Proto-Cardial: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary
Line 122: Line 122:
|-
|-
|}
|}
====Emphatic Stops====
The exact quality of "emphatic stops" is difficult to determine. For a time it was proposed to give ejective values, but the later comparison of cognates with [[Kartvelian]] and [[Tommian]], does not show correspondences.
Apparently the [[Macro-Kartvelian]] ejectives evolved to voiceless stops, and the "emphatic stops" that reconstructed for '''Proto-Huamish''' are a later development to avoid the loss of the final consonants after the vowel readjustment.
In the descendant languages there are no remains of "emphatic", but they show different reflexes depending on the language.
====The matter of ʃ and tʃ====
It seems that the readjustment of vowels caused the sibilants to palatizate in final position so as not to get lost and these words acquired a diminutive sense.
The words that did not adopt a diminutive meaning, reversed the change becoming * z <* ʃ and * ts <* tʃ.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===

Revision as of 13:42, 9 February 2018

Proto-Huamish is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Huamish languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 5.500 BC.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Dental Sibilants Palatal Velar Glottal
Front Back
Stops and
affricates
"Emphatic" *pʰ *tʰ *(tʃ) *(tʃ)   *kʰ  
Fortis *p *t *ts *(tʃ)   *k  
Lenis *b *d *dz *(tʃ)   *g  
Fricatives Fortis *f   *s *(ʃ)   *x *h
Lenis     *z *(ʃ)      
Nasals *m *n          
Laterals Fortis            
Lenis   *l          
Rhotics Fortis   *r          
Lenis            
Semivowels *w       *j    

Emphatic Stops

The exact quality of "emphatic stops" is difficult to determine. For a time it was proposed to give ejective values, but the later comparison of cognates with Kartvelian and Tommian, does not show correspondences.

Apparently the Macro-Kartvelian ejectives evolved to voiceless stops, and the "emphatic stops" that reconstructed for Proto-Huamish are a later development to avoid the loss of the final consonants after the vowel readjustment.

In the descendant languages there are no remains of "emphatic", but they show different reflexes depending on the language.

The matter of ʃ and tʃ

It seems that the readjustment of vowels caused the sibilants to palatizate in final position so as not to get lost and these words acquired a diminutive sense. The words that did not adopt a diminutive meaning, reversed the change becoming * z <* ʃ and * ts <* tʃ.

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High *i   *u
Mid *e *o
Low   *a  

Morphology

Declension of an animate noun

Example: *xnara 'man'

Case Singular Dual Plural
Agentive *xnara *xnarax *xnaras
Objective *xnaram *xnarax *xnaras
Genitive *xnarasa *xnarawsa *xnarajsa
Partitive *xnarala *xnarawla *xnarajla
Dative *xnarana *xnarawna *xnarajna

When the noun ends in

Verb

The structure of the polysynthetic verb is:

Person Mood Tense/Aspect STEM Antipassive Plural (Ergative enclitic)

"Person" and "Plural"

Pronouns

The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs.

  Singular Plural
1st person Exclusive *ki *kintla
Inclusive *wa [*] *wantla
2nd person Familiar *ne *nentla
Polite *ga *gantla
3rd person Masculine *3o *3otla
Feminine *ma *matla
Demonstrative "This" *taw *tatla
"That" *tsar *tsatla
Interrogative "Who" *se *setla
"What" *so *sotla

[*] *wa is of course dual 'Thou and I', not singular; however, it is used with 1st person singular verb forms.