Kala/affixes

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala.

pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

• -pa marks the Abilitative (ABIL)

from pala

na mokuyepak - 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG - I was unable to sleep.

nam mue pana ke mauam anyapak - 1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG - We cannot see the flowers without rain.

• -pya marks the Attemptative (ATT)

from upya

neko ke panya matapya - cat O mouse kill-ATT - The cat is trying to kill the mouse.

ima ha inapyak - now 3s eat-ATT-NEG - She hasn't tried to eat yet.

mpa

• -mpa marks "many/much~" (many)

from mpa (originally from -m "plural" + -ha "augmentative")

yemitampa - DIST-dog-many - Those many dogs (over there).

ta

• -ta marks the Masculine (MASC)

from tlaka

mo ke umata hayo ka - place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q - Where's her stallion?

• -te marks the Precative (PREC)

from teya

ke asi yetate - O salt give-PREC - Will you please pass me the salt?

simate - sit-PREC - Please, sit.

• ti- marks a Multiple (MUL)

from tiha

tiueta'o - MUL-ten-two - duodecuple

• -to marks "manner/method of ~" (way)

from to

yamato - mountain-way - mountaineering

muhito - environment-way - environmentalism

nta

• -nta marks "relative; kin" (kin)

from to

ntaku - sibling - sibling

ntaya - kin-marriage - spouse

ka

• -ke marks the Dubitative (DUB)

from ketsa

ha tsakahueke - 3s home-LOC-DUB - I guess he is at home. lit: He is at home, supposedly.

kam inyake - 3pl hunger-DUB - (It's doubtful that) they are hungry.

ma

• -ma marks "time for ~" (time.for)

from ama

yomatli tsulama - tomorrow clebrate-time.for - Tomorrow is time for celebration.

na

• -na marks the Feminine (FEM)

from naka

mo ke umana hayo ka - place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q - Where's his mare?

• -ne marks the Propositive (PROP)

from neya

ta mokune - 2s sleep-PROP - You should sleep.

nya

• -nyo marks "machine/tool/device for ~" (tool)

from mayo

ke amonyo tanyapua - O carry-tool break-PFV - The handle has been broken.

na ke ilanyo anya - 1s O fly-tool see - I see the plane.

sa

• -sa marks "room for/of ~" (room)

from sala

nahi mokusahue hayo - girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN - The girl is in her bedroom.

• -si marks "color of ~" (color)

from sahi

timasi ena kyopo - blood-color P.1s fright - The color of blood (dark red) frightens me.

ke senusi hayo ka - O hair-color 3s.GEN Q - What color is her hair?

ha

• -ha marks the Augmentative (AUG)

from taha

ke tsakaha kamyo nyome - O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige - Their mansion is beige.

• -he marks the Necessitative (NEC)

from heya

nahi na'amyo nya mase onyohe - daughter 1pl.EXCL.GEN for dance learn-NEC - Our daughter needs to learn to dance.

ta yalahek - 2s go-NEC-NEG - You don't need to go.

• -hi marks the Diminutive (DIM)

from ahi

na mitahi anyayek - 1s dog-DIM see-PST-NEG - I did not see the puppy.

tsa

• -tsa marks "damned/cursed ~" (damn)

from tsaya

na itantitsa nomok - 1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG - I don't like this damned truck!

tla

• -tlai marks the Immediate Future (IMM)

from atli and ahi

na tlelatlai - 1s bathe-IMM - I'll bathe soon. (within the day)

• -tli marks the Future Tense (FUT)

from atli

naka tahi tlepatli - woman boy teach-FUT - The woman will teach the boy.

ua

• -ua marks "study of; ~ study" (study)

from kuaha

ha ke kehaua onyotli - 3s O body-study learn-FUT - He will study biology.

la

• -la marks the Motive (MOT)

from yala

nam tahela - 1pl below-MOT - We're descending.

kam ua'elapua - 3pl above-MOT-PFV - They've ascended.

• -la marks the Mutative (MUT)

from ela

na inyala - 1s hunger-MUT - I'm getting hungry.

• -la marks the Indefinite (INDEF)

from ula

ke kola hina ka - O AG.INDEF here Q - Is someone here?

ke mitala hinak - O dog-INDEF here-NEG - There aren't any dogs here.

• -le marks the Relative (REL)

from ele

See -tle

• -li marks "each; every" (each)

from oli

mitali inapua - dog-each eat-PFV - Each dog has eaten.

• -lo marks the Plural (PL)

from ma

See -m

Notes

1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.