Proto-Cardial: Difference between revisions

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===Verb===
===Verbs===


The structure of the polysynthetic verb is:
The structure of the polysynthetic verb is:
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===Pronouns===
===Personal pronouns===


The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs:
The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs:
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!rowspan="2"| 1st person
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
! Exclusive
|  
| *me
|  
| *tsi
|-
|-
! Inclusive
! Inclusive
|  
|  
|  
| *na
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Familiar
! Familiar
|  
| *zi
|  
| *zin
|-
|-
! Polite
! Polite
|  
| *si
|  
| *tʰi
|-
|}
 
==Demonstrative pronouns==
 
The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs:
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| 3rd person
!colspan="2"|  
! Masculine
! Singular
|
! Plural
|
! Indefinite/Interrogative
|-
|-
! Feminine
!rowspan="2"| "Person"
|  
! "It"
|  
| *he
| *hen
| *ma
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| Demonstrative
!rowspan="2"| "Thing"
! "This"
! "This"
|  
| *hi
|  
| *hin
| *su
|-
|-
! "That"
! "That"
|  
| *xa
|  
| *xan
|-
| *sa
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative
! "Who"
|
|
|-
! "What"
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 07:43, 10 February 2018

Proto-Huamish is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Huamish languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 5.500 BC.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Dental Sibilants Palatal Velar Glottal
Front Back
Stops and
affricates
"Emphatic" *pʰ *tʰ *(tʃ) *(tʃ)   *kʰ  
Fortis *p *t *ts *(tʃ)   *k  
Lenis *b *d *dz *(tʃ)   *g  
Fricatives Fortis *f   *s *(ʃ)   *x *h
Lenis     *z *(ʃ)      
Nasals *m *n          
Laterals Fortis            
Lenis   *l          
Rhotics Fortis   *r          
Lenis            
Semivowels *w       *j    

Emphatic Stops

The exact quality of "emphatic stops" is difficult to determine. For a time it was proposed to give ejective values, but the later comparison of cognates with Kartvelian and Tommian, does not show correspondences.

Apparently the Macro-Kartvelian ejectives evolved to voiceless stops, and the "emphatic stops" that reconstructed for Proto-Huamish are a later development to avoid the loss of the final consonants after the vowel readjustment.

In the descendant languages there are no remains of "emphatic", but they show different reflexes depending on the language.

The matter of "ʃ" and "tʃ"

It seems that the readjustment of vowels caused the sibilants to palatizate in final position so as not to get lost and these words acquired a diminutive sense. The words that did not adopt a diminutive meaning, reversed the change becoming * z < *ʃ and * ts < *tʃ.

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High *i   *u
Mid *e *o
Low   *a  

The middle vowel reflexes

The *ə phoneme is marginal and seems to be the cause of vowel readjustment. In the different groups it has the following reflexes:

IPA North-West North-Central Central-West Central-Central Central-East South-Central South-east
*o > *u *e *u *e > *∅ *e *u *a

Morphology

Noun and adjective declension

Case Singular Plural Indefinite
Nominative *-(a) *-n(a) *-r(a)
Vocative *-fo *-no *-ro
Ergative *-m(a) *-tʰ(a) *-pəm(a)
Dative-Genitive *-z(a) *-pədz(a) *-xəz(a)
Instrumental *-ts(a) *-pəts(a) *-xəts(a)
Locative *-x(a) *-pəx(a) *-xə
Adverbial *-t(a) *-pət(a) *-xət(a)
Invertive *-u(a) *-bu(a) *-xu(a)

Verbs

The structure of the polysynthetic verb is:

Person Mood Tense Aspect VERB STEM Number Case

Personal pronouns

The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs:

  Singular Plural
1st person Exclusive *me *tsi
Inclusive *na
2nd person Familiar *zi *zin
Polite *si *tʰi

Demonstrative pronouns

The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs:

  Singular Plural Indefinite/Interrogative
"Person" "It" *he *hen *ma
"Thing" "This" *hi *hin *su
"That" *xa *xan *sa