Hipatal: Difference between revisions
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The vowel inventory was /a e i o u ə/. The schwa vowel here is a high vowel, not a true schwa. Only four of the vowels can follow a labialized consonant: /ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu/, with /ʷo ʷu/ being most common. | The vowel inventory was /a e i o u ə/. The schwa vowel here is a high vowel, not a true schwa. Only four of the vowels can follow a labialized consonant: /ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu/, with /ʷo ʷu/ being most common. | ||
===Proto-Hipatal (0) to HP-1=== | ===Proto-Hipatal (0) to HP-1 (2600 AD)=== | ||
This language is spoken in tropical rainforests of a chain of larger islands. It is one of the few groups to contain people who live more than a mile away from the seashore. | This language is spoken in tropical rainforests of a chain of larger islands. It is one of the few groups to contain people who live more than a mile away from the seashore. | ||
#The high central vowel ''ə'' shifted to match the next vowel in the word. This also included the labialization of the initial consonant; thus, for example, /təpʷu/ > /tʷupʷu/. | #The high central vowel ''ə'' shifted to match the next vowel in the word. This also included the labialization of the initial consonant; thus, for example, /təpʷu/ > /tʷupʷu/. | ||
#The voiceless aspirated velar stop ''k'' shifted to ''' | #The voiceless aspirated velar stop ''k '' shifted to '''h''' unconditionally. Ejectives and labialized forms were unaffected by this change. | ||
#The labialized consonants ''lʷ gʷ '' shifted to '''w '''. | #The labialized consonants ''lʷ gʷ '' shifted to '''w '''. | ||
#The labialized alveolars ''tʷ nʷ ndʷ'' shifted to '''kʷ ŋʷ ŋġʷ'''. | #The labialized alveolars ''tʷ nʷ ndʷ'' shifted to '''kʷ ŋʷ ŋġʷ'''. | ||
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#The rounded vowel '' o'' shifted to ''' a''' unconditionally. /u/ became unrounded, but there was no change in spelling. | #The rounded vowel '' o'' shifted to ''' a''' unconditionally. /u/ became unrounded, but there was no change in spelling. | ||
#The mid vowel ''e'' shifted to '''ə''' unconditionally. | #The mid vowel ''e'' shifted to '''ə''' unconditionally. | ||
#The prenasalized voiced stops ''mbʷ mb nd ŋġ ŋġʷ'' shifted to the double nasals '''mmʷ mm nn ŋŋ ŋŋʷ'''. | |||
#The voiced velar fricative ''g'' disappeared to '''Ø'''. | |||
#The voiced stop '' bʷ'' merged into ''' w'''; plain /b/ became an approximant, but there was no change in spelling. | |||
Thus the consonant inventory of HP-1 was | Thus the consonant inventory of HP-1 was | ||
Rounded bilabials: pʷ | Rounded bilabials: pʷ mʷ w | ||
Spread bilabials: p b | Spread bilabials: p m b | ||
Alveolars: t | Alveolars: t n l | ||
Velars: k | Velars: k ŋ (Ø) h | ||
Labiovelars: kʷ | Labiovelars: kʷ ŋʷ | ||
The | The vowel inventory was /a i u ə/, with labialized consonants appearing before all four vowels. There were syllabic nasals /ṁ ṅ ŋ̇/. Any of the consonants in the first two columns can be prenasalized, and these clusters can appear word-initially. There are no other clusters. The voiceless fricative /h/, the only fricative in the language, was highly variable in pronunciation, often being labialized or palatalized or both. | ||
Revision as of 15:31, 12 October 2018
Hipatal is the name of the ocean covering the majority of the planet Teppala, and containing few islands. Those islands that do exist are volcanic, and have a range of diverse populations. Most inhabitants are descendants of the Mumba people who migrated eastward from Laba to Fojy, a journey of more than 10000 miles, and settled various tropical islands along the way.
Most settlements are in the tropics; there is no significant monsoon, so rainfall is concentrated along the Equator, and even at 10°N and °S the weather is dry for most of the year and forest growth is impossible.
Languages
The Proto-Hipatal language is nearly identical with Tapilula and can be considered a dialect of Tapilula. Its original consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials: pʷ bʷ mʷ mbʷ mpʷ w Spread bilabials: p b m mb mp (Ø) Alveolars: t n nd l Rounded alveolars: tʷ nʷ ndʷ Velars: k ḳ ŋ ŋġ h g
Here, the consonants /b bʷ/ correspond to standard Tapilula pharngralized voiceless stops, and /mp mpʷ/ correspond to standard /mf mfʷ/. The prenasalized stops can be eliminated from the phonology if they are considered as clusters; however, the analysis would need to be different for different stops.
The vowel inventory was /a e i o u ə/. The schwa vowel here is a high vowel, not a true schwa. Only four of the vowels can follow a labialized consonant: /ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu/, with /ʷo ʷu/ being most common.
Proto-Hipatal (0) to HP-1 (2600 AD)
This language is spoken in tropical rainforests of a chain of larger islands. It is one of the few groups to contain people who live more than a mile away from the seashore.
- The high central vowel ə shifted to match the next vowel in the word. This also included the labialization of the initial consonant; thus, for example, /təpʷu/ > /tʷupʷu/.
- The voiceless aspirated velar stop k shifted to h unconditionally. Ejectives and labialized forms were unaffected by this change.
- The labialized consonants lʷ gʷ shifted to w .
- The labialized alveolars tʷ nʷ ndʷ shifted to kʷ ŋʷ ŋġʷ.
- Schwa disappeared between a nasal and a following stop or fricative; if there was a fricative, it became a stop.
- Initial schwas disappeared.
- The ejective stops ḳ ḳʷ shifted to k kʷ.
- Any remaining schwa ə shifted to i.
- The rounded vowel o shifted to a unconditionally. /u/ became unrounded, but there was no change in spelling.
- The mid vowel e shifted to ə unconditionally.
- The prenasalized voiced stops mbʷ mb nd ŋġ ŋġʷ shifted to the double nasals mmʷ mm nn ŋŋ ŋŋʷ.
- The voiced velar fricative g disappeared to Ø.
- The voiced stop bʷ merged into w; plain /b/ became an approximant, but there was no change in spelling.
Thus the consonant inventory of HP-1 was
Rounded bilabials: pʷ mʷ w Spread bilabials: p m b Alveolars: t n l Velars: k ŋ (Ø) h Labiovelars: kʷ ŋʷ
The vowel inventory was /a i u ə/, with labialized consonants appearing before all four vowels. There were syllabic nasals /ṁ ṅ ŋ̇/. Any of the consonants in the first two columns can be prenasalized, and these clusters can appear word-initially. There are no other clusters. The voiceless fricative /h/, the only fricative in the language, was highly variable in pronunciation, often being labialized or palatalized or both.
