Nouns in Vrkhazhian

Vrkhazhian nouns are called maḡimud (singular maḡimu). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, allative, and ablative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. These genders are based on sex and strictly semantic, thus most nouns, such as inanimate objects, fall into the category of neuter.

Pallug Maḡimun (Noun inflection)

All nouns are declined in one of six cases, which are the nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, allative, and ablative.

The Nominative case marks the subject of an intransitive verb and the agent of a transitive verb while the Accusative case marks the object, or patient, of a transitive verb. The Accusative case is denoted with the prefix "tu" and shortened to "t-" before a glottal stop (which is phonetically omitted word-initially). Next, the Allative case is used to indicate movement towards the marked noun while the Ablative case is used to denote movement away from the marked noun. Lastly, the Genitive case is used to mark the possessor of an object such as "Mark" in the sentence "Mark's cat".

ʾuldi (soldier) Singular Plural Nominative ʾuld-i ʾuld-i-n Accusative t-ʾuld-i t-ʾuld-i-n Genitive ʾuld-aẏ ʾuld-i-ṉ Instrumental s-ʾuld-i s-ʾuld-i-n Allative b-ʾuld-i b-ʾuld-i-n Ablative z-ʾuld-i z-ʾuld-i-n

ḥasti (army) Collective Singulative Nominative ḥast-i ḥast-i-t Accusative tu-ḥast-i tu-ḥast-i-t Genitive ḥast-aẏ ḥast-i-k Instrumental sa-ḥast-i sa-ḥast-i-t Allative be-ḥast-i be-ḥast-i-t Ablative zu-ḥast-i zu-ḥast-i-t

šama (woman) Singular Plural Nominative šam-a šam-a-n Accusative tu-šam-a tu-šam-a-n Genitive šam-aẇ šam-u-ṉ Instrumental sa-šam-i sa-šam-i-n Allative be-šam-i be-šam-a-n Ablative zu-šam-a zu-šam-a-n

lama (hands, arms) Collective Singulative Nominative lam-a lam-a-t Accusative tu-lam-a tu-lam-a-t Genitive lam-aẇ lam-u-k Instrumental sa-lam-a sa-lam-a-t Allative be-lam-a be-lam-a-t Ablative zu-lam-a zu-lam-a-t

Noun states

Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "states". There are two states: the governed state (taṗšišu), or status rectus, and the construct state (samlilu), or status constructus. The construct state is used in genitive constructions to mark the head noun (possessed noun), while the Genitive case is used to mark the dependent (modifying) noun or adjective. In Vrkhazhian, the head noun and the modifying noun/adjective are called malgigu and palgugu, respectively. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the governed state, which is the default state of all nouns.

When a noun is placed in the construct state, it is stripped of all gender marking. Additionally, some nouns who had original vowels that were elided have them restored in the singular, mostly if the removal of gender endings would result in illegal word-final clusters.

suml- (boundary, liminal space) Singular Plural Nominative somul soml-ə-n Accusative tu-somul tu-soml-ə-n Genitive somul soml-ə-ṉ Instrumental sa-somul sa-soml-ə-n Allative be-somul be-soml-ə-n Ablative zu-somul zu-soml-ə-n

limn- (fingers, three) Collective Singulative Nominative lamin lamn-ə-t Accusative tu-lamin tu-lamn-ə-t Genitive lamin lamn-ə-k Instrumental sa-lamin sa-lamn-ə-t Allative be-lamin be-lamn-ə-t Ablative zu-lamin zu-lamn-ə-t

Monosyllabic nouns are phonetically reduced to ʾeCC when they are placed in the construct state and an epenthetic schwa /ə/ may be added if the word would end in an illegal consonant cluster. An example of a monosyllabic noun in the construct state is below:

šada (mouth, language) Singular Plural Nominative šat šat-ə-n Accusative tu-šat tu-šat-ə-n Genitive šat šat-ə-ṉ Instrumental sa-šat sa-šat-ə-n Allative be-šat be-šat-ə-n Ablative zu-šat zu-šat-ə-n

toga (stones) Collective Singulative Nominative tok tok-ə-t Accusative tu-tok tu-tok-ə-t Genitive tok tok-ə-k Instrumental sa-tok sa-tok-ə-t Allative be-tok be-tok-ə-t Ablative zu-tok zu-tok-ə-t

Definite marking

Vrkhazhian also marks nouns for definiteness which indicates a noun to be a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something already mentioned or uniquely specified. The proclitic ṛ-, marks nouns as definite and is the functional equivalent to the English article "the". It is attached to the noun and the adjective(s) that modify the noun.

The definite marker may not attach to the noun if the noun is preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or followed by a genitive pronoun, since those mark the noun as semantically definite.

Noun derivation

Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them: