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| This is '''kata''', a simple language with vocabulary based on the most widely spoken languages and an easily understood, mostly analytic grammar.
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| | |
| = phonology =
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| '''kata''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is word final.
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| == consonants ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
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| !
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| ! Labial
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| ! Coronal
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| ! Dorsal
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| |-align=center
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| ! Nasal
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| | m
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| | n
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| |
| |
| |-align=center
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| ! Plosive
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| | p
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| | t
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| | k
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| |-align=center
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| ! Fricative
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| |
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| | s
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| |-align=center
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| ! Approximant
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| | w
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| | l
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| | j ('''y''')
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| |}
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| | |
| == vowels ==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| !''Vowels''!!Front!!Back
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| |- align="center"
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| !Close
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| |i||u
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| |- align="center"
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| !Mid
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| |e||o
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| |- align="center"
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| !Open
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| | colspan="2" |a
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| |}
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| | |
| === diphthongs ===
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| There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.
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| | |
| == syllable structure ==
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| All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.
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| == phonotactics ==
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| A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.
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| == allophony ==
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| The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''kata''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.
| |
| = writing system =
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| '''kata''' uses a modified form of Hangul.
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| == consonants ==
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| * <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇ</b></big></big></font>
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| : '''k n t l m p s a'''
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| : /k n t l m p s -/
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| == vowels ==
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| * <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅘ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ</b></big></big></font>
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| : '''a ya e ye o wa yo u we wi yu - i'''
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| : /a ja e je o wa jo u we wi ju - i/
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| == chart ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
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| !
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| ! a
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| ! e
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| ! i
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| ! o
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| ! u
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| |-align=center
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| ! k
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>가</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>거</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>기</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>고</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>구</b></big></big></font>
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| |-align=center
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| ! l
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>라</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>러</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>리</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>로</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>루</b></big></big></font>
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| |-align=center
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| ! m
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>마</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>머</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>미</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>모</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>무</b></big></big></font>
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| |-align=center
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| ! n
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>나</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>너</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>니</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>노</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>누</b></big></big></font>
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| |-align=center
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| ! p
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>바</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>버</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>비</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>보</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>부</b></big></big></font>
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| |-align=center
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| ! s
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>사</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>서</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>시</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>소</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>수</b></big></big></font>
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| |-align=center
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| ! t
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>다</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>더</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>디</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>도</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>두</b></big></big></font>
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| |-align=center
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| ! w
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>와</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>워</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>위</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>-</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>-</b></big></big></font>
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| |-align=center
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| ! y
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>야</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>여</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>-</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>요</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>유</b></big></big></font>
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| |-align=center
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| ! -
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>아</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>어</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>이</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>오</b></big></big></font>
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| | <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>우</b></big></big></font>
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| |}
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| | |
| = word order =
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| | |
| '''kata''' has a strict word order. The basic word order is [[wp:Subject–verb–object|subject–verb–object]].
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| ::''subject noun phrase — verb phrase (— object noun phrase)''
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| * '''Yano peka''' - <small>John run</small> - ''John runs.''
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| Noun phrase:
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| ::''(determiners —) noun (— quantifiers) (— adjectives)''
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| * '''...''' - <small>...</small> - ''The three large men.''
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| * '''...''' - <small>...</small> - ''The many small women.''
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|
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| | |
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| * * <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>와 고모 반</b></big></big></font>
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| : '''wa komo pan'''
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| : <small>1s eat bread</small> - ''"I eat bread."''
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| | |
| = nouns =
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| | |
| == plurals ==
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| '''kata''' nouns and other parts of speech are not generally marked for number, meaning that plural forms are mostly the same as the singular. However, there is a plural marker '''-lo''', which has limited usage. It is used with personal pronouns, as in '''walo''', meaning "we" or "us" (from '''wa''', "I, me"), and can be used with other nouns for clarity or specificity. Its use in such cases is optional. It is never used when the noun has indefinite reference, or when it is qualified by a numeral. The demonstrative pronouns '''pu''' ("this; these") and '''su''' ("that; theose") are never pluralized.
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| | |
| = determiners =
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| Determiners in '''kata''' precede the noun they modify.
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| * '''ayo''' - any; whatever; whichever; whatsoever
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| * '''koye''' - some; a few; a little
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| * '''kula''' - all; each; every
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| * '''pu''' - this; these
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| * '''su''' - that; those
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| | |
| = pronouns =
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| '''kata''' has three basic pronouns; '''wa''' (first person), '''ni''' (second person), and '''ko''' (third person). These words do not indicate number or gender, but may be modified to do so if necessary. '''-lo''' marks all nouns as plural, and the gender modifiers are '''-ku''' (masculine), and '''-ki''' (feminine). In cases of singular distinction of gender, '''koku''' ("he"), or '''koki''' ("she") can be reduced to simply '''ku''' and '''ki'''. There is also a possessive suffix '''-yo'''.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 350px;"
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| !
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| ! ''singular''
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| ! ''possessive''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1s
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| | '''wa'''<br>I; me
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| | '''wayo'''<br>my; mine
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2s
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| | '''ni'''<br>you
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| | '''niyo'''<br>your
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3s
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| | '''ko'''<br>it / he; him / she; her
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| | '''koyo'''<br>its / his / her
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1pl
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| | '''walo'''<br>us; we
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| | '''waloyo'''<br>our
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2pl
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| | '''nilo'''<br>you (all)
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| | '''niloyo'''<br>your
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3pl
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| | '''kolo'''<br>they; them / (MASC) / (FEM)
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| | '''koloyo'''<br>their
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| |}
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| | |
| = verbs =
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| A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action ("run, stop"), a relationship ("have, lose"), or a state ("stand, melt"). In '''kata''', verbs do not change to indicate such things as tense or mood. Instead, particles are used specifically, '''le''' (completed action), and '''sa''' (indicating an as yet undertaken action). Any verb can be reused without change as a noun.
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| == tense ==
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| The indicative, progressive, and present are all encompassed in the basic verb form. The past tense, perfect, and perfective is indicated by the particle '''le'''. The future, potential, and propositive are indicated by the particle '''sa'''.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
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| ! ''example''
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| ! ''gloss''
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| ! ''English''
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| |-align=center
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| | '''wa komo'''
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| | <small>1s eat</small>
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| | ''I eat.'' / ''I am eating.''
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| |-align=center
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| | '''wa komo le'''
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| | <small>1s eat PST</small>
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| | ''I ate.'' / ''I did eat.'' / ''I have eaten.''
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| |-align=center
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| | '''wa komo sa'''
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| | <small>1s eat FUT</small>
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| | ''I will eat.'' / ''I may eat.''
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| |}
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| | |
| = adjectives =
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| | |
| = adverbs =
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| = prepositions =
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| * '''yu''' - in; at; on; by
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| | |
| en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Updated_jan_Pije's_lessons
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| | |
| = conjunctions =
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| | |
| There are three coordinating conjunctions in '''kata''' and three correlative conjunctions:
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| | |
| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''ama''' - but; yet
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| * '''awa''' - or; either
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| * '''u''' - and; also; too; as well
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''awa...awa''' - either ... or ...
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| * '''ne...(u) ne...''' - neither ... nor ...
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| * '''u...u''' - both ... and ...
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| {{col-end}}
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| | |
| = questions =
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| = clauses =
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| = numbers =
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| | |
| * '''sunya''' - zero; nothing; 0
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| * '''un''' - one; single; alone; 1
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| * '''tu''' - two; 2
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| * '''san''' - three; 3
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| * '''si''' - four; 4
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| * '''pen''' - five; 5
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| * '''we''' - six; 6
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| * '''na''' - seven; 7
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| * '''pa''' - eight; 8
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| * '''nun''' - nine; 9
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| * '''ye''' - ten; 10
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| * '''(a)ku''' - hundred; 100
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| * '''mila''' - thousand; 1000
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| | |
| == larger numbers ==
| |
| | |
| * '''ye-tu''' - twelve; 12
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| * '''ye-pa''' - twelve; 18
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| * '''tu-ye u si''' - twenty-four; 24 (short form '''tu-si''')
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| * '''we-ye u san''' - forty-three; 43 (short form '''si-san''')
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| * '''aku pa-ye u un''' - one hundred eighty-one; 181 (short form '''un-pa-un''')
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| * '''namila we-ku san-ye u nun''' - seven thousand six hundred thirty-nine; 7639 (short form '''na-we-san-nun''')
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| | |
| = lexicon =
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px; height: 50px;"
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| |-
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| ! class="l"| ''kata'' word
| |
| ! class
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| ! meaning
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| ! etymology
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| |-
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| | '''(a)ku''' || num || hundred || [[Wiktionary:百#Japanese|百]]
| |
| |-
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| | '''ama''' || part || but; yet; however || [[Wiktionary:أما|أما]]
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| |-
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| | '''awa''' || part || or; either || [[Wiktionary:أو|أو]]
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| |-
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| | '''ayo''' || det || any; whatever; whichever; whatsoever || [[Wiktionary:أي#Arabic|أي]]
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| |-
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| | '''enpo''' || v || be away from; move away || [[Wiktionary:遠方|遠方]]
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| |-
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| | '''ila''' || v || be near; move toward; in direction of || [[Wiktionary:إلى|إلى]]
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| |-
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| | '''kasa''' || n || house; building; apartment; room; residence || [[Wiktionary:casa#Spanish|casa]]
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| |-
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| | '''ki''' || pro || she; her || [[Wiktionary:هي|هي]]
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| |-
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| | '''ko''' || pro || it || [[Wiktionary:هُوَ|هُوَ]]
| |
| |-
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| | '''komo''' || v || eat; consume || [[Wiktionary:comer#Spanish|comer]]
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| |-
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| | '''koye''' || det || some; a few; a little || [[Wiktionary:кое-|кое-]]
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| |-
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| | '''ku''' || pro || he; him || [[Wiktionary:هُوَ|هُوَ]]
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| |-
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| | '''kula''' || det || all; whole; entire; every; complete || [[Wiktionary:كل|كل]]
| |
| |-
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| | '''le''' || part || completed action marker || [[Wiktionary:了|了]]
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| |-
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| | '''loka''' || n || place; location; spot; point || [[Wiktionary:local#Portuguese|local]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ma''' || part || interrogative particle || [[Wiktionary:嗎|嗎]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''malu''' || v || be small; little; tiny || [[Wiktionary:малый|малый]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''mama''' || n || mother || [[Wiktionary:mama#English|mama]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''mila''' || num || thousand || [[Wiktionary:mil#Spanish|mil]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''muki''' || n || ocean; sea; bay || [[Wiktionary:محيط|محيط]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''na''' || num || seven || [[Wiktionary:七#Japanese|七]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ni''' || pro || you || [[Wiktionary:你|你]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''nun''' || num || nine || [[Wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''o''' || part || direct object particle || [[Wiktionary:を#Particle|を]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''oma''' || n || grandmother || [[Wiktionary:oma#Dutch|oma]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''opa''' || n || grandfather || [[Wiktionary:opa#Dutch|opa]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''pa''' || num || nine || [[Wiktionary:八#Definitions|八]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''pan(a)''' || n || food; bread || [[Wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''papa''' || n || father || [[Wiktionary:papa#English|papa]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''peka''' || v || run; flee; move quickly || [[Wiktionary:бегать|бегать]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''pen''' || num || five || [[Wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pénkʷe|pénkʷe]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''pu''' || det || this; these || [[Wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''sa''' || part || indicating the future tense || [[Wiktionary:س#Particle|سَـ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''san''' || num || three; triple || [[Wiktionary:三#Japanese|三]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''simu''' || n || letter (of the alphabet) || [[Wiktionary:字母#Noun|字母]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''si''' || num || four || [[Wiktionary:四#Japanese|四]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''su''' || det || that; those || [[Wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''sunya''' || num || zero; nothing || [[Wiktionary:शून्य|शून्य]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ta''' || v || be large; big; grand || [[Wiktionary:大#Definitions|大]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''tanko''' || n || word; morpheme || [[Wiktionary:単語|単語]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''tu''' || num || two; double; duo || [[Wiktionary:two|two]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''u''' || part || and; also; too; as well || [[Wiktionary:و#Tunisian_Arabic|و]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''un''' || num || one; single; alone || [[Wiktionary:un#Spanish|un]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''wa''' || pro || I; me || [[Wiktionary:我|我]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''we''' || num || six || [[Wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱs|swéḱs]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''wita''' || v || see; look; watch; observe || [[Wiktionary:видеть|видеть]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''yati''' || n; v || hand; five; hold || [[Wiktionary:يد|يد]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ye''' || num || ten || [[Wiktionary:열|열]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''yu''' || v || be in; at; on || [[Wiktionary:於#Definitions|於]]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| = references =
| |
| | |
| * [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Language list]]
| |
| * [[wiktionary:Category:Toki_Pona_lemmas|toki pona words]]
| |
