Ibero-Hesperic Brainstorming

This is a place to brainstorm about the Ibero-Hesperic branch of the Hesperic family.

General Introduction

First of all, "Ibero-Hesperic" is a provisional designation.

The "Ibero-Hesperic" languages have a great influence of the Basque languages.

Now to the two languages (there may be more in the future but currently I have only plans for two), what little I already "know".

Daughter languages

Corunese

Corunese is an extinct ancient language known from an inscription found at A Coruña, Spain. This is a bilingual: the same text is found in Corunese on one side of a bronze plaque and in Old Albic on the other. Both languages are written in Old Albic letters. (The text has not been composed yet.) There may be more inscriptions. Perhaps the beginnings of may have converged phonologically towards Basque, with fortis/lenis pairs such as p/b, t/d, k/g, tz/z, ts/s, tx/x, trend are already visible in Corunese.

Balla

Balla is a living language, spoken in a few households, somewhere in Cantabria. The ancient genitive "*-s" like a new topic marker may have become an ergative suffix in Balla. Balla may have converged phonologically towards Basque, with fortis/lenis pairs such as p/b, t/d, k/g, tz/z, ts/s, tx/x.

Changes from Proto-Hesperic

In Mediterranean Hesperic...

In both Ibero-Hesperic and Italo-Hesperic, the genitive *-s has become a topic marker and vocative case.

Suffix -ja as feminine marker and the suffix -wa as masculine marker.

The Proto-Hesperic word for 'me' (objective case) is *mam; in Continental West Hesperic, final */m/ gave /n/, so we get exactly the form man found in the inscription.

The dative of the second-person singular pronoun is *t‘an in Proto-Hesperic, but in Continental West Hesperic, the originally partitive ending *-l acquired the meaning of a dative ending after the original dative had fallen together with the accusative by the aforementioned sound change.

A dative *t‘al for the Mediterranean Hesperic.

Rübenkönig (1989) assumes it to be in origin a past participle in *-at‘, as it is found in other Mediterranean Hesperic languages.

In Ibero-Hesperic...

Loss of aspiration

Drummond's Law

Senantho's Law

Vowel umlauts

Initial accent

Small consonant inventories

No long vowels

Stress accent

Topic-prominent noun declension, topic marker from genitive

Simple verb morphology

Changes due to the influence of basque...

Phonology

Has a five vowels system /a e i o u/, there are also five diphthongs /aj ej oj uj aw ew/

Three/Four pairs of sibilants. Loss of non-sibilant fricatives.

Development of two rhotic consonants, a simple vibrant sea [ɾ] and another multiple [r]

there is no w before vowel

absence of l final

there is no vibrant r at the beginning of the word

absence of consonant after initial s

absence of groups of more than two consonants

There are no syllabic groups formed by a more vibrant or laterally more vocal occlusive consonant (stories like "bra" or "cle") neither in proto-Basque nor in Iberian. The syllabic structure is (C) -V- (S) in both languages, where C is any consonant, S is a sibilant (s, z, ...) or sonorant (n, r) and V a vowel nucleus (formed by a vowel or decreasing diphthong).

There are two sibilants in Iberian who have proposed to parallelize with the two series of Basque sibilants. It must be said that the apicoalveolar sound [s] of the Iberian languages, including Basque, is relatively strange outside the Iberian Peninsula. non-existence of labiodental deaf / f / and sonorous / v /

Morphology

ethnonimos and gentiles in -tar, as much in aquitano "-tar" and "-thar" as in Basque "-tar", "-ar"

genitives perhaps in -in [the identification of -in as a genitive in English is a conjecture and is widely discussed]

plurals perhaps in -k [conjectural identification for the Iberian, still discussed]

ablative perhaps in -te [conjectural identification for the Iberian, still discussed]

similar alternances of the Iberian type "-ildun / iltu- / iltur-" and Basque "egun / egu- / egur-"

presence of prefixes i_, b_, ba_, da_ (whose functions in Ibero are still not very well understood)

presence of suffixes _la. _ra, _k, _ik (whose functions in Ibero are still not well understood)

Grammar

It marks grammatical relations by adding suffixes to roots. Prefixes are relatively uncommon.

The nouns are marked for definiteness/indefiniteness.

There are four definite determiners: three demonstratives and a definite article in the form of a suffix. They are marked for number (singular or plural). All the other determiners are indefinite and are not marked for number.

Word order, SOV. Modifiers precede the nouns they modify.

Indirect objects are marked by suffixes.

Vigesimal (base 20) numeral system.

Verbs

Most verbs use auxiliaries (be, have, do) which follow the main verb.

Finite verbs generally agree in person and number with their subjects, and their direct and indirect objects if any. Only have Present and Past Simple.

Intransitive verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb ‘be’, which also functions as an independent verb.

Transitive verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary ‘have’.

Besides the indicative mood, verbs also have various imperative, subjunctive, potential, conditional and irrealis contrary to fact forms.

Ergativity?

They are languages with ergative-absolutive and aglutinative morphological alignment.

Absolutive: is the grammatical case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. prefixes are used for this case

Ergative: marks the subject of transitive verbs.suffixes are used for this case. Agreement is usually ergative. Certain past-tense forms are marked by prefixes in this case.

Syntactic

anteposition of the genitive substantive order - adjective

Lexicons

"ilti / iltiŕ" ILI / ILER Iberian city with "iri" (<* ili) city in Basque "beleś / bels" can be compared to the Aquitanian "Belex", "-bels" and the Basque "beltz" black (note that there are indications that in the Aquitaine script the sign X was used for ts / tz and that this use of X is observed in some medieval Basque texts). "ilun" dark in Basque and "Ilunn-" in Aquitano with the Iberian iltun (alphabet in Latin alphabet and English in Greek alphabet), although the meaning "dark" in Iberian is considered improbable. the Iberian "-atin" with the aquitano "Dannadinnis" and the Basque "adin" age "śalir" perhaps monetary unit in Iberian with "sari" (<* sali) value, price in Basque as proposed by Mitxelena. "ekiar / ekien" maybe he has done in iberian with "egin" do / egian he did it in euskera erder / erdi in Iberian, erdi in protovasco and current Basque, means half in Spanish. "ebanen" perhaps he has erected in Iberian with "ibeni" place, erect in Euskera. Velaza and others defend that "eban / ebanen" means son, equivalent to the Latin "filius"; interpretation that Untermann considers unsustainable. equivalences of other words similar to Basque: "bizkar" back / high in the mountains, "argi" light / bright, "lagun" mate also "kide", or "nabar" dark.19 Anthroponymous: some are so similar that at the same time you can not affirm the belonging to one or another group the Iberian name "Enne-ges" can be compared with the aquitano "Ennebox" and the medieval Basque "Enneco" the anthroponym íbero "talscu-bilos" with the aquitano Talsco, Halsco Iberian "biośildun" with the aquitano "Bihoxus" Iberian "Torsinno", aquitano "Torsteginno" Iberian "Borste", aquitano "Borsus" and the Basque "bortz" five Iberian "Baiser", aquitano "Baeserte", "Baisothar" (?) and the Basque "baso" (?) forest