Senjecas - break

Pronunciation table

p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ǫ	o	u			ĭ	ĕ	ŭ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = first person singular/plural	V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PST = past
2s/p = second person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	CONV = conversive	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	Q = interrogative particle
	ADV = adverb	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	M = masculine	QUOT = direct quotation
	AG = agent	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	OCC = occupation suffix	RPRF = recent perfective
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	PP = patient (past) participle	SBJ = subjunctive
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	EP = epenthesis	INC = inchoative	PRF = perfect	SUP = supine
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)		ELT = elative	IND = indicative	PRV = privative prefix

Transitive

• 1. le̋ma - separate into two or more pieces
• She broke the cup.
• éȝu gı̋ndom e-le̋ma:

éȝ-u	gı̋nd-om	e=le̋m-a
she-N.s	cup-A.s	PST=break-IND

• 2. le̋ma - crack or fracture under a physical strain
• The boy slipped on the ice and broke (his) leg.
• hűsu ȝe̋gom éna e-pı̋za da la̋kom e-le̋ma:

hűs-u	ȝe̋g-om	éna	e=pı̋z-a	da	la̋k-om	e=le̋m-a
boy-N.s	ice-A.s	on	PST=slip-IND	and	leg-A.s	PST=break-IND

• 3. pűla - divide something into smaller units
• The merchant broke the bundle into smaller parcels.
• k̬a̋pu pĭpı̋no de̋e̋gon éna műűtom e-pűla:

k̬a̋p-u	pĭ~pı̋no-Ø	de̋e̋g-on	éna	műűt-om	e=pűl-a
merchant-N.s	ELT~small-ABS	parcel-A.p	into	bundle-A.s	PST=divide-IND

• 4. dusre̋e̋da - crush the spirit
• This method of torture will surely break the prisoner.
• gunős i-mőődo kísu kőlaþum u-dusre̋e̋da:

gun-ős	i=mőőd-o	kísu	kőlaþ-um	u=dus=re̋e̋d-a
torture-G.s	this=method-N.s	surely	prisoner-A.s	FUT=dis-=cheer-IND

• 5. dőma - cause to lose the will
• You have to break a horse before you can ride.
• tu mőrem dőmu ke̋la—fési mı̋mu ma̋ƣa:

t-u	mőr-em	dőm-u	ke̋l-a	fési	mı̋m-u	ma̋ƣ-a
2s-N	horse-A.s	break-SUP	must-IND	before	ride-SUP	be.able-IND

• 6. ðe̋ża - interrupt; destroy the continuity of; dissolve or terminate
• The explosion broke the silence.
• na̋bo sa̋a̋mom e-ðe̋ża:

na̋b-o	sa̋a̋m-om	e=ðe̋ż-a
explosion-N.s	silence-A.s	PST=break-IND

• 7. lı̋ða - violate, not adhere to
• He broke his promise to her.
• ur-éȝu ii-eȝús o eȝu-k̬e̋tom e-lı̋ða:

ur=éȝ-u	ii=eȝ-ús	o	eȝu=k̬e̋t-om	e=lı̋ð-a
M=he-N.s	F=she-G.s	to	his=promise-A.s	PST=break-IND

• 8. m̃ine̋uda - stop, or to cause to stop, functioning properly or altogether
• Did you break the churn?
• tu k̨őőrlom m̃ine̋udame:

t-u	k̨őőr-l-om	m̃i=ne̋ud-a=me
2s-N	churn-INS-A.s	CONV=utilize-IND=Q

• 9. pa̋xa - interrupt (a fall) by inserting something so that the falling object not hit something else beneath
• He survived the jump out the window because the bushes below broke his fall.
• éȝu tűngom úúda ı̋tom e-t̬ı̋ɫa—hi ne̋ri dűűsis eȝ u-főőlom e-pa̋xa:

éȝ-u	tűng-om	úúda	ı̋t-om	e=t̬ı̋ɫ-a	hi	ne̋ri-Ø	dűűs-is	eȝu=főől-om	e=pa̋x-a
he-N.s	window-A.s	out.of	jump-A.s	PST=survive-IND	because	below-ABS	bush-N.p	his=fall-A.s	PST=stop-IND

Intransitive

• 10. őna - be overwhelmed with sorrow or grief
• My heart is breaking.
• mu-sűðo őna:

mu=sűð-o	őn-a
my=heart-N.s	be.overwhelmed.with.grief-IND

• 11. de̋usa - pass the most dangerous part of the illness
• His fever broke at dawn.
• vu-ðe̋ɫo vaiƣa̋s e-de̋usa:

su=ðe̋ɫ-o	vaiƣ-a̋s	e=de̋us-a
his=fever-N.s	dawn-G.s	PST=stop-IND

• 12. vı̋ra - collapse into surf
• I see waves breaking on the shore.
• mu k̨űdom éna vı̋ranto da̋lo' na̋ka:

m-u	k̨űd-om	éna	vı̋r-a-nto-Ø	da̋l-o-'	na̋k-a
1s-N	shore-A.s	on	collapse-IND-AP-ABS	wave-A.p-ELIS	see-IND

• 13. þűka - end of a storm or spell of weather
• I hope this hot weather breaks before our trip.
• mu—tı̋ı̋þo i-la̋þo m̃u-taƣős fésa þűku—ı̋ṡa:

m-u	tı̋ı̋þo-Ø	i=la̋þ-o	m̃u=taƣ-ős	fésa	þűk-u	ı̋ṡ-a
1s-N	hot-ABS	this=weather-N.s	our=trip-G.s	before	finish-SUP	hope-IND

• 14. żűka - interrupt or cease one's work or occupation temporarily
• Let's (take a) break, then start again.
• m̃ú żűke: pósu náánu tőde:

m̃-ú	żűk-e	pósu	náánu	tőd-e
1p-V	pause-IMP	then	again	begin-IMP