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| '''kamalo'''
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| = phonology = | | = phonology = |
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| * '''''nasals''''': /m n ɲ/ '''m n ny''' | | * '''''nasals''''': /m n ɲ/ '''m n ny''' |
| * '''''plosives''''': /p t k kʷ/ '''p t k kw''' | | * '''''plosives''''': /p t k kʷ/ '''p t k kw''' |
| * '''''continuants''''': /l/ '''l''' | | * '''''continuants''''': /s l/ '''s l''' |
| * '''''semivowels''''': /j w/ '''y w''' | | * '''''semivowels''''': /j w/ '''y w''' |
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| == vowels == | | == vowels == |
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| '''Kamalo''' only uses three vowels; /a e o/, occasionally they contrast for length. '''ā ē ō''' | | '''Kata''' has five vowels /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/ and /a/. Each occurs in both stressed and unstressed syllables. |
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| | == syllable structure == |
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| | All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN. As in most languages, CV is the most common syllable type. |
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| == phonotactics == | | == phonotactics == |
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| = morphology = | | = morphology = |
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| '''Kamalo''' is an agglutinative and polysynthetic language that makes extensive use of compounding, incorporation and derivation. That is, it can add many different prefixes and suffixes to a root until very long words are formed, and a single word can constitute an entire sentence. | | '''Kata''' |
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| = nouns = | | = nouns = |
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| == pronouns == | | == pronouns == |
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
| | '''Kata''' has the basic pronouns '''wa''' (''first person''), '''ni''' (''second person''), and '''o''' (''third person''). They do not specify number or gender. Thus, '''o''' can mean "he", "she", or "it". The general plural affix '''-lo''' is used to mark number. |
| !
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| ! ''singular''
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| ! ''dual''
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| ! ''plural''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1
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| | '''wa-'''
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| | '''pwa-'''
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| | '''kwa-'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2
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| | '''ne-'''
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| | '''(m)pe-
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| | '''(n)ke-'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3
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| | '''(h)o-'''
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| | '''po-'''
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| | '''ko-'''
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| |}
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| ==== possession ==== | | ==== possession ==== |
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| Possession is marked by the nominal suffix '''-o''' and a pronominal prefix attached to a stem.
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| * '''kwamalo''' - <small>1pl-speak-NOM</small> - ''our word''
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| * '''tlayemo''' - <small>MASC-eat-NOM</small> - ''his food''
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| * '''popato''' - <small>3du-be.aware-NOM</small> - ''their awareness''
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| * '''wanyako''' - <small>1s-burn-NOM</small> - ''my fire''
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| ==== pronominal prefixes ====
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| Verb arguments (i.e. subject, direct object, indirect object) are indicated with pronominal affixes which are added to verb stems. The pronominal affixes are inflected according to number (singular, dual, and plural) and person (1st, 2nd, etc.).
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| |-
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| ! ''subject''
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| ! ''object''
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| ! ''verb''
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| ! ''tense / aspect / mood''
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| |-
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| | '''ko-''' || '''wa-''' || '''kop''' || '''-e'''
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| |-
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| | 3pl || 1sg || harm || PST
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| |-
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| | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''kowakope'''
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| |-
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| | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ''They harmed me.''
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| |}
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| == noun modifiers == | | == noun modifiers == |
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| * '''he-''' - color of ~ | | * '''x''' - xx |
| * '''ye-''' - feminine; female [FEM]
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| * '''tla-''' - masculine; male [MASC]
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| * '''-o''' - marks noun; nominalizer [NOM]
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| === number === | | === number === |
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| Nouns are marked for various quantities: | | Nouns are marked for various quantities: |
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| * '''pa-''' - dual; pair of; both [DU] | | * '''-lo''' - general plural |
| * '''ka-''' - plural [PL]
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| * '''te-''' - few; little [quantity]
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| * '''ma-''' - many; much
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| * '''mo-''' - group; collection; mass of
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| * '''mwa-''' - all; every
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| * '''no-''' - one; a
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| * '''yo-''' - piece of
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| = verbs = | | = verbs = |
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| The '''kamalo''' verb is quite complex and inflects for many grammatical categories. The verb is composed of a root, prefixes, and suffixes. The prefixes indicate the person of the subject, and person and number of the object and indirect object, whereas the suffixes indicate tense, aspect, mood and possession.
| | $$$ |
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| * '''wakoyemapotla'''
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| : '''wa-ko-yem-ap-otl-a'''
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| : <small>1sg-3pl-eat-CAUS-DES-NPST</small>
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| : ''"I want to feed them"''
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| == verb modifiers == | | == verb modifiers == |
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| * '''-a''' - active; present tense [ACT] | | * '''-le''' - past tense [PST] |
| * '''-ap-''' - causative [CAUS]
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| * '''-at-''' - augmentative; large [AUG]
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| * '''-atl-''' - tentative; possible [TENT]
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| * '''-e''' - past tense; perfective [PST]
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| * '''-em-''' - interrogative [INT]
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| * '''-ok-''' - negative [NEG]
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| * '''-otl-''' - desiderative [DES]
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| = particles = | | = particles = |
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| * '''ma''' - interrogative particle [INT]; "is it that"
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| : used to form questions of all types
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| * '''oka''' - "no"
| | = syntax = |
| : used as a negative response to polar questions
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| * '''we''' - "but" / "or"
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| : used in conjunctions, and in contrasts
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| = syntax = | | = lexicon = |
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| = roots =
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| * '''pat-''' - be awake; aware; focused
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| * '''t-''' - be; exist [COP]
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| * '''kam-''' - symbol; write; mark
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| * '''kop-''' - harm; hurt; corrupt
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| * '''mak-''' - want; desire; love
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| * '''mal-''' - speak; talk
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| * '''n-''' - know; see
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| * '''nay-''' - loud; noise; roar
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| * '''nyak-''' - fire; burn; light
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| * '''hen-''' - colored; non-white; non-ferrous (metals)
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| * '''wap-''' - rhythm; pulse; meter
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| * '''way-''' - go; move; walk
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| * '''lom-''' - sleep; rest; relax
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| * '''tlel-''' - bathe; wash
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| * '''y-''' - have; belong; get
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| * '''yam-''' - delight; happy; toy; glad
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| * '''yap-''' - be green; foliage; plant
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| * '''yat-''' - hand; five; grab
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| * '''yem-''' - eat; nourish; bread
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| = samples = | | = samples = |
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| * '''wanemaka''' - <small>1-2-love-ACT</small> - ''I love you.'' | | * '''wa wita ni''' - <small>1 see 2</small> - ''I see you.'' |
| * '''koyematloka''' - <small>3-eat-TENT-NEG-ACT</small> - ''He might not eat.''
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| * '''newaneme''' - <small>2-1-see-INT-PST</small> - ''Did you see me?''
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| == wordgen seed ==
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| C=ptkqmnfhwylx
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| V=aeo:áéó:àèò
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| q|kw
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| f|ny
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| x|tl
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| wo|wa
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| = Prefixes =
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 700px;"
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| |+
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| |-
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| ! kamalo
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| ! meaning
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| ! kamalo
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| ! meaning
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| ! kamalo
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| ! meaning
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| |-
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| | '''pa''' || dual plural [DU]|| '''(m)pe''' || you (two) [2du] || '''po''' || they (two) [3du]
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| |-
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| | '''pwa''' || we; us (two) [1du] || '''pwe''' || XX || '''-''' || -
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| |-
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| | '''ta''' || XX || '''te''' || few; a little || '''to''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''ka''' || plural [PL] || '''(n)ke''' || you [2pl] || '''ko''' || they; them [3pl]
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| |-
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| | '''kwa''' || we; us [1pl] || '''kwe''' || XX || '''-''' || -
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| |-
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| | '''ma''' || many; much || '''me''' || XX || '''mo''' || group; collection of ~
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| |-
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| | '''mwa''' || all; every || '''mwe''' || XX || '''-''' || -
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| |-
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| | '''na''' || XX || '''ne''' || you [2sg] || '''no''' || one; a
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| |-
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| | '''nya''' || reflexive [REFL] || '''nye''' || XX || '''nyo''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''ha''' || XX || '''he''' || color of ~ || '''ho''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''la''' || XX || '''le''' || XX || '''lo''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''tla''' || masculine [MASC] || '''tle''' || XX || '''tlo''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''wa''' || I; me [1sg] || '''we''' || indefinite [INDEF] || '''-''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''ya''' || XX || '''ye''' || feminine [FEM] || '''yo''' || piece of ~
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| |-
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| | '''a''' || XX || '''e''' || XX || '''(h)o''' || s/he; it [3sg]
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| |}
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| = Infixes =
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 700px;"
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| |+
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| |-
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| ! kamalo
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| ! meaning
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| ! kamalo
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| ! meaning
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| ! kamalo
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| ! meaning
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| |-
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| | '''ap''' || causative [CAUS] || '''ep''' || contrastive [CONT] || '''op''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''at''' || augmentative; large [AUG] || '''et''' || XX || '''ot''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''ak''' || XX || '''ek''' || XX || '''ok''' || negative [NEG]
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| |-
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| | '''akw''' || XX || '''ekw''' || XX || '''okw''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''am''' || causative [CAUS] || '''em''' || interrogative [INT] || '''om''' || abilitative [ABIL]
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| |-
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| | '''an''' || reportative [REPT] || '''en''' || XX || '''on''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''any''' || durative [DUR] || '''eny''' || XX || '''ony''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''ah''' || XX || '''eh''' || XX || '''oh''' || if
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| |-
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| | '''al''' || XX || '''el''' || passive [PASS] || '''ol''' || dative passive [DP]
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| |-
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| | '''atl''' || tentative; possible [TENT] || '''etl''' || XX || '''otl''' || desiderative [DES]
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| |-
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| | '''aw''' || XX || '''ew''' || conjunctive [CONJ] || '''ow''' || XX
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| |-
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| | '''ay''' || genitive [GEN] || '''ey''' || inceptive [INC] || '''oy''' || repetitive [REP]
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| |}
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