Kala/affixes: Difference between revisions

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These are the functional affixes used in Kala.  
These are the functional affixes used in Kala.  
{{Template:Nkala2}}
== pa ==


* '''-pa''' marks the [[wp:Natchez_language#Preverbs|Abilitative]] ('''ABIL''')
* '''-pa''' marks the [[wp:Natchez_language#Preverbs|Abilitative]] ('''ABIL''')
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:: '''neko ke panya mata<span style="color:red">pya</span>''' - <small>cat O mouse kill-ATT</small> - ''The cat is trying to kill the mouse.''
:: '''neko ke panya mata<span style="color:red">pya</span>''' - <small>cat O mouse kill-ATT</small> - ''The cat is trying to kill the mouse.''
:: '''ima ha ina<span style="color:red">pya</span>k''' - <small>now 3s eat-ATT-NEG</small> - ''She hasn't tried to eat yet.''
:: '''ima ha ina<span style="color:red">pya</span>k''' - <small>now 3s eat-ATT-NEG</small> - ''She hasn't tried to eat yet.''
=== mpa ===


* '''-mpa''' marks "many/much~" ('''many''')
* '''-mpa''' marks "many/much~" ('''many''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#mpa|'''mpa''']] (originally from '''-m''' "plural" + '''-ha''' "augmentative")
: from [[Kala/lexicon#mpa|'''mpa''']] (originally from '''-m''' "plural" + '''-ha''' "augmentative")
:: '''yemita<span style="color:red">mpa</span>''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).''
:: '''yemita<span style="color:red">mpa</span>''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).''
== ta ==


* '''-ta''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Masculine]] ('''MASC''')
* '''-ta''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Masculine]] ('''MASC''')
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:: '''yama<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>mountain-way</small> - ''mountaineering''
:: '''yama<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>mountain-way</small> - ''mountaineering''
:: '''muhi<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>environment-way</small> - ''environmentalism''
:: '''muhi<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>environment-way</small> - ''environmentalism''
=== nta ===


* '''-nta''' marks "relative; kin" ('''kin''')
* '''-nta''' marks "relative; kin" ('''kin''')
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:: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ku''' - <small>sibling</small> - ''sibling''
:: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ku''' - <small>sibling</small> - ''sibling''
:: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ya''' - <small>kin-marriage</small> - ''spouse''
:: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ya''' - <small>kin-marriage</small> - ''spouse''
== ka ==


* '''-ke''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#Dubitative|Dubitative]] ('''DUB''')
* '''-ke''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#Dubitative|Dubitative]] ('''DUB''')
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:: '''ha tsakahue<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3s home-LOC-DUB</small> - ''I guess he is at home.'' <tt>lit: He is at home, supposedly.</tt>
:: '''ha tsakahue<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3s home-LOC-DUB</small> - ''I guess he is at home.'' <tt>lit: He is at home, supposedly.</tt>
:: '''kam inya<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3pl hunger-DUB</small> - ''(It's doubtful that) they are hungry.''
:: '''kam inya<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3pl hunger-DUB</small> - ''(It's doubtful that) they are hungry.''
== ma ==


* '''-ma''' marks "time for ~" ('''time.for''')
* '''-ma''' marks "time for ~" ('''time.for''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ama''']]
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ama''']]
:: '''yomatli tsula<span style="color:red">ma</span>''' - <small>tomorrow clebrate-time.for</small> - ''Tomorrow is time for celebration.''
:: '''yomatli tsula<span style="color:red">ma</span>''' - <small>tomorrow clebrate-time.for</small> - ''Tomorrow is time for celebration.''
== na ==


* '''-na''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Feminine]] ('''FEM''')
* '''-na''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Feminine]] ('''FEM''')
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: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''neya''']]
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''neya''']]
:: '''ta moku<span style="color:red">ne</span>''' - <small>2s sleep-PROP</small> - ''You should sleep.''
:: '''ta moku<span style="color:red">ne</span>''' - <small>2s sleep-PROP</small> - ''You should sleep.''
== sa ==


* '''-sa''' marks "room for/of ~" ('''room''')
* '''-sa''' marks "room for/of ~" ('''room''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''sala''']]
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''sala''']]
:: '''nahi moku<span style="color:red">sa</span>hue hayo''' - <small>girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN</small> - ''The girl is in her bedroom.''
:: '''nahi moku<span style="color:red">sa</span>hue hayo''' - <small>girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN</small> - ''The girl is in her bedroom.''
== ha ==


* '''-ha''' marks the [[wp:Augmentative|Augmentative]] ('''AUG''')
* '''-ha''' marks the [[wp:Augmentative|Augmentative]] ('''AUG''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''taha''']]
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''taha''']]
:: '''ke tsaka<span style="color:red">ha</span> kamyo nyome''' - <small>O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige</small> - ''Their mansion is beige.''
:: '''ke tsaka<span style="color:red">ha</span> kamyo nyome''' - <small>O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige</small> - ''Their mansion is beige.''
== tsa ==


* '''-tsa''' marks "damned/cursed ~" ('''damn''')
* '''-tsa''' marks "damned/cursed ~" ('''damn''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsaya''']]
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsaya''']]
:: '''na itanti<span style="color:red">tsa</span> nomok''' - <small>1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG</small> - ''I don't like this damned truck!''
:: '''na itanti<span style="color:red">tsa</span> nomok''' - <small>1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG</small> - ''I don't like this damned truck!''
== tla ==


* '''-tlai''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Immediate Future]] ('''IMM''')
* '''-tlai''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Immediate Future]] ('''IMM''')
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: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']]
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']]
:: '''naka tahi tlepa<span style="color:red">tli</span>''' - <small>woman boy teach-FUT</small> - ''The woman will teach the boy.''
:: '''naka tahi tlepa<span style="color:red">tli</span>''' - <small>woman boy teach-FUT</small> - ''The woman will teach the boy.''
== ua ==
== la ==
== ya ==
== a ==


= Notes =
= Notes =


# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.
# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.

Revision as of 06:45, 8 November 2017

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala.


pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

from pala
na mokuyepak - 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG - I was unable to sleep.
nam mue pana ke mauam anyapak - 1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG - We cannot see the flowers without rain.
  • -pya marks the Attemptative (ATT)
from upya
neko ke panya matapya - cat O mouse kill-ATT - The cat is trying to kill the mouse.
ima ha inapyak - now 3s eat-ATT-NEG - She hasn't tried to eat yet.

mpa

  • -mpa marks "many/much~" (many)
from mpa (originally from -m "plural" + -ha "augmentative")
yemitampa - DIST-dog-many - Those many dogs (over there).

ta

from tlaka
mo ke umata hayo ka - place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q - Where's her stallion?
from teya
ke asi yetate - O salt give-PREC - Will you please pass me the salt?
simate - sit-PREC - Please, sit.
from tiha
tiueta'o - MUL-ten-two - duodecuple
  • -to marks "manner/method of ~" (way)
from to
yamato - mountain-way - mountaineering
muhito - environment-way - environmentalism

nta

  • -nta marks "relative; kin" (kin)
from to
ntaku - sibling - sibling
ntaya - kin-marriage - spouse

ka

from ketsa
ha tsakahueke - 3s home-LOC-DUB - I guess he is at home. lit: He is at home, supposedly.
kam inyake - 3pl hunger-DUB - (It's doubtful that) they are hungry.

ma

  • -ma marks "time for ~" (time.for)
from ama
yomatli tsulama - tomorrow clebrate-time.for - Tomorrow is time for celebration.

na

from naka
mo ke umana hayo ka - place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q - Where's his mare?
from neya
ta mokune - 2s sleep-PROP - You should sleep.

sa

  • -sa marks "room for/of ~" (room)
from sala
nahi mokusahue hayo - girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN - The girl is in her bedroom.

ha

from taha
ke tsakaha kamyo nyome - O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige - Their mansion is beige.

tsa

  • -tsa marks "damned/cursed ~" (damn)
from tsaya
na itantitsa nomok - 1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG - I don't like this damned truck!

tla

from atli and ahi
na tlelatlai - 1s bathe-IMM - I'll bathe soon. (within the day)
from atli
naka tahi tlepatli - woman boy teach-FUT - The woman will teach the boy.

ua

la

ya

a

Notes

  1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.
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