Proto-Cardial: Difference between revisions
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Proto-Huamish is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Huamishlanguages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 5.500 BC. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
| Line 146: | Line 148: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Morphology== | |||
====Declension of an animate noun==== | |||
Example: '''*xnara''' 'man' | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Agentive | |||
| *xnara | |||
| *xnarax | |||
| *xnaras | |||
|- | |||
! Objective | |||
| *xnaram | |||
| *xnarax | |||
| *xnaras | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| *xnarasa | |||
| *xnarawsa | |||
| *xnarajsa | |||
|- | |||
! Partitive | |||
| *xnarala | |||
| *xnarawla | |||
| *xnarajla | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| *xnarana | |||
| *xnarawna | |||
| *xnarajna | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
When the noun ends in | |||
===Verb=== | |||
The structure of the polysynthetic verb is: | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| Person | |||
| Mood | |||
| Tense/Aspect | |||
| STEM | |||
| Antipassive | |||
| Plural | |||
| (Ergative enclitic) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
"Person" and "Plural" | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs. | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"| 1st person | |||
! Exclusive | |||
| *ki | |||
| *kintla | |||
|- | |||
! Inclusive | |||
| *wa [*] | |||
| *wantla | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person | |||
! Familiar | |||
| *ne | |||
| *nentla | |||
|- | |||
! Polite | |||
| *ga | |||
| *gantla | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"| 3rd person | |||
! Masculine | |||
| *3o | |||
| *3otla | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| *ma | |||
| *matla | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"| Demonstrative | |||
! "This" | |||
| *taw | |||
| *tatla | |||
|- | |||
! "That" | |||
| *tsar | |||
| *tsatla | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative | |||
! "Who" | |||
| *se | |||
| *setla | |||
|- | |||
! "What" | |||
| *so | |||
| *sotla | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
[*] '''*wa''' is of course dual 'Thou and I', not singular; however, it is used with 1st person singular verb forms. | |||
Revision as of 13:14, 9 February 2018
Proto-Huamish is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Huamishlanguages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 5.500 BC.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Sibilants | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | |||||||
| Stops and affricates |
"Emphatic" | *pʰ | *tʰ | *(tʃ) | *(tʃ) | *kʰ | ||
| Fortis | *p | *t | *ts | *(tʃ) | *k | |||
| Lenis | *b | *d | *dz | *(tʃ) | *g | |||
| Fricatives | Fortis | *f | *s | *(ʃ) | *x | *h | ||
| Lenis | *z | *(ʃ) | ||||||
| Nasals | *m | *n | ||||||
| Laterals | Fortis | *ɫ | ||||||
| Lenis | *l | |||||||
| Rhotics | Fortis | *r | ||||||
| Lenis | *ɾ | |||||||
| Semivowels | *w | *j | ||||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | *i | *u | |
| Mid | *e | *ə | *o |
| Low | *a |
Morphology
Declension of an animate noun
Example: *xnara 'man'
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agentive | *xnara | *xnarax | *xnaras |
| Objective | *xnaram | *xnarax | *xnaras |
| Genitive | *xnarasa | *xnarawsa | *xnarajsa |
| Partitive | *xnarala | *xnarawla | *xnarajla |
| Dative | *xnarana | *xnarawna | *xnarajna |
When the noun ends in
Verb
The structure of the polysynthetic verb is:
| Person | Mood | Tense/Aspect | STEM | Antipassive | Plural | (Ergative enclitic) |
"Person" and "Plural"
Pronouns
The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Exclusive | *ki | *kintla |
| Inclusive | *wa [*] | *wantla | |
| 2nd person | Familiar | *ne | *nentla |
| Polite | *ga | *gantla | |
| 3rd person | Masculine | *3o | *3otla |
| Feminine | *ma | *matla | |
| Demonstrative | "This" | *taw | *tatla |
| "That" | *tsar | *tsatla | |
| Interrogative | "Who" | *se | *setla |
| "What" | *so | *sotla | |
[*] *wa is of course dual 'Thou and I', not singular; however, it is used with 1st person singular verb forms.
