Ibero-Hesperic Brainstorming: Difference between revisions
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Now to the two languages (there may be more in the future but currently I have only plans for two), what little I already "know". | Now to the two languages (there may be more in the future but currently I have only plans for two), what little I already "know". | ||
== | == Daughter languages == | ||
=== | === Corunese === | ||
Corunese is an extinct ancient language known from an inscription found at A Coruña, Spain. This is a bilingual: the same text is found in Corunese on one side of a bronze plaque and in Old Albic on the other. Both languages are written in Old Albic letters. (The text has not been composed yet.) There may be more inscriptions. Perhaps the beginnings of may have converged phonologically towards Basque, with fortis/lenis pairs such as p/b, t/d, k/g, tz/z, ts/s, tx/x, trend are already visible in Corunese. | |||
=== Balla === | |||
Balla is a living language, spoken in a few households, somewhere in Cantabria. The ancient genitive "*-s" like a new topic marker may have become an ergative suffix in Balla. Balla may have converged phonologically towards Basque, with fortis/lenis pairs such as p/b, t/d, k/g, tz/z, ts/s, tx/x. | |||
== Changes from Proto-Hesperic == | |||
== | === In Mediterranean Hesperic... === | ||
In both Ibero-Hesperic and Italo-Hesperic, the genitive | In both Ibero-Hesperic and Italo-Hesperic, the genitive '''*-s''' has become a topic marker and vocative case. | ||
Suffix -ja as feminine marker and the suffix -wa as masculine marker. | Suffix -ja as feminine marker and the suffix -wa as masculine marker. | ||
The Proto-Hesperic word for 'me' (objective case) is *mam; in Continental West Hesperic, final */m/ gave /n/, so we get exactly the form man found in the inscription. | The Proto-Hesperic word for 'me' (objective case) is *mam; in Continental West Hesperic, final */m/ gave /n/, so we get exactly the form man found in the inscription. | ||
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Rübenkönig (1989) assumes it to be in origin a past participle in *-at‘, as it is found in other Mediterranean Hesperic languages. | Rübenkönig (1989) assumes it to be in origin a past participle in *-at‘, as it is found in other Mediterranean Hesperic languages. | ||
Loss of aspiration | === In Ibero-Hesperic... === | ||
Loss of aspiration | |||
Drummond's Law | Drummond's Law | ||
Senantho's Law | Senantho's Law | ||
Vowel umlauts | Vowel umlauts | ||
Initial accent | Initial accent | ||
Small consonant inventories | Small consonant inventories | ||
No long vowels | No long vowels | ||
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Simple verb morphology | Simple verb morphology | ||
Has five vowels /a e i o u/, there are also five diphthongs /aj ej oj uj aw ew/ | === Changes due to the influence of basque... === | ||
Three pairs of sibilants. Loss of non-sibilant fricatives | |||
==== Phonology ==== | |||
Has a five vowels system /a e i o u/, there are also five diphthongs /aj ej oj uj aw ew/ | |||
Three/Four pairs of sibilants. Loss of non-sibilant fricatives. | |||
Development of two rhotic consonants. | Development of two rhotic consonants. | ||
==== Grammar ==== | |||
It marks grammatical relations by adding suffixes to roots. Prefixes are relatively uncommon. | It marks grammatical relations by adding suffixes to roots. Prefixes are relatively uncommon. | ||
The nouns are marked for definiteness/indefiniteness. | |||
There are four definite determiners: three demonstratives and a definite article in the form of a suffix. They are marked for number (singular or plural). All the other determiners are indefinite and are not marked for number. | There are four definite determiners: three demonstratives and a definite article in the form of a suffix. They are marked for number (singular or plural). All the other determiners are indefinite and are not marked for number. | ||
Word order, SOV. Modifiers precede the nouns they modify. | Word order, SOV. Modifiers precede the nouns they modify. | ||
Indirect objects are marked by suffixes. | |||
==== Verbs ==== | |||
Most verbs use auxiliaries (be, have, do) which follow the main verb. | Most verbs use auxiliaries (be, have, do) which follow the main verb. | ||
Finite verbs generally agree in person and number with their subjects, and their direct and indirect objects | Finite verbs generally agree in person and number with their subjects, and their direct and indirect objects if any. Only have Present and Past Simple. | ||
Intransitive verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb ‘be’, which also functions as an independent verb. | |||
Transitive verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary ‘have’. | |||
Besides the indicative mood, verbs also have various imperative, subjunctive, potential, conditional and irrealis contrary to fact forms. | |||
==== Ergativity? ==== | |||
They are languages with ergative-absolutive morphological alignment. | |||
'''Absolutive:''' is the grammatical case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. prefixes are used for this case | |||
Certain past-tense forms | '''Ergative:''' marks the subject of transitive verbs.suffixes are used for this case. Agreement is usually ergative. Certain past-tense forms are marked by prefixes in this case. | ||
Revision as of 08:38, 12 January 2018
This is a place to brainstorm about the Ibero-Hesperic branch of the Hesperic family.
General Introduction
First of all, "Ibero-Hesperic" is a provisional designation.
The "Ibero-Hesperic" languages have a great influence of the Basque languages.
Now to the two languages (there may be more in the future but currently I have only plans for two), what little I already "know".
Daughter languages
Corunese
Corunese is an extinct ancient language known from an inscription found at A Coruña, Spain. This is a bilingual: the same text is found in Corunese on one side of a bronze plaque and in Old Albic on the other. Both languages are written in Old Albic letters. (The text has not been composed yet.) There may be more inscriptions. Perhaps the beginnings of may have converged phonologically towards Basque, with fortis/lenis pairs such as p/b, t/d, k/g, tz/z, ts/s, tx/x, trend are already visible in Corunese.
Balla
Balla is a living language, spoken in a few households, somewhere in Cantabria. The ancient genitive "*-s" like a new topic marker may have become an ergative suffix in Balla. Balla may have converged phonologically towards Basque, with fortis/lenis pairs such as p/b, t/d, k/g, tz/z, ts/s, tx/x.
Changes from Proto-Hesperic
In Mediterranean Hesperic...
In both Ibero-Hesperic and Italo-Hesperic, the genitive *-s has become a topic marker and vocative case.
Suffix -ja as feminine marker and the suffix -wa as masculine marker.
The Proto-Hesperic word for 'me' (objective case) is *mam; in Continental West Hesperic, final */m/ gave /n/, so we get exactly the form man found in the inscription.
The dative of the second-person singular pronoun is *t‘an in Proto-Hesperic, but in Continental West Hesperic, the originally partitive ending *-l acquired the meaning of a dative ending after the original dative had fallen together with the accusative by the aforementioned sound change.
A dative *t‘al for the Mediterranean Hesperic.
Rübenkönig (1989) assumes it to be in origin a past participle in *-at‘, as it is found in other Mediterranean Hesperic languages.
In Ibero-Hesperic...
Loss of aspiration Drummond's Law Senantho's Law Vowel umlauts Initial accent Small consonant inventories No long vowels Stress accent Topic-prominent noun declension, topic marker from genitive Simple verb morphology
Changes due to the influence of basque...
Phonology
Has a five vowels system /a e i o u/, there are also five diphthongs /aj ej oj uj aw ew/
Three/Four pairs of sibilants. Loss of non-sibilant fricatives.
Development of two rhotic consonants.
Grammar
It marks grammatical relations by adding suffixes to roots. Prefixes are relatively uncommon.
The nouns are marked for definiteness/indefiniteness.
There are four definite determiners: three demonstratives and a definite article in the form of a suffix. They are marked for number (singular or plural). All the other determiners are indefinite and are not marked for number.
Word order, SOV. Modifiers precede the nouns they modify.
Indirect objects are marked by suffixes.
Verbs
Most verbs use auxiliaries (be, have, do) which follow the main verb.
Finite verbs generally agree in person and number with their subjects, and their direct and indirect objects if any. Only have Present and Past Simple.
Intransitive verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb ‘be’, which also functions as an independent verb.
Transitive verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary ‘have’.
Besides the indicative mood, verbs also have various imperative, subjunctive, potential, conditional and irrealis contrary to fact forms.
Ergativity?
They are languages with ergative-absolutive morphological alignment.
Absolutive: is the grammatical case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. prefixes are used for this case
Ergative: marks the subject of transitive verbs.suffixes are used for this case. Agreement is usually ergative. Certain past-tense forms are marked by prefixes in this case.
