
  |-
  ! Past Realis
  ! Past Realis
  | ''nawdud'' || ''nuwaddam'' || covered || ''nawdid'' || ''niwaddam'' || was covered
  | ''nawdud'' || ''nuwaddəm'' || covered || ''nawdid'' || ''niwaddəm'' || was covered
  |-
  |-
  ! Past Irrealis
  ! Past Irrealis
  | ''yawdud'' || ''yowaddam'' || might have covered || ''yawdid'' || ''yewaddam'' || might have been covered
  | ''yawdud'' || ''yowaddəm'' || might have covered || ''yawdid'' || ''yewaddəm'' || might have been covered
  |-  
  |-  
  ! Present Realis
  ! Present Realis
  | ''wadud'' || ''waddam'' || cover || ''wadid'' || ''waddam'' || is covered
  | ''wadud'' || ''waddəm'' || cover || ''wadid'' || ''waddəm'' || is covered
  |-
  |-
  ! Present Irrealis
  ! Present Irrealis
  | ''hawdud'' || ''huwaddam'' || might cover || ''hawdid'' || ''hiwaddam'' || might be covered
  | ''hawdud'' || ''huwaddəm'' || might cover || ''hawdid'' || ''hiwaddəm'' || might be covered
  |-
  |-
  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ʾawdud'' || ''ʾawaddam'' || will cover || ''ʾawdid'' || ''ʾewaddam'' || will be covered
  | ''ʾawdud'' || ''ʾawaddəm'' || will cover || ''ʾawdid'' || ''ʾewaddəm'' || will be covered
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |-
  |-
  ! Past Realis
  ! Past Realis
  | ''nūdud'' || ''nuwaddam'' || covered || ''nīdid'' || ''niwaddam'' || was covered
  | ''nūdud'' || ''nuwaddəm'' || covered || ''nīdid'' || ''niwaddəm'' || was covered
  |-
  |-
  ! Past Irrealis
  ! Past Irrealis
  | ''yūdud'' || ''yowaddam'' || might have covered || ''yīdid'' || ''yewaddam'' || might have been covered
  | ''yūdud'' || ''yowaddəm'' || might have covered || ''yīdid'' || ''yewaddəm'' || might have been covered
  |-  
  |-  
  ! Present Realis
  ! Present Realis
  | ''wadud'' || ''waddam'' || cover || ''wadid'' || ''waddam'' || is covered
  | ''wadud'' || ''waddəm'' || cover || ''wadid'' || ''waddəm'' || is covered
  |-
  |-
  ! Present Irrealis
  ! Present Irrealis
  | ''hūdud'' || ''huwaddam'' || might cover || ''hīdid'' || ''hiwaddam'' || might be covered
  | ''hūdud'' || ''huwaddəm'' || might cover || ''hīdid'' || ''hiwaddəm'' || might be covered
  |-
  |-
  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ʾōdud'' || ''ʾawaddam'' || will cover || ''ʾīdid'' || ''ʾewaddam'' || will be covered
  | ''ʾōdud'' || ''ʾawaddəm'' || will cover || ''ʾīdid'' || ''ʾewaddəm'' || will be covered
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |-
  |-
  ! Past Realis
  ! Past Realis
  | ''nutūl'' || ''nutūlam'' || destroyed || ''nitīl'' || ''nitīlam'' || was destroyed
  | ''nutūl'' || ''nutūləm'' || destroyed || ''nitīl'' || ''nitīləm'' || was destroyed
  |-
  |-
  ! Past Irrealis
  ! Past Irrealis
  | ''yotūl'' || ''yotūlam'' || might have destroyed || ''yetīl'' || ''yetīlam'' || might have been destroyed
  | ''yotūl'' || ''yotūləm'' || might have destroyed || ''yetīl'' || ''yetīləm'' || might have been destroyed
  |-  
  |-  
  ! Present Realis
  ! Present Realis
  | ''tayul'' || ''tēlam'' || destroy || ''tayil'' || ''tēlam'' || is destroyed
  | ''tayul'' || ''tēləm'' || destroy || ''tayil'' || ''tēləm'' || is destroyed
  |-
  |-
  ! Present Irrealis
  ! Present Irrealis
  | ''hutūl'' || ''hutūlam'' || might destroy || ''hitīl'' || ''hitīlam'' || might be destroyed
  | ''hutūl'' || ''hutūləm'' || might destroy || ''hitīl'' || ''hitīləm'' || might be destroyed
  |-
  |-
  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ʾatūl'' || ''ʾatūlam'' || will destroy || ''ʾetīl'' || ''ʾetīlam'' || will be destroyed
  | ''ʾatūl'' || ''ʾatūləm'' || will destroy || ''ʾetīl'' || ''ʾetīləm'' || will be destroyed
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |-
  |-
  ! Past Realis
  ! Past Realis
  | ''nunšay'' || ''nunašyam'' || wanted || ''ninšay'' || ''ninašyam'' || was wanted
  | ''nunšay'' || ''nunašyəm'' || wanted || ''ninšay'' || ''ninašyəm'' || was wanted
  |-
  |-
  ! Past Irrealis
  ! Past Irrealis
  | ''yonšay'' || ''yonašyam'' || might have wanted || ''yenšay'' || ''yenašyam'' || might have been wanted
  | ''yonšay'' || ''yonašyəm'' || might have wanted || ''yenšay'' || ''yenašyəm'' || might have been wanted
  |-  
  |-  
  ! Present Realis
  ! Present Realis
  | ''našay'' || ''našyam'' || want || ''našay'' || ''našyam'' || is wanted
  | ''našay'' || ''našyəm'' || want || ''našay'' || ''našyəm'' || is wanted
  |-
  |-
  ! Present Irrealis
  ! Present Irrealis
  | ''hunšay'' || ''hunašyam'' || might want || ''hinšay'' || ''hinašyam'' || might be wanted
  | ''hunšay'' || ''hunašyəm'' || might want || ''hinšay'' || ''hinašyəm'' || might be wanted
  |-
  |-
  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ʾanšay'' || ''ʾanašyam'' || will want || ''ʾenšay'' || ''ʾenašyam'' || will be wanted
  | ''ʾanšay'' || ''ʾanašyəm'' || will want || ''ʾenšay'' || ''ʾenašyəm'' || will be wanted
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |-
  |-
  ! Past Realis
  ! Past Realis
  | ''nunšū'' || ''nunašyam'' || wanted || ''ninšī'' || ''ninašyam'' || was wanted
  | ''nunšū'' || ''nunašyəm'' || wanted || ''ninšī'' || ''ninašyəm'' || was wanted
  |-
  |-
  ! Past Irrealis
  ! Past Irrealis
  | ''yonšū'' || ''yonašyam'' || might have wanted || ''yenšī'' || ''yenašyam'' || might have been wanted
  | ''yonšū'' || ''yonašyəm'' || might have wanted || ''yenšī'' || ''yenašyəm'' || might have been wanted
  |-  
  |-  
  ! Present Realis
  ! Present Realis
  | ''našū'' || ''našyam'' || want || ''našī'' || ''našyam'' || is wanted
  | ''našū'' || ''našyəm'' || want || ''našī'' || ''našyəm'' || is wanted
  |-
  |-
  ! Present Irrealis
  ! Present Irrealis
  | ''hunšū'' || ''hunašyam'' || might want || ''hinšī'' || ''hinašyam'' || might be wanted
  | ''hunšū'' || ''hunašyəm'' || might want || ''hinšī'' || ''hinašyəm'' || might be wanted
  |-
  |-
  ! Future
  ! Future
  | ''ʾanšū'' || ''ʾanašyam'' || will want || ''ʾenšī'' || ''ʾenašyam'' || will be wanted
  | ''ʾanšū'' || ''ʾanašyəm'' || will want || ''ʾenšī'' || ''ʾenašyəm'' || will be wanted
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 08:05, 16 October 2018

Vrkhazhian verbs are called madsiṟud (singular madsiṟu). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root (which is collectively called masčišu and translated as "pattern"), though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active, passive, causative, and reflexive). There are five tenses (past, past progressive, present, present progressive, and future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. There is only one aspect: the perfect, called saẕkeru, which is indicated by reduplicating the entire verb. Additionally, there are also five moods (indicative, jussive, subjunctive, commissive, and propositive) and these are also indicated by prefix, placed closer to the base form than the tense prefixes. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix -am.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb d-s-ṟ (to do, to perform, to execute, to act). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called dusaṟ because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Madsirən (Indicative)

This is the simplest basic form of a verb, it gives the general idea of its root.

d-s-r (to do, to act, to finish)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Infinitive dsarru to do dsarri to be done
Past Realis nudsur nudasrəm did nidsir nidasrəm was done
Past Irrealis yodsur yodasrəm might have done yedsir yedasrəm might have been done
Present Realis dasur dasrəm does dasir dasrəm is done
Present Irrealis hudsur hudasrəm might do hidsir hidasrəm might be done
Future ʾadsur ʾadasrəm will do ʾedsir ʾedasrəm will be done

Madsirən (Causative)

This stem is formed by gemminating the middle root. The meaning this stem imparts is either causative.

d-s-r (to do, to act, to finish)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Infinitive dassarru to activate dassarri to be activated
Past Realis nudassur nudassurəm activated nidassir nidassirəm was activated
Past Irrealis yodassur yodassurəm might have activated yedassir yedassirəm might have been activated
Present Realis dassur dassurəm activates dassir dassirəm is activated
Present Irrealis hudassur hudassurəm might activate hidassir hidassirəm might be activated
Future ʾadassur ʾadassurəm will activate ʾedassir ʾedassirəm will be activated

Madsirən (Applicative)

This stem is formed by infixing -əh- after the second consonant of the root. The meaning this stem imparts is applicative, where an oblique object is promoted to direct object.

d-s-r (to do, to act, to finish)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Infinitive dsaharru to outdo dsaharri to be outdone
Past Realis nudsəhur nudsəhurəm outdid nidsəhir nidsəhirəm was outdone
Past Irrealis yodsəhur yodsəhuram might have outdone yedsəhir yedsəhirəm might have been outdone
Present Realis dasəhur dasəhurəm outdoes dasəhir dasəhirəm is outdone
Present Irrealis hudsəhur hudsəhurəm might outdo hidsəhir hidsəhirəm might be outdone
Future ʾadsəhur ʾadsəhurəm will outdo ʾedsəhir ʾedsəhirəm will be outdone

Verb moods

Vrkhazhian has five moods, which are indicated by prefixed placed closer to the base form than the tense prefixes. These are the indicative, the jussive, the subjunctive, the commissive, and the propositive.

The indicative mood is the default mood of verbs and indicates what the speakers believes to be a statement of fact. The jussive mood is mainly used for expressing obligation or duty, but when there are no subject pronouns or nouns, it functions as the imperative mood, expressing direct commands to the adressee(s). The subjunctive mood expresses hypothetical actions or situations, primarily in that-clauses. Additionally, it can function as the optative mood, expressing a wish or desire. The commissive mood expresses a commitment to do something, like a promise or threat, and the propositive mood simply expresses suggestions or propositions.

d-s-r (to do, to act, to finish)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Directive widsur widasram must do widsir widasram must be done
Subjunctive bidsur bidasram may do bidsir bidasram may be done
Commissive šədsur šədasram shall do šədsir šədasram shall be done

Weak Verbs

Verbs are considered weak if the root contains a weak radical, which are called called haẏwan. These weak radicals are ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨h⟩. Weak verbs have different morphophonological properties depending on the position of the radical with respect to the other radicals. Verbs where the first radical is weak are called madsiran ??? ("??? verbs")... Verbs where the second radical is weak are called madsiran mṛḵapan ("hollow verbs")... An exception to this is in the case of gemination whereby they are simply fortified. Lastly, verbs where the third radical is weak are called madsiran ṗṛšašan ("cut verbs")...

??? Verbs

w-d-d (to cover) (Uzerian)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Infinitive wdaddu to cover wdaddi to be covered
Past Realis nawdud nuwaddəm covered nawdid niwaddəm was covered
Past Irrealis yawdud yowaddəm might have covered yawdid yewaddəm might have been covered
Present Realis wadud waddəm cover wadid waddəm is covered
Present Irrealis hawdud huwaddəm might cover hawdid hiwaddəm might be covered
Future ʾawdud ʾawaddəm will cover ʾawdid ʾewaddəm will be covered
w-d-d (to cover) (Mukhebic)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Infinitive wdaddu to cover wdaddi to be covered
Past Realis nūdud nuwaddəm covered nīdid niwaddəm was covered
Past Irrealis yūdud yowaddəm might have covered yīdid yewaddəm might have been covered
Present Realis wadud waddəm cover wadid waddəm is covered
Present Irrealis hūdud huwaddəm might cover hīdid hiwaddəm might be covered
Future ʾōdud ʾawaddəm will cover ʾīdid ʾewaddəm will be covered

Hollow Verbs (Mukhebic only)

t-y-l (to destroy)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Infinitive ʾetyallu to destroy ʾetyalli to be destroyed
Past Realis nutūl nutūləm destroyed nitīl nitīləm was destroyed
Past Irrealis yotūl yotūləm might have destroyed yetīl yetīləm might have been destroyed
Present Realis tayul tēləm destroy tayil tēləm is destroyed
Present Irrealis hutūl hutūləm might destroy hitīl hitīləm might be destroyed
Future ʾatūl ʾatūləm will destroy ʾetīl ʾetīləm will be destroyed

Cut Verbs

n-š-y (to want, to desire) (Uzerian)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Infinitive ʾenšayyu to want ʾenšayyi to be wanted
Past Realis nunšay nunašyəm wanted ninšay ninašyəm was wanted
Past Irrealis yonšay yonašyəm might have wanted yenšay yenašyəm might have been wanted
Present Realis našay našyəm want našay našyəm is wanted
Present Irrealis hunšay hunašyəm might want hinšay hinašyəm might be wanted
Future ʾanšay ʾanašyəm will want ʾenšay ʾenašyəm will be wanted
n-š-y (to want, to desire) (Mukhebic)
Active Singular Active Plural Translation Passive Singular Passive Plural Translation
Infinitive ʾenšayyu to want ʾenšayyi to be wanted
Past Realis nunšū nunašyəm wanted ninšī ninašyəm was wanted
Past Irrealis yonšū yonašyəm might have wanted yenšī yenašyəm might have been wanted
Present Realis našū našyəm want našī našyəm is wanted
Present Irrealis hunšū hunašyəm might want hinšī hinašyəm might be wanted
Future ʾanšū ʾanašyəm will want ʾenšī ʾenašyəm will be wanted

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme. The theme is indicated with the instrumental prefix sa-.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

ṛ-ʾUlda ṛ-tuhazi palul sabeda.
ṛ-ʾUlda ṛ-tuhazi palul sabeda
DEF-soldier-NOM.FEM.SG DEF-man-ACC.MASC.SG give\ACT.PRES.SG book-INS-FEM.SG
"The guard gives the man a book."

In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:

Palil sabeda ṛ-hazi ʾim ṛ-ʾulda.
Palil sabeda ṛ-hazi ʾim ṛ-ʾulda
give\PASS.PRES.SG book-INS-FEM.SG DEF-man-NOM.MASC.SG by DEF-soldier-FEM.SG
"The man is given a book by the guard."
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